八、詞句猜測詞義猜測題(2017·6月天津，C)This month，Germanys transport minister，Alexander Dobrindt，proposed the first set of rules for autonomous vehicles(自主駕駛車輛).They would define the drivers role in such cars and govern how such cars perform in crashes where lives might be lost.The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles：the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future.Dobrindt wants three things：that a car always chooses property(財產) damage over personal injury；that it never distinguishes between humans based on age or race；and that if a human removes his or her hands from the driving wheelto check email，saythe cars maker is responsible if there is a crash.“The change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic driving，” says Dobrindt.It will put fully driverless cars on an equal legal footing to human drivers，he says.Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers，consumers and lawyers.“The liability(法律責任) issue is the biggest one of them all，” says Natasha Merat at the University of Leeds，UK.An assumption behind UK insurance for driverless cars，introduced earlier this year，insists that a human “be watchful and monitoring the road” at every moment.But that is not what many people have in mind when thinking of driverless cars.“When you say driverless cars，people expect driverless cars，”Merat says.“You knowno driver.”Because of the confusion，Merat thinks some car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully automated without human operation.Driverless cars may end up being a form of public transport rather than vehicles you own，says Ryan Calo at Stanford University，California.That is happening in the UK and Singapore，where government-provided driverless vehicles are being launched.That would go down poorly in the US，however.“The idea that the government would take over driverless cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here，” says Calo.語篇解讀本文是一篇說明文。它主要介紹了德國交通部部長提出的適用于自主駕駛車輛的規(guī)章，能消除人們對于無人駕駛車輛的司機角色定位的困惑，有利于自主駕駛汽車的推廣。46.What does the phrase “death valley” in Paragraph 2 refer to?A.A place where cars often break down.B.A case where passing a law is impossible.C.An area where no driving is permitted.D.A situation where drivers role is not clear.答案D解析詞義猜測題。根據第二段中的“.the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future.”可知，death valley指的就是半自主駕駛和完全無人駕駛汽車之間的灰色地帶，即：對司機角色的定義不清楚。故選D項。47.The proposal put forward by Dobrindt aims to .A.stop people from breaking traffic rulesB.help promote fully automatic drivingC.protect drivers of all ages and racesD.prevent serious property damage答案B解析推理判斷題。第一段說Dobrindt提出第一套自主駕駛車輛的規(guī)章，將會定義自主駕駛車輛司機的角色，這個提議就是處理“death valley”這個問題的；第四段說交規(guī)的改變會準許全自動駕駛，而且會將完全無人駕駛汽車和有人駕駛汽車放到一個平等的法律地位上，由此推斷，Dobrindt提出此建議的目的就是推廣全自動駕駛。故選B項。48.What do consumers think of the operation of driverless cars?A.It should get the attention of insurance companies.B.It should be the main concern of law makers.C.It should not cause deadly traffic accidents.D.It should involve no human responsibility.答案D解析細節(jié)理解題。根據第七段中的“When you say driverless cars，people expect driverless cars，” Merat says.“You knowno driver.”可知，人們認為的無人駕駛汽車，就是沒有司機的汽車，當然也不該包括人的責任問題，故選D項。49.Driverless vehicles in public transport see no bright future in .A.Singapore B.the UKC.the US D.Germany答案C解析細節(jié)理解題。根據最后一段中的“That would go down poorly in the US，however.”可知，無人駕駛汽車作為公共交通方式在美國反響卻很差，即：在美國，無人駕駛汽車在公共交通領域看不到光明的前景，因此選C項。50.What could be the best title for the passage?A.Autonomous Driving：Whose Liability?B.Fully Automatic Cars：A New BreakthroughC.Autonomous Vehicles：Driver Removed!D.Driverless Cars：Root of Road Accidents答案A解析標題歸納題。全文圍繞自主駕駛車輛的司機的角色認定以及誰該負法律責任的問題展開了討論，故選A項。一、題型解讀詞義猜測題基本上是閱讀每年必考的題型。詞義猜測是一種閱讀技巧和能力，主要考查考生在短時間內根據上下文快速猜測所指定的某一個生詞、詞組或者句子含義的能力，而這些詞和詞組往往都超出考綱范圍，但在文章閱讀中起到一定的作用。