九、詞句猜測代詞指代題(2017·全國，B)I first met Paul Newman in 1968，when George Roy Hill，the director of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid，introduced us in New York City.When the studio didnt want me for the filmit wanted somebody as well known as Paulhe stood up for me.I dont know how many people would have done that；they would have listened to their agents or the studio powers.The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later had its root in the fact that although there was an age difference，we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV.We were respectful of craft(技藝) and focused on digging into the characters we were going to play.Both of us had the qualities and virtues that are typical of American actors：humorous，aggressive，and making fun of each otherbut always with an underlying affection.Those were also at the core(核心) of our relationship off the screen.We shared the belief that if youre fortunate enough to have success，you should put something backhe with his Newmans Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill，and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival.Paul and I didnt see each other all that regularly，but sharing that brought us together.We supported each other financially and by showing up at events.I last saw him a few months ago.Hed been in and out of the hospital.He and I both knew what the deal was，and we didnt talk about it.Ours was a relationship that didnt need a lot of words.24.Why was the studio unwilling to give the role to the author at first?A.Paul Newman wanted it.B.The studio powers didnt like his agent.C.He wasnt famous enough.D.The director recommended someone else.答案C解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“When the studio didnt want me for the filmit wanted somebody as well known as Paulhe stood up for me.”可知，電影公司想要像保羅那樣出名的人，由此可以判斷，作者不夠出名，故選C項(xiàng)。25.Why did Paul and the author have a lasting friendship?A.They were of the same age.B.They worked in the same theater.C.They were both good actors.D.They had similar characteristics.答案D解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中的“Both of us had the qualities and virtues that are typical of American actors：humorous，aggressive，and making fun of each otherbut always with an underlying affection.Those were also at the core(核心) of our relationship off the screen.”可知，作者與保羅在熒幕前和熒幕后都很幽默、有進(jìn)取心，并互開對(duì)方的玩笑，即他們兩人有相似的性格，故選D項(xiàng)。26.What does the underlined word “that” in Paragraph 3 refer to?A.Their belief.B.Their care for children.C.Their success.D.Their support for each other.答案A解析代詞指代題。根據(jù)第三段第一句“We shared the belief that.”以及下面對(duì)belief的具體解釋可知，畫線處是指共同擁有這種“信念”使他們兩人連在一起，故選A項(xiàng)。27.What is the authors purpose in writing the text?A.To show his love of films.B.To remember a friend.C.To introduce a new movie.D.To share his acting experience.答案B解析寫作意圖題。本文是按照時(shí)間順序?qū)懙?，從作者與保羅的最初相見，到友誼慢慢加深，以及幾個(gè)月前去看望生病的保羅，由此可知作者寫此文的目的是回憶一位朋友，故選B項(xiàng)。一、題型解讀代詞指代題常出現(xiàn)在人物或事物變換多，動(dòng)作轉(zhuǎn)換頻繁的語境中，考生應(yīng)根據(jù)語境判斷人稱代詞、不定代詞和指示代詞。有時(shí)也會(huì)考查定語從句中關(guān)系代詞的指代內(nèi)容。設(shè)問形式常有：(1)What does the underlined word “this/it/them/which.” refer to?(2)The underlined part “it/that/they/which.” in Paragraph.refers to “ ”.二、解題技巧“就近原則”判指代第一步：明確代詞所指代內(nèi)容的位置代詞永遠(yuǎn)出現(xiàn)在原詞之后，故代詞所指代的內(nèi)容在這一句的前面一句中，或者前幾句中。第二步：熟悉代詞的含義(1)it/this/that可指代一件事。(2)it/he/them/they/one/those指上文提到的人或物。(3)which/that/who等關(guān)系代詞指代其所修飾的先行詞，非限制性定語從句中which可指代前面整句話的內(nèi)容。第三步：替換核實(shí)再比較(1)用所找的指代內(nèi)容替換畫線代詞，核實(shí)句意是否合理，前后內(nèi)容是否一致。(2)比較所代部分與選項(xiàng)，確定意思最接近的選項(xiàng)。例如：【真題感悟】中第26題，sharing that與前面的shared the belief呼應(yīng)，由此可推知，擁有同樣的信念使兩人成了朋友；the belief替換that后，經(jīng)核實(shí)意義正確，故選A項(xiàng)。