九、詞句猜測 代詞指代題(2018·常州期末)GPS technology is one of the latest and greatest developments within the communications world.Also known as a “global positioning system”，this technology works off of radio signals sent out by satellites in space.Since a cell phone already works like a two-way radio when communicating with cell towers，the GPS capability simply extends the radio signal reach to space satellites.Phones equipped with full-featured capabilities work off of Java-based radio signals and have database access to their providers system for other data like mapping and voices.Location tracking，and giving directions to and from destinations are some of the more common uses for this technology.GPS navigational systems are supported by a network of 27 satellites.These satellites orbit the Earth in cyclic patterns 24 hours a day.At any given time，a minimum of four satellites signals is accessible to any one point on Earth.Whenever a receiver device is activated，radio waves with coded messages are sent out to it.This is how satellites know to start tracking the device.A receivers exact location is determined through a process called trilateration(三邊測量法) where three satellites work together to narrow down possible location points.A fourth satellite is needed if the receiver isnt on the ground and altitude is wanted as well.Distance calculations are made based on how long it takes the radio signals to travel back and forth between receiver and satellites.The mapping capabilities are displayed on the phones screen via the cell providers database.As a GPS device needs to do all kinds of calculations on different data from satellites and providers database，it consumes time.So it can take quite a few seconds for a regular GPS to work out a plan.An assisted GPS can help solve the problem.It is an improved technology that uses a cell networks Assistance Server which is connected to a reference network such as the Internet.Through the use of cell towers，a phone relays satellite signal information to the servers.These servers are able to process incoming data at much higher rates than GPS receivers，so information is processed quicker，and is typically more accurate.1What does the underlined word “their” refer to?ASatellites. BPhonesCSignals. DCapabilities答案B解析代詞指代題。這個(gè)句子涉及到長難句的分析，equipped with.作為定語修飾phones，and連接兩個(gè)并列的謂語，一個(gè)是work off，一個(gè)是have，所以and 后面的句子其實(shí)是 phones have database access to their providers system.，即their指代“手機(jī)的”。2Which of the following is TRUE according to the information in the text?APhone GPS is a new technology unrelated to a cell phones original functions.BA mobile phone works as a signal receiver and processor in phone GPS system.CEach mobile phone is assigned four fixed satellites for their coded messages.DMapping capabilities and distance calculations are affected by the speed of radio signals.答案B解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段最后兩句可知，手機(jī)在GPS系統(tǒng)中的作用為信號的接收者和加工者。故選B。3What do we know about the Assistance Server in the Assisted GPS?AIt can speed up calculating process of a regular GPS receiver.BIt is part of the cell network directly connected to the Internet and the phone.CIt has a better functioning performance in processing received radio signals.DIt helps the Assisted GPS to receive different data more accurately in bad conditions.答案C解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段前三句可知，GPS設(shè)備需要對來自衛(wèi)星和供應(yīng)商數(shù)據(jù)庫的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行各種計(jì)算，它需要耗費(fèi)時(shí)間，而輔助服務(wù)器幫助解決了這個(gè)問題，因此可以說它在處理接收到的信號這一功能上表現(xiàn)更好。一、題型解讀代詞指代題常出現(xiàn)在人物或事物變換多，動作轉(zhuǎn)換頻繁的語境中，考生應(yīng)根據(jù)語境判斷人稱代詞、不定代詞和指示代詞。有時(shí)也會考查定語從句中關(guān)系代詞的指代內(nèi)容。設(shè)問形式常有：1What does the underlined word “this/it/them/which.” refer to?2The underlined part “it/that/they/which.”in Paragraph.refers to .二、解題技巧“就近原則”判指代第一步：明確代詞所指代內(nèi)容的位置代詞永遠(yuǎn)出現(xiàn)在原詞之后，故代詞所指代的內(nèi)容在這一句的前面一句中，或者前幾句中。第二步：熟悉代詞的含義1it/this/that可指代一件事。2it/he/them/they/one/those指上文提到的人或物。3which/that/who等關(guān)系代詞指代其所修飾的先行詞，非限制性定語從句中which可指代前面整句話的內(nèi)容。第三步：替換核實(shí)再比較1用所找的指代內(nèi)容替換畫線代詞，核實(shí)句意是否合理，前后內(nèi)容是否一致。