由此看來，對于生詞的理解是否準確，直接影響著閱讀理解題得分的高低，對能否取得好的高考成績有著舉足輕重的作用。詞義猜測題的命題方式有：(1)What does the underlined word “.” probably mean?(2)The word “.” refers to/probably means .(3)The underlined word “.” could best be replaced by .(4)What do you think the expression “.” stands for?(5)By saying “.” we mean .“.” used in the passage can best be defined as .(6)Which of the following words can take the place of the word “.”？二、解題技巧巧用線索猜詞義1.根據定義、釋義或同位語進行猜測有些文章，特別是科技說明文，作者通常會對一些關鍵詞或專業(yè)術語下定義，通過閱讀定義和解釋部分，考生便可理解該詞或短語的意思。有時，需要猜測的單詞或短語后面會緊跟一個同位語，作為對前面的詞或短語的解釋說明。有時，文章會用冒號、破折號、括號等對某個詞或短語加以解釋說明。例如：Taylors swift action helped her teammates calm down.One girl called 911.Two more ran to get the school nurse，who brought a defibrillator，an electronic device(器械) that can shock the heart back into work.Luck stayed with them：Pariss heartbeat returned.分析：所猜測單詞defibrillator后面出現了同位語“an electronic device(器械) that can shock the heart back into work”(一個可以電擊心臟使其重新工作的電子器械)來進行解釋說明，我們可推知其詞義應為“(心臟)除顫器”。2.根據構詞法進行猜測英語中通過詞根加詞綴或兩個單詞合成的方式可以構成新詞。因此，掌握了一定的構詞知識，再結合上下文語境，也可以快速猜測詞義。例如： A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness，uneasiness，or worry.分析：根據構詞法知識我們可知，un-為否定前綴，-ness為名詞后綴，easy(舒適)為詞根。因此，我們可知uneasiness為“不安；擔憂”之意。3.根據因果關系進行猜測在閱讀理解文章的句子或段落中，若兩個事物或兩種現象之間構成因果關系，這時我們可以根據這種因果邏輯關系推斷詞或短語的含義。表示因果關系的標志詞有because，so，thus，therefore，as a result of，since，so that，so/such.that.等。例如：My son could not follow the teachers directions，he told me，and thus，Scola was disrupting the class.Didnt he know my son did not speak English yet?試題：What does the underlined word “disrupting” probably mean?A.Breaking. B.Following.C.Attending. D.Disturbing.分析：畫線單詞所在的句子出現了因果關系標志詞thus，由前面的原因“我兒子聽不懂老師的指示”可以推知，“他因此認為我兒子Scola干擾了課堂”，故選D項。其余三項都不符合這一因果邏輯關系。4.根據同義或近義關系進行猜測在畫線單詞或短語前后有時會出現與之同義或近義的詞語或結構，它往往暗示了該詞或該短語的含義，這時可從熟悉的詞語中推知生詞或短語的含義。常見的表示相同或相近意義的詞和短語有and，or，like，as well，similarly，too，also，either等。例如：The fine selection of the major works was done in close collaboration(合作) with the Museo Nacional Reina Sofia in Madrid，Spain，and with contributions from other institutions like the Salvador Dali Museum in St.Petersburg，Florida.試題：What does the underlined word “contributions” refer to?A.Artworks. B.Projects.C.Donations. D.Documents.分析：畫線單詞contributions前出現了and，可利用同義或近義關系進行猜測。and前面提到了“The fine selection of the major works”(精選的重要作品)，后面說contributions來自其他機構，由并列關系可以推斷出contributions應該屬于works的范疇，同時文中明確表示contributions是來自museum的，故選A項。5.根據反義、轉折和對比關系進行猜測有些需要猜測詞義的詞或短語前后會出現表示轉折或對比的詞語，運用這些詞語也可以幫助猜測詞義。能體現轉折、對比關系的詞匯很多，常見的有but，yet，however，while，unlike，instead (of)，on the other hand，rather than，on the contrary等。例如：In the evening，rides are usually at a more relaxed and unhurried pace，with golden light streaming across the grassy delta and the animals coming out to eat and drink.Sedate though they are，rides at this time of day are still very impressive.試題：What does the underlined word “sedate” probably mean?A.Wild and romantic.B.Slow and peaceful.C.Hungry and thirsty.D.Active and excited.分析：畫線詞語所在句子的句意為“雖然它們 ，但是在一天的這個時候騎馬觀賞仍然令人印象非常深刻?！庇蓆hough可知前后兩句是轉折關系，再結合前一句中提到的“at a more relaxed and unhurried pace”可知，應選B項，sedate意為“不慌不忙的”。6.根據上下文進行猜測有些詞義猜測題找不到以上標志線索，這時可以利用上下文提供的情景和線索進行合乎邏輯的綜合分析，進而推測詞義，這也是近幾年來高考考查的熱點。例如：There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions.One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette，but youll need a warm，sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it，so its a pipe dream for most apple lovers who fall for it.試題：What does the underlined phrase “a pipe dream” probably mean?A.A practical idea. B.A vain hope.C.A brilliant plan. D.A selfish desire.分析：根據連接詞so可知上下文之間存在著因果關系，故我們需要從上文中尋找答案。由上文中的“One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette，but youll need a warm，sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it.”可知，盡管Orleans Reinette是很好的品種，但是對各項條件的要求很高，因此大多數喜歡它的人種植它的希望會落空。故選B項。