A(2018·和平區(qū)三模)Holidays are really important.Many of us will have childhood memories of summer holidays where we were taken away from home to experience new environments and learn in different ways.But holidays are expensive and，for those on low wages or living on benefits，they are often unobtainable.Even the cheapest holidays require travel and other additional costs that are difficult for many families to meet.For working parents，the long summer break can be a very difficult problem for childcare.When an annual leave allowance amounts to only five weeks，there is a need to spread this across the year.Couples can find themselves taking leave in turn in order to care for children who are on holiday.For some，this makes even an affordable family holiday difficult.The schools that I visit in Nottingham are full of experienced staff committed to giving our children a caring and inspiring learning environment.The number of children receiving free school meals is quite large in Nottingham and many schools have breakfast clubs to make sure that children get a healthy start to the day.Most schools undertake programs of group or individual educational support.Schools also have an important role in safe guarding childrens welfare through the ongoing touch and support with their pupils.During the long summer holidays，much of this is missed.While teachers are holidaying in the UK，many of their pupils spend the whole six weeks on the street where they live.The lack of free school meals for six weeks can result in pressure on a family budget and an inability to afford the inspiring experiences that help children to continue their learning.In setting out its plans for a five-term year，Nottingham City Council(委員會(huì)) is seeking to reduce the summer holiday down to four and a half weeks，with a more balanced five terms of roughly eight weeks，each followed by a two-week break.We believe this will give real “down time” for school staff and pupils alike but will be short enough not to cause a real break in learning.We acknowledge that this change may be difficult for some school staff，particularly whose own children are educated in other authorities.However，this must be weighed against the benefits for city children for whom we all have the greatest duty of care.1.The passage is probably written by .A.an experienced teacherB.a working parentC.an inspired studentD.a city council member答案D解析推理判斷題。從文章倒數(shù)第二段“.Nottingham City Council(委員會(huì)) is seeking to reduce the summer holiday down to four and a half weeks，with a more balanced five terms of roughly eight weeks.”和“We believe this will give real down time for school staff and pupils alike but will be short enough not to cause a real break in learning.”以及最后一段中“We acknowledge that this change may be difficult for some school staff.”可知，說話者的口氣“我們相信”“我們承認(rèn)”，由此推知作者是城市委員會(huì)的一員。2.The underlined word “they” in the second paragraph refers to .A.environments B.holidaysC.wages D.benefits答案B解析代詞指代題。根據(jù)畫線后一詞unobtainable“無法得到的”詞義以及前面提到的“holidays are expensive(假期是昂貴的)”可知，代詞they指代前文的holidays，意為“對(duì)于一些低收入家庭或靠救濟(jì)而過活的家庭來說，假期是無法得到的”。3.It is suggested in the passage that the summer break be reduced to .A.2 weeks B.4.5 weeksC.5 weeks D.6 weeks答案B解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段第一句“.Nottingham City Council(委員會(huì)) is seeking to reduce the summer holiday down to four and a half weeks.”可知，假期被縮短到4.5周。4.The plans for a shorter summer holiday will help students .A.obtain the cheapest holidays without additional costsB.get a chance to spend six weeks a term with teachers in schoolC.benefit more from the caring and inspiring learning environmentD.have more school days to receive free school meals答案C解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段第一句以及倒數(shù)第二段最后一句可知，學(xué)校將致力于為學(xué)生提供一個(gè)有愛的、激勵(lì)的學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境，而這種縮短假期的方案將使教職工和學(xué)生得到一個(gè)真正的休整時(shí)間且不影響學(xué)習(xí)。也就是說，通過縮短假期可以讓大家在這樣一個(gè)有愛的、激勵(lì)的學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境中受益更多。