語法歸納 動詞不定式 “動詞不定式”是一種非限定動詞，由不定式符號to加動詞原形構(gòu)成。它不受主語的人稱和數(shù)的限制.不定式具有動詞的特征，它可以有自己的賓語，可以受副詞的修飾.同時也具有名詞.形容詞和副詞的特征。它可以作主語,賓語,表語,定語,狀語。 不定式的時態(tài)和語態(tài) 不定式有一般式.進行式.完成式和完成進行式；有主動式，也有被動式。 以動詞do為例 主動形式 被動形式 一般式 to do to be done 完成式 to have done to have been done 進行式 to be doing ------------ 完成進行式 to have been doing -------------- 不定式的句法功能 不定式在句子中可以作主語.賓語.賓補.表語.定語和狀語： 1.不定式作主語 To learn a foreign language is not easy. 學外語不容易。 Is it necessary to complete the design before National Day? (it 為形式主語 ) 有必要在國慶節(jié)之前完成這個設(shè)計嗎？ 如果要說明不定式表示的動作是誰做的,可以在不定式前加for引起的短語,即for +名詞/代詞賓格+不定式。 It is good for us to take part in physical labour 參加體力勞動對我們有益 某些表示人的品行的形容詞(如kind, good, nice, wrong, careless, wise, foolish, polite, clever, right, unwise, stupid, thoughtful, rude, silly, impolite等)作表語時不定式前常可用of引起的短語,既be+形容詞+of+ 名詞/代詞的賓格+不定式. It is stupid of her to make such a mistake. 她真蠢,犯這樣的錯誤 2. 不定式作賓語 I forgot to turn the oven on. 我忘記打開爐子。能直接跟不定式作賓語的動詞很多,常見的有:want,like,wish,hate,hope,prefer,continue,manage,try,ask,offer,start,forget,remember,begin,decide,agree,choose,learn,pretend,promise,mean,expect,desire等 3.不定式作賓語補足語 不定式可以和名稱或代詞構(gòu)成復合結(jié)構(gòu),作動詞的賓語,不定式作賓語補足語 We advised him to have a good rest 常帶不定式作賓語補足語的動詞有 ask, tell, invite, force, advise,get,beg,allow,help,want,wish,like,order,expect,prefer,encourage,hate,warn,permit等.但在make, let, have, see, hear, watch, notice, feel, observe, listen to, look at 等動詞后的復合賓語中,不定式不帶to. 在help后不定式可以帶to,也可以不帶to The boss made the workers work day and night.老板迫使工人們?nèi)找垢苫? Will you help me (to) plant this tree, please? 請您幫我種這棵樹好嗎？ 4. 不定式作定語 He has a lot of questions to ask. 他有許多問題要問。 不定式作定語時,須放在被修飾的名詞或代詞之后.不定式常和它修飾的詞有動賓關(guān)系.如果這個不定式是不及物的,它后面應(yīng)有必要的介詞 I use a pen to write with. 5. 不定式作表語 Disney’s greatest wish was to be a famous artist. 迪斯尼最大的愿望就是成為一個著名的藝術(shù)家。 6.不定式作狀語 不定式作狀語可以修飾動詞,表示目的,結(jié)果,或原因 To catch the first bus, I have to get up early. (目的) She went aboard never to return. (結(jié)果) I was surprised to see him there.(原因) 不定式的否定形式 否定式的否定形式是在不定式符號to前加not 構(gòu)成 He decided not to go home. 疑問詞+不定式結(jié)構(gòu) 疑問詞who, which, what, when, where, how, whether等后接不定式,構(gòu)成不定式短語,在句中作主語.表語.賓語等。 When to start has not been decided.（主語） I don’t know what to choose.（賓語） The question is how to put the plan into practice.（表語） 動詞不定式的時態(tài)的用法 （1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發(fā)生或發(fā)生在謂語動詞動作之后， 　　I'm glad to meet you.        We plan to pay a visit.        He wants to be an artist （2）進行式：不定式的進行式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發(fā)生，例如：        The boy pretended to be working hard.        He seems to be reading in his room. （3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞動作之前，例如：        I regretted to have told a lie.        I happened to have seen the film.        He is pleased to have met his friend. 動詞不定式的語態(tài)的用法 當不定式的邏輯主語是不定式所表示的動作的承受者時,不定式一般要用被動語態(tài) The patient asked to be operated on at once. The teacher ordered the work to be done. The books and magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading room. 如果不定式表示的是一個比謂語動作發(fā)生得更早的動作,這時不定式可用完成式的被動式 I thought it an honour to have been invited to the party. The novel is said to have been translated into seven languages. 動詞不定式省略to的情況 1. 在助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后面 May I ask you a question? 我可以問你一個問題嗎? 2. 在 make, let, see, watch, hear, notice, feel, have, listen to , look at等動詞后(作賓語補足語) Let me hear you play the piano. 讓我聽你演奏鋼琴吧。 3. 在why引起的某些問句中 Why turn off the gas? 為什么不再試一下？ 4. 在had better, would rather, would rather…than, would sooner, would sooner…than, cannot but, do nothing but 等結(jié)構(gòu)后面 He can’t but agree (他不得不同意) He would rather /sooner die than surrender(他寧死不屈) My mother could do nothing but wait for the doctor to arrive (我媽媽沒辦法,只好等醫(yī)生來) 5. 在 “Will you please + 動詞不定式” 一類表示邀請或命令的句型中 Will you please bring me some chicken? 請給我?guī)c雞肉來好嗎? 6. 在 “Why…” 或 “Why not…” 一類表示建議的句型中 Why not join us? (= Why won’t you join us?) 為什么不加入到我們中來嗎? 7. 在介詞except, but之后,如果其前有動詞do的某種形式,不定式一般不帶to,反之則帶to There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining (沒辦法,只好等雨停了) There is no choice but to wait till it stops raining (沒辦法,只好等雨停了) 8. 當作賓語的不定式再次出現(xiàn)時,為了避免重復,不定式往往省略,只保留不定式符號to.常出現(xiàn)在下列動詞后:want, wish, like, love, hope, plan, try ,hate 等 You don’t have to eat if you don’t want to.如果你不想吃,就不必吃了 --Have you listened to the music? 