2比較所指代部分與選項(xiàng)，確定意思最接近的選項(xiàng)。例如：【感悟體會】中1題，畫線單詞所在的句子為“Phones equipped with full-featured capabilities work off of Java-based radio signals and have database access to their providers.”可知整個(gè)句子的主語是Phones，故their就相當(dāng)于Phones。A(2018·河南新鄉(xiāng)二模)Throughout the past few years，I have tried to give myself to others.I have bounced around to find where I truly fit in.I found my place while I stayed in Guatemala，an orphanage(孤兒院)，with the children living there.Through hearing many stories of their lives，I was moved to tears and started to question my living ways and gave up everything that wasnt essential：7makeup and any other sort of luxury(奢侈品)I lived like they did.It was the most relaxing feeling in the world.When at Nuestros Pequenos Hermanos，we were given the task of creating a pig 8pen.At first，I thought it should be easy.After arriving at the area where the pig pen should be，we saw a hill.We were told to 1uproot the weeds as well as level the entire area.Looking at it，we felt it would be impossible.On my own faith journey，I have felt this type of doubt before.The “hole”，as we referred to，is a symbol of my faith journey.It appeared to be an 2obstacle I could not overcome，but in the end I completed it with efforts.I feel this pig pen wasnt easy to create but was so rewarding to give.Ive always struggled to be on a journey of faith，but Ive never completely stepped foot onto the path until Guatemala.Ive always tried to open my heart to everyone around me and give them my love.I feel as though I cut open my heart and share every bit of love I had with these orphans.There is one orphan named Ceto who will always remain very close to my heart.In Guatemala，I sponsor with thirty dollars a month，but it doesnt seem enough.Ill return there next summer and give more of my love for a whole month.When it was time to leave，I looked out of the window and saw not just ordinary children.Overall，the most significant accomplishment I made in Guatemala was stepping towards my own faith journey and not looking back.語篇解讀本文是一篇記敘文。文章主要講述了作者在危地馬拉期間，改變了自己的生活，從而改變了自己的人生。1What resulted in the authors decision to live a new life?ADesire to help others.BDecrease in his income.CA knowledge of the orphans life.DAwareness of the difficulty in his life.答案C解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“I found my place while I stayed in Guatemala，an orphanage (孤兒院)，with the children living there.Through hearing many stories of their lives，I was moved to tears and started to question my living ways and gave up everything that wasnt essential”可知，作者了解到孤兒的生活之后，決定改變自己的生活。故選C。2What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refer to?ARemoving the doubt.BUprooting the weed.CStarting the faith journey.DCreating the pig pen.答案D解析代詞指代題。根據(jù)畫線詞后面的“I feel this pig pen wasnt easy to create but was so rewarding to give.”可以猜測出，it代指建造豬圈這件事。故選D。3What did the author think of his experience in Guatemala?AIt was regretful.BIt was meaningful.CIt was interesting.DIt was frightening.答案B解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Overall，the most significant accomplishment I made in Guatemala was stepping towards my own faith journey and not looking back.”可以推斷出，作者認(rèn)為在危地馬拉的經(jīng)歷是有意義的。故選B。4What may be the best title for the text?AA Step into a New WorldBAn Awful Faith JourneyCA Great Success in LifeDA Return of Confidence答案A解析標(biāo)題歸納題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Overall，the most significant accomplishment I made in Guatemala was stepping towards my own faith journey and not looking back.”可以推斷出，在危地馬拉期間，作者改變了自己的生活，從而改變了人生。故用A Step into a New World作為本文的標(biāo)題最佳。故選A。