5.It can be inferred from the passage that .A.working parents can enjoy a five-week break to care for their childrenB.the suggested plans for a five-term school year can hardly be carried outC.the long summer holiday gives teachers and students real “down time”D.some school staff will say “No” to the plans for a shorter summer holiday答案D解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段第一句“We acknowledge that this change may be difficult for some school staff.”可知，一些學(xué)校員工將會(huì)反對(duì)這個(gè)計(jì)劃。BIf you work hard to have a positive attitude，you might be surprised by how much better you feel about yourself and life in general.When you turn away from the negative and focus on the positive，you open your mind to appreciate the good things around you that might have otherwise gone unnoticed.Having a positive attitude can also reduce your stress level.The less stress you feel，the better you will feel overall.So if youve been feeling tired，put on a happy face and you just might feel better soon.But how can you have a positive attitude when life is hard？Its more than just turning lifes lemons into lemonade.Having a positive attitude can take some hard work.But its worth it.Here are some ways you can develop and maintain a positive attitude even in the midst of lifes troubles.A positive attitude doesnt mean ignoring lifes troubles.It just means being an optimist and looking for the good in things，rather than being a pessimist and concentrating on the bad in things.Sometimes your perspective can make all the difference in the world.Smile and laugh！Yes，it can be that simple.Learn to love life，no matter whats going on.Smile at others and they will smile back at you.Have fun and find the humor in life.Sometimes laughter really is the best medicine.Exercise！Get off the couch and get moving.Being active and healthy can give you a completely different outlook on life.When you feel better physically，you often naturally feel better mentally，too.語篇解讀本文是一篇說明文。積極樂觀的心態(tài)能夠使你保持良好的精神面貌，文章介紹了保持積極樂觀的意義及若干方法，其中包括尋找事情中好的一面，微笑和鍛煉。6.The underlined word “that” in Paragraph 1 probably refers to .A.the positive feelingsB.the good thingsC.the surprising resultsD.the importance of life答案B解析指代猜測題。畫線詞所在句句意為：當(dāng)你把注意力從消極的事情轉(zhuǎn)移到積極的事情上時(shí)，你就會(huì)敞開心扉去欣賞你周圍原本未注意到的美好事物。此處that引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾先行詞the good things。7.What probably helps to keep your stress level proper?A.Working hard at your lessons.B.Setting up a practical goal.C.Feeling proud of yourself.D.Keeping yourself positive.答案D解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第一句可知，保持積極樂觀的態(tài)度能控制壓力水平。故選D。8.We can learn from the third paragraph that .A.it is impossible to keep positiveB.keeping positive costs a lot of moneyC.there are tips for keeping yourself positiveD.there are many troubles in daily life答案C解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中的“Here are some ways you can develop and maintain a positive attitude even in the midst of lifes troubles.”可知，有一些保持積極樂觀的方法。故選C。9.According to the text，you can keep positive by .a.avoiding all troublesb.looking for the good in thingsc.being friendly to othersd.being a pessimiste.depending on medicinef.staying healthyA.a，d，e B.b，c，fC.c，d，e D.a，b，f答案B解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。文章后三段講述了保持積極樂觀的若干方法，其中包括尋找事情中好的一面、對(duì)其他人友好和保持健康，故B項(xiàng)為正確答案。10.The text is mainly to tell us .A.how to keep positiveB.the right attitude towards lifeC.the importance of healthD.ways of dealing with stress答案A解析主旨大意題。通讀全文可知，本文主要講述了如何保持積極樂觀。故選A。題型組合練(十二).單項(xiàng)填空1.The only thing really matters to the children is how soon they can return to their aunt and uncles farm.A.that B.what C.which D.this答案A解析空格處為定語從句，可考慮關(guān)系代詞that和which，但主句中先行詞被only修飾，因此只能選A。2.They remained full of hope and determination their repeated failures.A.instead of B.in search ofC.because of D.in spite of答案D解析句意為：盡管他們反復(fù)失敗，但他們依然充滿希望和決心。instead of代替，而不是；in search of搜尋，探索；because of因?yàn)椋怼耙蚬标P(guān)系；in spite of盡管，不顧，表“讓步”關(guān)系。故選D。