專題三考點(diǎn)通關(guān)第1講謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)和主謂一致)無(wú)論在語(yǔ)法填空還是短文改錯(cuò)中，動(dòng)詞的考查都是高考的必考點(diǎn)和重難點(diǎn)，在解答有關(guān)動(dòng)詞類的試題時(shí)，考生必須要分清是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞還是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，一個(gè)句子無(wú)論主句還是從句，必須要有謂語(yǔ)，對(duì)于語(yǔ)法填空來(lái)說(shuō)，如果句中沒(méi)有別的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，或者雖已有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，但需填的動(dòng)詞與之是并列關(guān)系時(shí)，所給動(dòng)詞就是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，對(duì)于短文改錯(cuò)來(lái)說(shuō)，則主要是時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)的錯(cuò)用或主謂不一致。無(wú)論是語(yǔ)法填空還是短文改錯(cuò)，一旦我們判定為謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，都要綜合考慮時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)和主謂一致的情況，因?yàn)檫@些都是緊密聯(lián)系在一起進(jìn)行考查的，都是高考的設(shè)題點(diǎn)?？键c(diǎn)感悟語(yǔ)法填空短文改錯(cuò)語(yǔ)法填空對(duì)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的考查主要涉及動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)和主謂一致三方面。感1.(2019·江蘇高考)A few months after he had arrived in China, Mr Smith _ (fall) in love with the people and culture there.答案：fell句意：史密斯先生抵達(dá)中國(guó)幾個(gè)月后，愛(ài)上了那里的人和文化。arrive用了過(guò)去完成時(shí)，表示“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，所以此處用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。2.(2019·浙江高考)When every pupil in the school wears the uniform, nobody _ (have) to worry about fashion (時(shí)尚).答案：has/will have空格前面的從句為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或者一般將來(lái)時(shí)。而句子主語(yǔ)nobody是第三人稱單數(shù)，所以當(dāng)句子為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用第三人稱單數(shù)。3.(2019·天津高考)Amy, as well as her brothers, _ (give) a warm welcome when returning to the village last week.答案：was givenA as well as B作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)由A，也就是本題中的Amy決定；由last week可知give表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，且Amy與give之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。4.(2018·浙江高考)While regularly eating out seems to _ (become) common for many young people in recent years, it's not without a cost.答案：have become根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)in recent years可知，此處應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 seem to have done “似乎已經(jīng)做過(guò)”。5.(2017·天津高考)I _ (drive) down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.答案：was driving此處為be doing . when . 結(jié)構(gòu)，根據(jù)從句中的found可知，主句應(yīng)用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。短文改錯(cuò)對(duì)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的考查重點(diǎn)是并列謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式不一致、主謂不一致、上下文時(shí)態(tài)不一致、主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)誤用、過(guò)去式與過(guò)去分詞形式不正確這幾個(gè)方面。感1.(2019·四川成都高三第三次診斷)I listed all of my achievements and the voluntary work I have done. _答案：havehad這里含有一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，先行詞是the voluntary work，表示發(fā)生在“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，所以have改為had。2.(2019·江西橫峰中學(xué)五校競(jìng)賽)All the international students was quite interested in my introduction._答案：waswereAll the international students作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)該使用復(fù)數(shù)形式，故將was改為were。3.(2019·長(zhǎng)春質(zhì)檢)You are the most considerate person who know exactly what I need in our class._答案：knowknows定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)應(yīng)和先行詞保持一致。4.(2016·全國(guó)卷)A woman saw him crying and telling him to wait outside the shop._答案：tellingtoldand后的動(dòng)詞和saw是并列關(guān)系，故形式應(yīng)和saw一致。5.(2016·全國(guó)卷)Lots of studies have been shown that global warming has already become a very serious problem._答案：去掉beenstudies和show之間為主動(dòng)關(guān)系。6.(2018·全國(guó)卷)It was Monday morning, and the writing class had just begin._答案：beginbegun根據(jù)語(yǔ)意語(yǔ)境可知，and并列句應(yīng)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，即had done的形式，begin的過(guò)去分詞應(yīng)為begun。續(xù)表語(yǔ)法填空短文改錯(cuò)悟1.時(shí)態(tài)對(duì)于時(shí)態(tài)問(wèn)題我們可通過(guò)時(shí)態(tài)定義，即各時(shí)態(tài)的基本用法；標(biāo)志性狀語(yǔ)；主從句時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)；固定句式結(jié)構(gòu)；語(yǔ)境暗示，這五個(gè)方面來(lái)解決。(參“考點(diǎn)素能一”)2.語(yǔ)態(tài)對(duì)于語(yǔ)態(tài)問(wèn)題我們主要是根據(jù)與主語(yǔ)的邏輯關(guān)系來(lái)解決，語(yǔ)態(tài)考查是包含在時(shí)態(tài)之中的，不可分割。3.主謂一致對(duì)于主謂一致的問(wèn)題，要根據(jù)主謂一致的三原則來(lái)解決。悟1.時(shí)態(tài)短文改錯(cuò)中一定要注意：上下文時(shí)態(tài)、并列連詞所連接的時(shí)態(tài)及并列句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)，都應(yīng)保持一致。此外，還要注意過(guò)去式與過(guò)去分詞的形式是否正確。2.語(yǔ)態(tài)判斷主被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的關(guān)鍵在于判斷主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的關(guān)系為主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。3.主謂一致熟悉主謂一致的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)為解題關(guān)鍵，平時(shí)一定要注意總結(jié)記憶?？