A(2018·天津部分區(qū)縣二模)I grew up on a 50-acre farm in the small rural community of Catawissa，Missouri，as the sixth of seven children.My parents often noted during meals how everything on the table except the sugar and flour came from the land.Besides running the farm，Dad was also a carpenter.In the fall of 1970，he was working on a house when the ladder broke.His back was fractured in two places.He stayed in the hospital for three weeks with his head and feet down，permitting his back to be straight correctly so the bones would combine.On Thanksgiving，Dad was still in the hospital.We always butchered hogs the day after the holiday，and that year my uncle showed up with a couple of cousins to help my three elder brothers prepare our years supply of pork.After Dad returned home，he was in a back brace and unable to work.I was too young to realize our family had no money coming in as Christmas approached.One night we heard a car coming up the long driveway.We kids were curious about who was visiting.Peggy Phelan was at the door，holding an envelope filled with money.She told my dad she had collected money in the community and was there to deliver it.He tried to protest but Peggy would have none of it.I can still hear her saying，“Archie，whenever someones baler(打包機) is broken，you bale their hay.Someone passes away，Altha is cooking.Its our turn.” That evening，this 6-year-old understood what being a good neighbor was，and that because her parents were good neighbors，their kindness would be returned.I learned later that my moms sisters all “adopted” one of us kids to help with Christmas，and we received gift baskets from more than one organization.My parents were used to being the givers and not the receivers of such generosity.They had a bit of pride to swallow，but continued all of their lives to show us kids the value of kindness.1.We know the writers father was very .A.hard-working B.unkindC.strict D.mean答案A解析細節(jié)理解題。根據文章第一段最后一句“Besides running the farm，Dad was also a carpenter.”可知，作者的父親是很勤勞的。2.The underlined word “fractured” in Paragraph 2 probably means “ ”.A.connected B.brokenC.arranged D.transformed答案B解析詞義猜測題。根據畫線詞所在句的后一句“He stayed in the hospital for three weeks with his head and feet down，permitting his back to be straight correctly so the bones would combine.”可知，作者的父親背部骨折，“fractured”是“折斷”的意思。3.Why did the writers uncle go to his house? A.To visit his sick father.B.To give them money.C.To spend holiday together.D.To help prepare for Christmas.答案D解析細節(jié)理解題。根據文章第三段中的“.that year my uncle showed up with a couple of cousins to help my three elder brothers prepare our years supply of pork.After Dad returned home，he was in a back brace and unable to work.I was too young to realize our family had no money coming in as Christmas approached.”可知，作者的叔叔到他家?guī)兔蕚涫フQ節(jié)。4.What can we infer from Paragraph 4? A.The authors father liked to bale the hay.B.Peggy Phelan was a delivery man.C.The authors parents were helpful to others.D.We were curious about Peggy Phelan.答案C解析推理判斷題。根據第四段的句子“Archie，whenever someones baler(打包機) is broken，you bale their hay.Someone passes away，Altha is cooking.Its our turn.”可知，作者的父母是樂于助人的。5.Which of the following can match the passage? A.No pains，no gains.B.Great minds think alike.C.Misfortune may be an actual blessing.D.Good will be rewarded with good.答案D解析主旨大意題。根據文章內容：父母樂于幫助鄰里，而當父親受傷不能勞作時，也得到了來自大家的幫助，再結合第五段可知，文章體現的是“好心有好報”。No pains，no gains一分耕耘一分收獲；Great minds think alike英雄所見略同；Misfortune may be an actual blessing塞翁失馬，焉知非福；Good will be rewarded with good好心有好報。故選D項。