B(2018·內(nèi)蒙古包頭一模)Vinegar is great.It makes salad，fries and dumplings taste better，and you can even clean your windows with it.And now，according to scientists，it may even help the planets population survive climate change.Researchers from the RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS) in Japan proved that.They found growing plants in vinegar makes them more resistant to droughts.This could mean that in the future，worries about climate change affecting the worlds supply of food will be much lower.The discovery was made after the researchers studied the Arabidopsis，a plant known for its ability to survive in dry weather.It was found that when the plant was placed in drought-like conditions，it produced a chemical called acetate(醋酸鹽)the main 3component of vinegar.After discovering this，the scientists experimented further by adding acetate to the soil of other plants before they stopped giving them water completely.After leaving the plants for 14 days，they found that the ones treated with acetate had survived，while the untreated plants had dried up and died.Its hoped that this simple method of survival could soon be used to help farmers in dry countries keep their crops alive.“In the experiment，we targeted the 4staple foods of the worldrice，wheat and maize.and proved successful，” Jong Myong Kim，co-author of the study，told Popular Science magazine.Kim has already been in touch with people around the world who are interested in trying this simple and cost-effective method out for themselves from farmers to companies and 5amateur gardeners.“Now we are trying to cooperate with them to make a method to apply this system，and make the process as simple as possible，” he said.Hopefully this means the end of hunger caused by bad weather in the future.語篇解讀本文是一篇科普類文章。文章主要介紹了日本科學(xué)家們近期發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)有意思的現(xiàn)象：給植物加點(diǎn)“醋”，植物就能變得更耐旱5What does the underlined word “that” in Paragraph 1 refer to?AVinegar may help creatures survive bad weather.BVinegar is found in plants by Japanese scientists.CVinegar is very useful for cooking a good meal.DVinegar is mainly used by people to clean houses.答案A解析代詞指代題。根據(jù)畫線詞前一句“And now，according to scientists，it may even help the planets population survive climate change.”可以判斷出that指代的是醋可以幫助生物更好地適應(yīng)氣候的變化。故選A。6Scientists in Japan find from their studies that .Athe Arabidopsis could survive in dry weather because of the shapeBsoil condition could be changed by pouring vinegar continuallyCthe acetate can be used by farmers to replace the soilDthe plants treated with acetate could survive dry conditions答案D解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段倒數(shù)第二句“They found growing plants in vinegar makes them more resistant to droughts.”可知，在酸性環(huán)境下生長的植物更加耐旱。故選D。7What can we infer from the last paragraph?AIts too difficult for farmers to accept the method.BHow to decrease the cost is the main issue.CThe method is 6promising especially in agriculture.DKeeping plants alive means a lot for scientists.答案C解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段尤其是最后一句“Hopefully this means the end of hunger caused by bad weather in the future.”可以推斷出這種方法尤其在農(nóng)業(yè)上很有前景。故選C。8Which of the following can be the best title for the text?AJapanese Scientists Find a PlantBVinegar Could End HungerCVinegar and FoodDPlants Need Water答案B解析標(biāo)題歸納題。根據(jù)全文大意可知，科學(xué)家們研究發(fā)現(xiàn)醋更能夠讓植物適應(yīng)各種惡劣的氣候，提高糧食的產(chǎn)量，從而消除饑餓。所以用Vinegar Could End Hunger作為題目較為合適，故選B。.障礙詞匯突破(一)閱讀下列句子，并根據(jù)句意猜測畫線部分的意思1This morning when we were walking along the street，we found many fallen trees which were uprooted by the storm.連根拔起；根除2Most competition cars will only roll over if they hit an obstacle.障礙；障礙物3Hydrogen is a key component of fuel cells.組成部分，成分4Wheat may be Pakistans staple food，and milky tea is the national drink.主要的5At the time，I was playing as an amateur for Cambridge University against professional county teams.業(yè)余愛好者(二)同義詞語替換6Were trying to bring along several promising young football players.hopeful(三)一詞多義7makeup n化妝品；組成(1)Even the genetic makeup of the virus is under debate.組成(2)Normally she wore little makeup，but this evening was clearly an exception. 化妝品8pen v撰寫；把關(guān)起來；n.鋼筆；(圍養(yǎng)家畜的)圈(1)The animals were penned up in cages.把關(guān)起來 (2) I really intended to pen this letter to you early this morning.撰寫(3)Take a piece of paper and a pen and try to figure out how you know when your values are fulfilled.鋼筆(4)A pen is a small area with a fence around it in which farm animals are kept for a short time.(圍養(yǎng)家畜的)圈.