3.If he had visited me in Beijing，I him to see the sights.A.had taken B.will takeC.would take D.would have taken答案D解析此題考查虛擬語氣，從句時(shí)態(tài)為過去完成時(shí)，主句應(yīng)用should/would/might/couldhave done，故選D，其他選項(xiàng)均不符合虛擬語氣中的時(shí)態(tài)要求。4.Youll soon get used to a large breakfast in England.A.eat B.that you eatC.eating D.you eat答案C解析get used to doing sth. 習(xí)慣于做某事，為固定用法，故選C。5.The Internet is so much a part of our culture that it affects our lives by acting as a for face-to-face contacts.(2017·蘇北六市聯(lián)考，21)A.preference B.motivationC.substitute D.guideline答案C解析句意為：因特網(wǎng)是我們文化中不可或缺的一部分，通過充當(dāng)面對(duì)面交流的替代品來影響我們的生活。substitute替代品，代替者，符合句意。preference偏愛，優(yōu)先權(quán)；motivation動(dòng)力，動(dòng)機(jī)；guideline指南，指導(dǎo)方針。6.He made good preparations for exam.Otherwise，he such rapid progress.A.should not have madeB.need not have madeC.could not have madeD.must not have made答案C解析“Otherwise，he couldnt have made such rapid progress.”意為“否則，他不可能取得如此大的進(jìn)步(實(shí)際上已取得)?！?.The travelers sought shelter the rain and happened to find a roadside inn.A.at B.by C.from D.against答案C解析seek shelter from the rain意為“尋求避雨處”。8.The meal over，the managers went back to the meeting room to their discussion.A.put away B.take downC.look over D.carry on答案D解析句意為：飯后，經(jīng)理們回到會(huì)議室，繼續(xù)剛才的討論。put away收起來，放好；take down寫下，記下；look over檢查，查看，調(diào)查；carry on繼續(xù)。9. the people have become masters of their own country science can really serve the people.A.It is only then；that B.It was that；whenC.It is only when；that D.It was when；then答案C解析此處是“It is/was.that.”強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，本句中when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句是被強(qiáng)調(diào)的對(duì)象。10.Lucy doesnt mind lending you her dictionary.She .Ive already borrowed one.A.cant B.mustntC.neednt D.shouldnt答案C解析根據(jù)該空后面的句子“Ive already borrowed one.”，說明她沒必要借詞典給我了，故本題選C。.閱讀理解My newlywed husband said the same thing every morning，“Youre beautiful today.”O(jiān)ne glance in the mirror showed that it was far from the truth.“Liar，” I shot back with a grin.It was my usual response.My mothers first husband was not a kind man and his verbal(語言的) and physical abuse forced her and her two children to find a safe place.He showed up on her doorstep one day with roses.She let him in and he beat her with those roses and took advantage of her.Nine months later she gave birth to a 9lb.13oz.baby girlme.The rude words we heard growing up took root.I had trouble seeing myself as someone of value.I had been married two years when I surprised myself.My husband wrapped his arms around me and told me I was beautiful.A lot of years have passed.My husband has grey in his hair.Im no longer skinny.Last week I woke up and my husbands face was inches from mine.“What are you doing？” I asked.I covered my mouth，trying to hide my morning breath.He reached down and kissed my face.“What I do every morning，” he said.What a man! My husband understands my past.Hes been beside me as Ive grown from an unsure young girl to a confident woman，mother，speaker and author.But Im not sure that he understands the part he played in that transformation.The words I heard growing up pierced(刺穿) my soul，yet his words pierced even deeper.This Anniversary Day I plan to wake early.I want to tell Richard how much I love him.He may look in the mirror and see an extra pound or two，or wish for the day when his hair was dark and curly，but all Ill see is the man who saw something in me when I couldnt see it myself，and who leaves butterfly kisses，even after twenty-three years of marriage.11.When the author looked into the mirror，she found herself .A.beautiful B.confidentC.untidy D.unusual答案C解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章前兩段可知，當(dāng)作者照鏡子時(shí)，她發(fā)現(xiàn)自己并不干凈利落。12.Why did the authors mother and her two children have to move?A.Because their house was too small.B.Because they were not well treated by her mothers first husband.C.Because they were expecting another baby.D.Because her mothers first husband wanted them to move.