專題限時集訓(八)主旨大意之概括全文主題和段落大意AMost people have never heard of the name Edson Arantes do Nascimento，but they have heard of Pelé.Without question，Pelé is the greatest soccer player ever.Edson Arantes do Nascimento and Pelé are two names for the same man.Pelé was born in a small village in Brazil.Soccer is the most popular sport in Brazil，and like most other children of his age，Pelé grew up playing soccer.Too poor to afford a soccer ball，Pelé and his playmates often made one by tying together a bunch of rags.Their playing field was usually a sidewalk.Old tin cans (錫罐)marked where the goalposts should be.Pelé and the other boys from his neighborhood often dreamed of one day becoming professional soccer players.At the age of eleven，Pelé was discovered by Waldemar de Brito，a former professional player.De Brito was then coach of the Bauru Soccer Club.He signed Pelé to play for the junior Bauru team.In 1956，when Pelé was fifteen，de Brito took him to the city of Santos，Brazil，to try out for the Santos professional team.Pelé immediately distinguished himself as one of the best players.In 1957，Pelé was selected (挑選)to play on Brazil' s national team.He scored the only goal for Brazil in the first game and another goal in the second game.Then in 1958，Pelé helped Brazil win its first World Cup.Between 1958 and 1970，Pelé played in four World Cups.He is the only person to have played on three winning World Cup teams.Pelé played his last game with the Brazilian national team in 1971，but he continued to play for the Santos team for three more years before calling it quits.Throughout his career，Pelé had an amazing ability to move people.Everybody wanted to see him play.In 1969，a war in Nigeria was stopped for two days because the Santos team had been invited to play there and people on both sides were so eager to see Pelé play.Pelé's name has become synonymous(同義的)with excellence in soccer.His 20-year career has yielded some of the most memorable moments in soccer history.People today still refer to him as the great Pelé，the King of Soccer.【語篇解讀】本文是記敘文。文章主要介紹了“球王”貝利的生平及成就。1How were the soccer playing conditions for Pelé when he was young?ARather terrible.BFairly original.CWell-developed.DPretty standard.A考查推理判斷。由第三段中的“Too poor to afford a soccer ball.Old tin cans(錫罐) marked where the goalposts should be.”可知，貝利小時候踢足球的條件非常艱苦，他們買不起足球，就把破布系在一起當球，沒有足球場，就在人行道上踢，舊的錫罐用來標注球門。2In Paragraphs 4 to 6，the author mainly focuses on Pelé's .AinfluenceBachievementsCinternational recordsDpersonal developmentB考查段落大意。由第四至六段的描述可知，這三段主要講述了貝利的成就。3Why was the war in Nigeria in 1969 stopped for two days?ANigerians had grown tired of fighting.BNigerians did not want to injure Pelé.CPeople wanted to see Pelé play soccer.DPelé refused to play unless the war stopped.C考查細節(jié)理解。由倒數(shù)第二段中的“In 1969，a war in Nigeria.people on both sides were so eager to see Pelé play.”可知，在1969年，發(fā)生在尼日利亞的戰(zhàn)爭停止了兩天，因為交戰(zhàn)雙方都非?？释簇惱咦闱?。4What do we know about Pelé？AHe grew up in a soccer family.BHe behaves selflessly and generously.CHe is a talented and outstanding footballer.DHe received professional training at age 15.C考查推理判斷。通讀全文可知，貝利在11歲時就被教練Waldemar de Brito發(fā)現(xiàn)了他的天賦，在15歲時就從球隊中凸顯出來，之后在他20年的職業(yè)生涯中屢屢奪冠，他是唯一一位三次獲得世界杯冠軍的球員，今天依然被人們稱為“球王”。由此可知，貝利是一位富有天賦、杰出的足球運動員。BA study examining the children of people evacuated (撤離)during the Second World War showed the daughters of female evacuees were up to four times more likely to suffer from serious mental health conditions compared to those whose parents stayed at home.In the largest enquiry ever of its kind，researchers examined the health records of 3,000 children of Finnish people evacuated to Sweden during the 19411945 conflict with Soviet Russia.The evacuees，many of whom were at a pre-school age，were placed with foster families in Sweden and were forced to learn Swedish，later returning to Finland.The study found that the female children of these girls had an increased risk of being hospitalised for conditions such as depression.However，this was not the case with children of boys evacuated during the war.The study could not determine why.One possibility is that the stresses of the evacuees' experience affected their psychological development in ways that influenced their parenting style.Another possibility is that the evacuees' experience resulted in epigenetic changes changes in the way genes are expressed.For example，the researchers mentioned an earlier finding that Holocaust survivors have higher levels of methyl groups bound to the FKBP5 gene and have passed this change on to their children.This higher level of methyl groups appears to change the production of cortisol，a hormone (荷爾蒙)that controls the stress response.“The Finnish evacuation was intended to protect children from the harm associated with the country's wars with the Soviet Union，” said study co-author Dr.Torsten Santavirta，from Uppsala University.“Our observation of the long-term psychiatric (精神病的)risk that reached into the next generation is concerning and stresses the need to weigh benefits as well as potential risks when designing policies for child protection.”【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。