長難句理解1Through hearing many stories of their lives，I was moved to tears and started to question my living ways and gave up everything that wasnt essential：makeup and any other sort of luxury(奢侈品)句式分析本句話是一個(gè)并列句，第一個(gè)and前的簡單句是主系表結(jié)構(gòu)；第二、三個(gè)and后的簡單句與前面的句子主語一致，故省略了主語I，且這兩個(gè)簡單句為主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)；that wasnt essential：makeup and any other sort of luxury為定語從句，修飾限定everything。精美譯文因?yàn)槁犃岁P(guān)于他們生活的很多故事，我感動得留下了眼淚，開始質(zhì)疑自己的生活方式并且放棄了所有不必要的東西：化妝品和其他的奢侈品。2After leaving the plants for 14 days，they found that the ones treated with acetate had survived，while the untreated plants had dried up and died.句式分析本句話是一個(gè)并列句，由并列連詞while連接，前后表示對比關(guān)系。while前面的句子是主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)，其賓語為賓語從句that the ones treated with acetate had survived，在賓語從句中treated with acetate作定語，修飾the ones；while后面的句子是主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。精美譯文丟下這些植物不管14天后，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)那些加了醋酸鹽的植物活了下來，而未加醋酸鹽的植物都干死了。專題強(qiáng)化練(二十三).單項(xiàng)填空1In some places women are expected to earn money men work at home and raise their children.Abut Bwhile Cbecause Dthough答案B解析while在此意為“而，卻”，用來表示前后對照，比較。2As can be seen from the Bible，helping others in trouble is a good quality， you will be able to benefit a variety of valuable riches from.Ait Bthat Cwhat Done答案D解析句意為：從圣經(jīng)上可以得知，幫助那些處在困難中的人是一種良好的品質(zhì)，你可以從中獲得各種有價(jià)值的財(cái)富。空格處與前句中的a good quality構(gòu)成同位關(guān)系，one后面省略了which/that，所以選擇D項(xiàng)。3Our new house warm in winter and cool in summer.Afeels Bis feltCfinds Dis found答案A解析feel作系動詞后接形容詞時(shí)，如果主語是人，則feel用其主動意義，表示主語的感覺；如果主語是物，則feel用主動形式表示被動意義，指主語(物)被接觸后給接觸者(人)的感覺。4Hes sometimes hot-tempered，but hes a good fellow .Aat heart Bin heartCwith heart Dby heart答案A解析句意為：他有時(shí)脾氣暴躁，但他本質(zhì)上是個(gè)好人。at heart在內(nèi)心，本質(zhì)上；in heart情緒高昂；with heart真心地；by heart用心記住。5Most insurance agents would rather you anything until they investigate the situation.Ado Bdidnt doCdont do Dhadnt done答案B解析would rather后面所跟的從句用虛擬語氣，而根據(jù)句子時(shí)態(tài)，此處應(yīng)選擇用過去時(shí)表示對現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼奶摂M語氣，故答案是B。6Its the first time that she has been to the United States， ？Aisnt she Bisnt itChasnt she Dhasnt it 答案B解析本句的主句是“Its the first time”，后面的that從句是主語從句，該句是一個(gè)反意疑問句，反問部分的具體表達(dá)方式應(yīng)該根據(jù)句子的主句判斷而不是主語從句。7 great was the destruction that the economy took several years to recover.AToo BSo CSuch DVery答案B解析本句是so.that.結(jié)構(gòu)的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，該句的正常語序應(yīng)該是“The destruction was so great that the economy took several years to recover.”。8Do you know anything new about the incident?A working party to look into the problem.Awas set up Bhas been set upChas been setting up Dis setting up答案B解析首先確定主語是a working party，與set up是動賓關(guān)系，因此應(yīng)為被動語態(tài)；另外根據(jù)句意，表示說話時(shí)已經(jīng)完成的動作，故用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動語態(tài)。9This man along with his daughters always the largest fish.Acatch BcatchesCare catching Dwere catching答案B解析句子的真正主語是this man，而along with.只是跟在后面的介詞短語，所以謂語應(yīng)用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。10By the time you get to Greenwich you the most historic parts of London.Awill be seeing Bwill seeCare going to see Dwill have seen答案D解析根據(jù)“by the time從句”結(jié)構(gòu)可知，主句常與完成時(shí)連用。此處從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，故主句用將來完成時(shí)。.閱讀理解A(2018·湖南三十四校聯(lián)考)Here is a record of the discussion about AI (artificial intelligence) conducted by several scientists：Scientist A：I would say that we are quite a long way off developing the AI，though I do think it will happen within the next thirty or forty years.We will probably remain in control of technology and it will help us solve many of the worlds problems.However，no one really knows what will happen if machines become more intelligent than humans.They may help us，ignore us or destroy us.I tend to believe AI will have a positive influence on our future lives，but whether that is true will be partly up to us.Scientist B：I have to admit that the potential consequences of creating something that can match or go beyond human intelligence frighten me.Even now，scientists are teaching