你聽了那首曲子了嗎? --No, but I plan to 沒有,但我打算聽 語法鞏固 1.句型轉(zhuǎn)換 1. It is impossible that a child can lift such a heavy box. It is impossible _______________________such a heavy box. 2. It happened that you had known each other before. You happened ____________________each other before. 3. The progress which will be made soon is of great importance. The progress _________________________ is of great importance. 4. The boss made the workers work all night. The workers were ______________all night. 5. When we should hold the meeting is still to be discussed. When _________________ the meeting is still to be discussed. 6. It seemed they were writing something for somebody. They seemed _______________________something for somebody. 7. I find that it is difficult to speak English well. I find ____________________to speak English well. 8. Jane doesn’t know how she can improve her Chinese. Jane doesn’t know__________________ improve her Chinese. 9. The girl got up earlier so that she might not be late again. The girl got up earlier_______________________ be late again. 10. We found the lesson was difficult to understand. We found the lesson _______________________. 2.單項選擇 1. I’m going to the supermarket this afternoon. Do you have anything____? A. to be buying B. to buy C. for buying D. bought 2. She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role______ in making the earth a better place to live. A. to have played B. to play C. to be played D .to be playing 3. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple , but it remains _______whether they will enjoy it. A to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen 4. It is said that in Australia there is more land than the government knows______. A. it what to do with B. what to do it with C. what to do with it D. to do what with it 5. ---- How do deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers? ----The key ______the problem is to meet the demand______ by the customers. A. to solving; making B. to solving; made C to solve; making D. to solve ; made 6. In order to gain a bigger share in the international market , many state-run companies are striving ______ their product more competitive. A. to make B. making C. to have made D. having made 7. In some parts of London, missing a bus means _____ for another hour. A. waiting B. to wait C. wait D. to be waiting 8. In order to make our city green, _______. A. it is necessary to have planted more tree B. many more trees need to plant C. our city needs more tree D. we must plant more trees 9. With a lot of difficult problems _______,the newly-elected president is having a hard time. A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settled 10. _____ you the truth, I didn’t want to tell you about it. A. To tell B. Telling C. To be told D. Told 11. Let your mother know all the truth. She appears ______ everything. A. to tell B. to be told C. to be telling D. to have been told 12._______late in the afternoon, Bob turned off the alarm. A. To sleep B. Sleeping C. Sleep D. Having 13. In order to improve English, _________. A. Jenny’s father bought her a lot of tapes B. Jenny bought a lot of tapes for herself C. a lot of tapes were bought by Jenny D. a lot of tapes were bought by Jenny’s father 14. Robert is said ______ abroad, but I don’t know what country he studied in. A. to have studied B to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying 15. Her mother told her not to _______, _______ would be bad for her health. A. keep up; what B. keep up; which C. stay up; which D. stay up; what 語法鞏固 1.句型轉(zhuǎn)換 1. for a child to lift 2. to have known 3. to be made 4.made to work 5. to hold 6. to be writing 7. it difficult 8.how to 9. so as not to /in order not to 10 difficult to understand 2.單項選擇 1. B 不定式 to buy 作anything 的定語,表示要買的東西 2. B play a role in 在某方面起作用 to play 作定語 3. B it 是形式主語, remain 后接to do sth. 作表語 see與主語從句是動賓關(guān)系,要用不定式被動式 4. C knows 后接疑問詞+動詞不定式 do with固定搭配 it 作賓語 5. B to為介詞后接動名詞,過去分詞短語made by the customs 作demand的定語 6. A 動詞不定式作目的狀語.表示努力的目的 7. A mean doing 意味著什么 mean to do打算做什么 8. D in order to make our city green 是目的狀語,邏輯主語是we 9. C 新任總統(tǒng)現(xiàn)在和將來都有難題要解決 10. A to tell the truth 說實話 11. D tell 是及物動詞,要用被動式,知道一切事情發(fā)生在告訴真相之前,要用不定式完成式 12. A 目的狀語 13. B in order to improve English 作目的狀語.它的邏輯主語要和句子主語Jenny一致 14. A 不定式完成式表示過去發(fā)生的事, Robert過去曾在某個國家學習過 15. C stay up 熬夜, which 引導非限制性定語從句 6 用心 愛心 專心