一項研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，媽媽孩童時期的精神創(chuàng)傷會影響其女性后代。5 What can we infer about the new study?AIt involved the most test subjects.BIts finding is relatively reliable.CIts finding is contrary to an earlier one.DIt was conducted right after World War .B考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第二段中的“In the largest enquiry ever of its kind，researchers examined the health records of 3,000 children of Finnish people.”可知，該研究的研究對象多，故可推斷，其研究結果比較可信。6Which method does the author use to develop Paragraph 3?ABy introducing a conclusion.BBy conducting an experiment.CBy making assumptions.DBy supporting opinions.C考查寫作手法。根據(jù)第三段中的“could not determine why”“One possibility”“Another possibility”可知，本段主要講的是研究人員對他們的finding的原因的一些假設。7How does Dr.Santavirta find the Finnish evacuation?AIt didn't fully fulfill its original purpose.BIt resulted in wars with the Soviet Union.CIt was first suggested by the Soviet Union.DIt was a good example of child protection.A考查推理判斷。根據(jù)最后兩段可知，Dr.Santavirta認為，芬蘭撤離本應保護孩子們免受戰(zhàn)爭帶來的傷害，可是研究結果表明，它帶給下一代的心理傷害是令人擔憂的，故可判斷，他認為該次撤離沒有達到它原本的目的。8What is the main idea of the passage?AChildren's mental health is greatly influenced by wars.BWomen's mental illness can be passed to the future generation.CGirls are more likely to suffer from mental problems than boys.DMothers' childhood mental condition may affect their daughters.D考查主旨大意。根據(jù)第一段內容和第二段最后一句可知，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，學齡前的女性撤離者兒時的精神創(chuàng)傷更容易影響她們的女兒，故選D項。CJust days before the cyberattack known as WannaCry struck computers in at least 150 countries in May,2017，the telecommunications company NTT issued a report on digital (數(shù)字信息系統(tǒng)的)threats.One of its conclusions is: “In today's environment，everyone has an important role to play in cybersecurity (網(wǎng)絡安全)”The advice was timely.The attack that spread from China to Spain was slowed down by a British man who lives with his parents and who is self-taught in cybersecurity.His quick work in buying a web domain name (域名)connected to the digital worm ended up being a temporary kill switch.This gave time for companies，governments，and others to protect their systems.His $10 purchase saved billions.More to the point，his action shows that the users of digital tools connected to the Internet must always be prepared for attacks，even if only to inform experts.The attacks like WannaCry，which often come through e-mail，are responsible for as much as 73 percent of malware (惡意軟件)The NTT report says cybersecurity requires much more than a technological fix.New security software cannot keep up with growing threats.The key solution is for people to be prepared and to work together.“To successfully work their way around these challenges，” the report states，“organizations are going to be required to rely on their users more than ever.” This includes such steps as keeping software up to date with security patches，using complex passwords，and watching for potential cyberattacks in e-mail and texts.A similar recommendation was offered last December by the US Commission on Enhancing National Cybersecurity.To assist digital users，the commission called for a private body to develop something like a “nutritional label (標簽)” for technology products.Such a fair，third-party assessment would help consumers better use cyber tools and curb wide-ranging harmful activity in cyberspace.The NTT report makes one other and necessary point about the role of cyber experts in assisting computer users: “Our end goal is not to create fear，uncertainty，and doubt or to overcomplicate the current state of the threat landscape，but to make cybersecurity interesting and inclusive for anyone facing the challenges of security attacks.”【語篇解讀】本文是說明文。在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)時代，黑客造成的網(wǎng)絡攻擊給人們的網(wǎng)絡生活帶來極大的威脅，每個網(wǎng)民都應該成為網(wǎng)絡安全的守護者。9What stopped the spread of WannaCry?ANTT' s report on cybersecurity.BA company's discovery of a kill switch.CA British security researcher's $10 purchase.DGovernments' measures to improve cybersecurity.C考查細節(jié)理解。由第二段中的“The attack.was slowed down by a British man.quick work in buying a web domain name(域名) connected to the digital worm ended up being a temporary kill switch”可知，一名自學成才的英國網(wǎng)絡安全研究員在無意間發(fā)現(xiàn)了WannaCry隱藏開關的域名，他花10美元購買了這一域名，遏制了病毒的進一步大規(guī)模擴散。 10What is most important in preventing threats according to NTT's report?APeople's joint efforts.BInternet users' skills.CNew security software.DReduced use of e-mails.A考查推理判斷。由第四段中的“The key solution is for people to be prepared and to work together”可知，NTT的報告指出網(wǎng)絡安全需要的不僅僅是技術的修復，關鍵是要讓人們準備好應對網(wǎng)絡攻擊，共同努力。11What is the focus of Paragraph 5?ACyber experts' suggestions.BThe importance of cybersecurity.CThe challenges Internet companies face.DWays for digital users to resist cyberattacks.D考查段落大意。由第五段的描述可知，本段主要講述了數(shù)字用戶應對網(wǎng)絡攻擊可采取的措施：用安全補丁升級軟件、使用復雜的密碼、警惕電子郵件和文本中可能出現(xiàn)的網(wǎng)絡攻擊。12What does the underlined word “curb” in Paragraph 6 mean?ALimit.BUndertake.CControl.DImprove.A考查詞義猜測。由劃線詞前的“.help consumers better use cyber tools.”可知，這樣一個公正的第三方評估將幫助消費者更好地利用網(wǎng)絡工具，遏制網(wǎng)絡空間里大規(guī)模的有害活動；由此可推斷，curb 意為“遏制，限制”。6