computers how to learn on their own.At some point in the near future，their intelligence may well take off and develop at an ever-increasing speed.Human beings evolve biologically very slowly and we would be quickly substituted.In the short term，there is the danger that robots will take over millions of human jobs，creating a large underclass of unemployed people.This could mean large-scale poverty and social unrest.In the long term，machines might decide the world would be better without humans.Scientist C：Im a member of the Campaign to Stop Killer Robots.Forget the movie image of a terrifying Terminator stamping on human skulls(頭骨) and think of whats happening right now：military machines like drones，gun turrets and sentry robots are already being used to kill with very little human input.The next step will be autonomous “murderbots” following orders but finally deciding who to kill on their own.It seems clear to me that this would be completely unethical and dangerous for humans.We need to be very cautious indeed about what we ask machines to do.11What is Scientist B worried about?AAI technology will destroy the earth.BComputers cant think by themselves.CRobots will take the place of humans.DHumans will be unhappy without machines.答案C解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中的“In the short term，there is the danger that robots will take over millions of human jobs，creating a large underclass of unemployed people.This could mean large-scale poverty and social unrest.”可知，科學(xué)家B擔(dān)心機(jī)器人會代替人類，造成人類失業(yè)、貧窮和社會動蕩。故選C。12What does the underlined word “this” in the last paragraph refer to?AThe Campaign to Stop Killer Robots.BThe movie image of a terrifying Terminator.C“Murderbots” cant decide by themselves.D“Murderbots” will be against humans orders.答案D解析代詞指代題。根據(jù)畫線詞前一句“The next step will be autonomous murderbots following orders but finally deciding who to kill on their own.”可知，自動“殺人機(jī)器人”服從人類的命令，但最后殺死誰由他們自己決定。句中this指“殺人機(jī)器人不服從人類的命令”。故選D。13Which statement is CORRECT according to the record?AScientist A thinks AI technology will never develop.BThe employment will be affected by AI technology in the future.C“Murderbots” will follow the orders of their manufacturers in the wars.DAll the three scientists agree that AI technology will benefit human beings.答案B解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“In the short term，there is the danger that robots will take over millions of human jobs，creating a large underclass of unemployed people.”可知，機(jī)器人的發(fā)展會代替人類工作，造成人類失業(yè)。也就是說，未來人工智能技術(shù)將會影響就業(yè)。故選B。14Who agree(s) AI has more negative aspects than positive aspects?AScientist A. BScientist B.CScientists B & C. DScientists B & A.答案C解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中的“I tend to believe AI will have a positive influence on our future lives”可知，科學(xué)家A認(rèn)為人工智能的積極因素比消極因素多。根據(jù)第三段中的“.there is the danger that robots will take over millions of human jobs，creating a large underclass of unemployed people.This could mean large-scale poverty and social unrest.”和第四段中的“It seems clear to me that this would be completely unethical and dangerous for humans.We need to be very cautious indeed about what we ask machines to do.”可知，科學(xué)家B和科學(xué)家C認(rèn)為人工智能的消極因素比積極因素多。故選C。B(2018·南京三模)There are plenty of good reasons for a young person to choose to go to university：intellectual growth，career opportunities，having fun.Around half of school-leavers in the rich world now do so，and the share is rising in poorer countries，too.Governments are keen on higher education，seeing it as a means to increase social mobility and economic growth.But they tend to overestimate the benefits and ignore the costs of expanding university education.Often，public money just feeds the arms race for qualifications.As more young people seek degrees，the returns both to them and to governments are lower.Employers demand degrees for jobs that never required them in the past and have not become more demanding since.In a desperate attempt to stand out，students are studying even longer，and delaying work，to obtain masters degrees.Spending on universities is usually justif