键c(diǎn)素能一 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)解答謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的問(wèn)題時(shí)，可通過(guò)以下幾種途徑來(lái)解決：1通過(guò)“時(shí)態(tài)定義”解決時(shí)態(tài)：雖然新課標(biāo)或考綱中列出了10種時(shí)態(tài)，但近三年全國(guó)卷主要考查一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)兩種時(shí)態(tài)。盡管如此，以下8種時(shí)態(tài)的基本用法和構(gòu)成還應(yīng)掌握。準(zhǔn)確理解?？紩r(shí)態(tài)的定義是做題的根本。一般將來(lái)時(shí)will do過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)would do一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)do/does一般過(guò)去時(shí)did現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)am/is/are doing過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)was/were doing現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have/has done過(guò)去完成時(shí)had done2通過(guò)“標(biāo)志性狀語(yǔ)”解決時(shí)態(tài)：高考中，很多題目本身就帶有明確的用某種時(shí)態(tài)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，要學(xué)會(huì)利用這些狀語(yǔ)來(lái)解決時(shí)態(tài)問(wèn)題。(1)看到always, every time, now and then, often, seldom, sometimes, usually等表示頻率的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，要想到用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。(2)看到y(tǒng)esterday, last week, two days ago, the other day, in 1998, just now, once upon a time等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，要想到用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。(3)看到tomorrow, next year, in a week等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，要想到用一般將來(lái)時(shí)。(4)看到the next day/morning, the next/following week/month/year等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，要想到用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。(5)看到all the time, now, at 4 o'clock, at this moment, at present等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，要想到用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。(6)看到at that time, at this time yesterday, at five yesterday, the whole morning等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，要想到用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。(7)看到at this time tomorrow, from 1：30 to 4：30 tomorrow等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，要想到用將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)。(8)看到since, recently, lately, already, in/for/during the last/past few years, so far, up to now, during the past/last時(shí)間段等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，要想到用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。(9)看到by that time, by the end of過(guò)去時(shí)間，before 2000, by the time一般過(guò)去時(shí)的從句，要想到用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。(10)看到by the time一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的從句，by the end of將來(lái)時(shí)間的名詞，by將來(lái)時(shí)間名詞等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，要想到用將來(lái)完成時(shí)。3通過(guò)“動(dòng)作先后”解決時(shí)態(tài)：此種方法主要用來(lái)解決兩種類型的試題：并列連詞and, but, as well as, or, or else, both . and ., neither . nor ., either . or ., not only . but also ., rather than等及從屬連詞than可連接兩個(gè)平行的結(jié)構(gòu)。平行的另外一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)與所選謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的先后關(guān)系，決定著所選動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)；涉及主從句時(shí)態(tài)的題目，我們可通過(guò)考慮主句和從句的關(guān)系和動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間先后來(lái)確定時(shí)態(tài)。 例如：One day, when I was drawing diagrams on the balcony and he _ (bathe) inside, the volcano erupted unexpectedly.本句為and連接的并列結(jié)構(gòu)，根據(jù)前面的was drawing便可得知此處應(yīng)填 was bathing。Mr White _ (teach) in our school for nearly forty years before he retired last month.根據(jù)for nearly forty years可知應(yīng)用完成時(shí)，再根據(jù)before從句中的retired可知，從句中用的為過(guò)去時(shí)，主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在其前，故應(yīng)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，即had taught。4通過(guò)“語(yǔ)境暗示”解決時(shí)態(tài)：實(shí)際上，高考對(duì)時(shí)態(tài)的考查更注重“情境立意”，即考生在具體的語(yǔ)境下運(yùn)用各種時(shí)態(tài)的能力。正因?yàn)槿绱耍行┰囶}的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和其他參照物都不明顯，此時(shí)考生要樹(shù)立全局觀念，根據(jù)提供的語(yǔ)境，挖掘隱含信息，從而找到解題的突破口。 例如：While online shopping _ (change) our life, not all of its effects have been positive.根據(jù)語(yǔ)境結(jié)合后面的have been可知此處應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的結(jié)果或影響，又主語(yǔ)為online shopping，故應(yīng)填has changed。5通過(guò)“固定句式”解決時(shí)態(tài)：所謂固定就是需要考生記住，因此考生必須要熟記一些常見(jiàn)的固定句式結(jié)構(gòu)。(1)看到no sooner . than .或hardly . when .，要想到主句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。(2)看到并列連詞when，要想到was/were doing sth. when .；be about to do sth. when .等句式。(3)看到It/This/That isthe序數(shù)詞timethat從句，要想到從句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。(4)看到It/This/That wasthe序數(shù)詞timethat從句，要想到從句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。(5)在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句或條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，如果主句是一般將來(lái)時(shí)，從句則用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)。(6)在由since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，如果主句是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，從句則用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。(7)看到“祈使句and/or陳述句”，要想到陳述句用一般將來(lái)時(shí)。