B(2018·河北區(qū)二模)As the pace of life continues to increase，we are fast losing the art of relaxation.Once you are in the habit of rushing through life，being on the go from morning till night，it is hard to slow down.But relaxation is essential for a healthy mind and body.Stress is a natural part of everyday life and there is no way to avoid it.In fact，it is not the bad thing as it is often supposed to be.A certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation and give purposes to life.It is only when the stress gets out of control that it can lead to poor performance and ill health.The amount of stress a person can withstand depends very much on the individual.Some people are not afraid of stress，and such characters are obviously prime material for managerial responsibilities，others lose heart at the first sign of unusual difficulties.When exposed to stress，in whatever form，we react both chemically and physically.In fact，we make the choice between “fight or flight” and in more primitive days the choices made the difference between life or death.The crises we meet today are unlikely to be so extreme，but however little the stress is，it involves the same response.It is when such a reaction lasts long，through continued exposure to stress，that health becomes endangered.Since we cant remove stress from our lives (it would be unwise to do so even if we could)，we need to find ways to deal with it.6.People are finding less and less time for relaxing themselves because .A.they regard working as their greatest enjoymentB.they believe that work is superior to relaxationC.they are traveling fast all the timeD.they are becoming busier with their work than ever before答案D解析推理判斷題。由第一段第二句“Once you are in the habit of rushing through life，being on the go from morning till night，it is hard to slow down.”(一旦你養(yǎng)成了匆匆忙忙的習慣，從早到晚都在忙碌，就很難放慢腳步。)可推知，人們無法放松自己主要是因為比以前任何時候都要忙碌。7.According to the author，the most important character for a good manager is his .A.strong will to hold out stressB.knowing the art of relaxationC.high sense of responsibilityD.having control over performance答案A解析細節(jié)理解題。根據第三段第二句“Some people are not afraid of stress，and such characters are obviously prime material for managerial responsibilities，others lose heart at the first sign of unusual difficulties.”(有些人不怕壓力，這樣的人顯然在管理責任方面起著主要作用，其他人在出現異常困難的第一個跡象時就喪失了信心。)可知，當好管理者的優(yōu)良品質是要具有堅強的抵制壓力的意志。8.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A.We can find quite a few ways to avoid stress.B.Stress is always harmful to peoples health.C.Its easy to change the habit of keeping oneself busy with work.D.Different people can bear different amount of stress.答案D解析推理判斷題。由第三段第一句“The amount of stress a person can withstand depends very much on the individual.”可知，一個人能承受的壓力很大程度上取決于個人。即不同的人所能承受的壓力是不同的，故選D。9.In the last sentence of the passage，“do so” refers to .A.expose ourselves to stressB.find ways to deal with stressC.remove stress from our livesD.establish links between diseases and stress答案C解析詞義猜測題。由“Since we cannot remove stress from our lives”(我們無法消除生活中的壓力)可知，括號里的內容是對前文的解釋，故do so指的是“消除生活中的壓力”，故選C。10.According to the author，the right attitude toward stress is .A.to avoid itB.to try to cope with itC.to regard it as a vital motivationD.to find some relaxation答案B解析觀點態(tài)度題。根據最后一段最后一句“Since we cant remove stress from our lives (it would be unwise to do so even if we could)，we need to find ways to deal with it.”可知，我們需要找到應對壓力的方法。故選B。題型組合練(十一).單項填空1.In some places women are expected to earn money men work at home and raise their children.A.but B.whileC.because D.though答案B解析while在此意為“而，卻”，用來表示前后對照，比較。2.As can be seen from the Bible，helping others in trouble is a good quality， you will be able to benefit a variety of valuable riches from.A.it B.that C.what D.one答案D解析句意為：從圣經上可以得知，幫助那些處在困難中的人是一種良好的品質，你可以從中獲得各種有價值的財富?？崭裉幣c前句中的a good quality構成同位關系，one后面省略了which/that，所以選擇D項。3.Our new house warm in winter and cool in summer.A.feels B.is feltC.finds D.is found答案A解析feel作系動詞后接形容詞時，如果主語是人，則feel用其主動意義，表示主語的感覺；如果主語是物，則feel用主動形式表示被動意義，指主語(物)被接觸后給接觸者(人)的感覺。