答案B解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段第二句可知，作者的母親和她的兩個(gè)孩子要搬家是因?yàn)樗齻儧]有得到母親第一任丈夫的善待。13.As a young girl，the author .A.was married earlyB.had a happy childhoodC.looked for root everywhereD.lacked confidence in herself答案D解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段前兩句“The rude words we heard growing up took root.I had trouble seeing myself as someone of value.”可知，作為一個(gè)年輕的女孩，作者缺乏自信。14.It can be inferred from the passage that .A.the authors husband had a positive influence on her lifeB.the author played an important part in the changeC.they have been married for 23 yearsD.the authors husband has gained some weight答案A解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)文中作者對(duì)自己小時(shí)候因?yàn)閻貉詯赫Z而缺乏自信，而丈夫卻一直在贊美自己的描述，結(jié)合最后三段對(duì)丈夫?qū)ψ约旱挠绊懙拿鑼懣赏浦?，作者的丈夫?qū)λ纳町a(chǎn)生了積極的影響。15.The underlined phrase “The words” in the last but one paragraph refers to .A.her own wordsB.her husbands wordsC.her mothers wordsD.her fathers words答案D解析詞義猜測題。根據(jù)“The words I heard growing up pierced(刺穿) my soul，yet his words pierced even deeper.”結(jié)合上文對(duì)母親的第一任丈夫，即作者的父親的惡言惡語的描述可知，the words指的是“她父親的話”。.閱讀表達(dá)How much do you hate waiting for another beer in a crowded bar? It annoyed Josh Goodman enough to invent a pretty obvious solutionself-service beer tap.Goodman,36，recalled the exact moment in late 2008 when his frustration boiled over.“I was hanging out with my friends at a Baltimore sports bar before a game，” he said.“We just couldnt get another beer served to us quickly.” Even more than being annoyed，Goodman was struck by how much money the bar must be losing.Almost immediately，he got to work on a self-service beer concept.Within only a few months，Goodman had launched PourMyBeer in Chicago.He invested 20,000 and partnered with a U.S.manufacturer to make beer tables with two to four self-service taps，which were designed by himself.In February 2009，Goodman landed his first client：A bar in Baltimore，America.He spent the next two years growing the business and adding more bars and restaurants.In 2011，PourMyBeer designed self-service “beer walls”，which let people pour their own beer from taps on a wall.PourMyBeer has swelled to over 200 restaurants and bars in 28 states in America and Canada.It is planned to enter Chicagos OHare International Airport this week and in Italy and Brazil later this year.The tables start at 4,000 and the beer walls cost as much as 16,000.They generated more than 400,000 in sales in 2013 and doubled that in 2014.Goodman expects to take in close to 2 million in revenue this yearwhich would make it the companys first profitable year.“Our business customers tell us that theyve cut down on waste and theyre selling twice as much beer on average，” said Goodman.16.What made Goodman come up with the idea? (no more than 15 words)His experience of waiting for another beer in a crowded bar./His experience that he couldnt get another beer served quickly.解析根據(jù)第一、二段內(nèi)容的介紹，Josh Goodman有一次在酒吧等待啤酒的長時(shí)間經(jīng)歷，讓他想出了一種應(yīng)對(duì)措施，即自助服務(wù)。17.How long did Goodman turn his idea into reality? (no more than 6 words)Within only a few months.解析根據(jù)第三段中的“Within only a few months，Goodman had launched PourMyBeer in Chicago.”可知，在幾個(gè)月內(nèi)，Josh Goodman就把想法付諸實(shí)施。18.What did Goodman design for customers in the bars? (no more than 13 words)Beer tables and beer walls.解析根據(jù)第三段最后一句可知，他自己設(shè)計(jì)了啤酒桌和自助龍頭。19.What does the underlined word “swelled” most probably mean? (1 word)Expanded/Enlarged/Increased.解析根據(jù)第四段中的“He spent the next two yeas growing the business and adding more bars and restaurants.”以及畫線詞所在句可知，他花了兩年的時(shí)間把生意擴(kuò)大，所以swell的意思是“擴(kuò)大，增加”。20.What do you think of Josh Goodman? Give your reasons.(no more than 25 words)He is wise，because he can turn his idea into reality.解析這是一個(gè)開放性的問題。只要符合主題都可以。13