4.Hes sometimes hot-tempered，but hes a good fellow .A.at heart B.in heartC.with heart D.by heart答案A解析句意為：他有時脾氣暴躁，但他本質上是個好人。at heart在內心，本質上；in heart情緒高昂；with heart真心地；by heart用心記住。5.Most insurance agents would rather you anything until they investigate the situation.A.do B.didnt doC.dont do D.hadnt done答案B解析would rather后面所跟的從句用虛擬語氣，而根據句子時態(tài)，此處應選擇用過去時表示對現在或將來的虛擬語氣，故答案是B。6.Its the first time that she has been to the United States， ？A.isnt she B.isnt itC.hasnt she D.hasnt it 答案B解析本句的主句是“Its the first time”，后面的that從句是主語從句，該句是一個反意疑問句，反問部分的具體表達方式應該根據句子的主句判斷而不是主語從句。7. great was the destruction that the economy took several years to recover.A.Too B.So C.Such D.Very答案B解析本句是so.that.結構的倒裝結構，該句的正常語序應該是“The destruction was so great that the economy took several years to recover.”。8.Do you know anything new about the incident?A working party to look into the problem.A.was set up B.has been set upC.has been setting up D.is setting up答案B解析首先確定主語是a working party，與set up是動賓關系，因此應為被動語態(tài)；另外根據句意，表示說話時已經完成的動作，故用現在完成時的被動語態(tài)。9.This man along with his daughters always the largest fish.A.catch B.catchesC.are catching D.were catching答案B解析句子的真正主語是this man，而along with.只是跟在后面的介詞短語，所以謂語應用第三人稱單數形式。10.By the time you get to Greenwich you the most historic parts of London.A.will be seeing B.will seeC.are going to see D.will have seen答案D解析根據“by the time從句”結構可知，主句常與完成時連用。此處從句用一般現在時，故主句用將來完成時。.閱讀理解AAssistant Professor，Musical Theatre DanceWichita State University seeks to hire a full-time，9-month assistant professor，beginning in August,2018.Applicants are required to have a degree in dance，teaching experience at the professional or college level，ability to direct and ability to teach stage movement.Salary depends on qualifications and experience.For complete information，see http：/finearts.Wichita.edu.Associate/Full Professor in Theatre and DanceThe Department of Theatre & Dance at the University of California at San Diego (http：www-theatre.ucsd.edu/) is seeking an experienced theatre artist in lighting design.Significant professional experience is required.A review of applications will start from June 1,2018.Application deadline：September 1,2018.Technical Director in Performing and Fine ArtsDeSales Universitys Performing and Fine Arts Department seeks a highly skilled，professional technical director.The position is a 10-month，staff position with the possibility for summer employment with the Pennsylvania Shakespeare Festival.ABA degree or equivalent professional experience is required；an MFA(美術碩士) is preferred.Please email materials to john.belldesales.edu.Screening of applications begins immediately and will continue until the position is filled.Assistant Director of Media Resources CenterMaryland Institute College of Art is seeking an Assistant Director of Media Resources Center in the Academic Affairs Division.Position qualifications include a degree in Art History or a related field with knowledge of art and design history，library experience，excellent interpersonal and communication skills and familiarity with photoshop and scanning.A review of applications will begin immediately.Applicants may email a letter of interest to jobsmica.edu.Salary differs depending on your experience.Please include desired salary in your letter of interest.11.Wichita State University offers .A.a part-time assistant professor jobB.a job people can do for many yearsC.a flexible salary to the future assistant professorD.a job that requires people to act on the stage答案C解析細節(jié)理解題。根據第一部分首句可知，Wichita State University想找一個全職的助理教授(assistant professor)，且薪水根據資格和經驗來定。12.The job that DeSales University offers .A.has an application deadlineB.is about lighting designC.requires applicants know much about ShakespeareD.can be gotten more easily by people with an MFA degree答案D解析細節(jié)理解題。由題干中的DeSales University可定位至第三部分，由該部分