6通過(guò)“邏輯關(guān)系”解決語(yǔ)態(tài)：對(duì)于語(yǔ)態(tài)問(wèn)題的解題關(guān)鍵就在于理清主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)的關(guān)系，如果為主動(dòng)關(guān)系，則用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，如果為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，則用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。需要注意的是，考生在做題時(shí)往往對(duì)時(shí)態(tài)問(wèn)題比較關(guān)注，但卻容易忽略語(yǔ)態(tài)問(wèn)題，因此我們可采用“先語(yǔ)態(tài)，后時(shí)態(tài)”的做題方式來(lái)避免此類問(wèn)題的發(fā)生。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)在各種時(shí)態(tài)中的構(gòu)成形式如下所示：7注意“特殊動(dòng)詞”：有些動(dòng)詞(短語(yǔ))的用法比較特殊，要格外注意。如belong to(屬于)不用進(jìn)行時(shí)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)；date from或date back to(追溯到)常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)；系動(dòng)詞如look, seem, feel, taste, sound, smell, prove, appear等不能用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。對(duì)于這些特殊的詞匯，考生務(wù)必要記牢。二 主謂一致所謂主謂一致，就是說(shuō)在英語(yǔ)中，句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式應(yīng)與句子的主語(yǔ)在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。主謂一致主要分為語(yǔ)法一致、意義一致及就近或就遠(yuǎn)一致，共三種。近幾年來(lái)高考中對(duì)它的考查主要集中于語(yǔ)法一致和意義一致，并且常將主謂一致與動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)合起來(lái)進(jìn)行考查。1語(yǔ)法一致(1)可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。(2)在定語(yǔ)從句中，關(guān)系代詞that, who, which等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中的先行詞的數(shù)一致。(3)單個(gè)動(dòng)名詞、不定式、名詞性從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)。但what引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句表示復(fù)數(shù)概念時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。2意義一致(1)集體名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，若強(qiáng)調(diào)整體，則謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；若強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體，則謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。常見(jiàn)的集體名詞有：family, class, team, group, public, committee, government, audience等。(2)“分?jǐn)?shù)/百分?jǐn)?shù)/the majority of 名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于of后名詞的數(shù)及其表示的意義；all, some, half, most, the rest等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于主語(yǔ)實(shí)際表達(dá)的意義。3就近/就遠(yuǎn)原則(1)就近原則：由either . or ., neither . nor ., not . but ., not only . but also . 等連接的并列主語(yǔ)或者在there be句型中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常與最近的主語(yǔ)在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。(2)就遠(yuǎn)原則：主語(yǔ)后跟有with, together with, along with, as well as, but, except, rather than, including等引起的短語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要與前面的主語(yǔ)保持一致。過(guò)關(guān)檢測(cè)(限時(shí)：30分鐘).單句語(yǔ)法填空1Excuse me, which movie are you waiting for?The new Star Wars. We _ (wait) here for more than two hours.答案：have been waiting2Just as I got to the school gate, I realized I _ (leave) my book in the café.答案：had left3Festivals and celebrations of all kinds _ (hold) everywhere since ancient times.答案：have been held4Long ago Hongbao _ (see) as a means of protecting children from evil spirits.答案：was seen5You look so tired and pale. Anything wrong?I hate to complain, but a new road _ (build) throughout the night.答案：was being built6It is reported that his new book _ (publish) by that company next year.答案：will be published7How close parents are to their children _ (have) a strong influence on the development of the children's characters.答案：has8It took a long time but eventually the dog _ (stop) barking and the man was able to touch it.答案：stopped9The famous musician, as well as his students, _ (invite) to perform at the opening ceremony of the 2012 Taipei Flower Expo.答案：was invited10You rather than I _ (be) going to go camping tomorrow.答案：are.單句改錯(cuò)1I wept and said I do want to do my best but I just couldn't concentrate._答案：第一個(gè)dodid2More efforts, as reported, will make in the years ahead to accelerate the supplyside structural reform._答案：makebe made3Despite the previous rounds of talks, no agreement has reached so far by the two sides._答案：has后加been4What time is it?I have no idea. But just a minute, I check it for you._答案：check前加will5The fact that so many people still smoke in public places suggest that we may need a nationwide campaign to raise awareness of the risks of smoking._答案：suggestsuggests6They felt that the British economy was been held back by excessive government controls._答案：beenbeing7Onethird of the country is covered with trees and the majority of the citizens is black people._答案：第二個(gè)isare8Our school along with many other brother middle schools are to take another joint test next month._答案：areis9The man returned the handbag after he made sure it was belonged to her._答案：去掉was10A recent survey shows that the number of children who come from the countryside with their parents are nearly 320,000 in Beijing._答案：areis.語(yǔ)法填空To be a charming (有魅力的) leader, it helps to have speaking skills that convey strength and experience. Contrary _1_ popular belief, a speaker's message may not matter as much as the style in which the speech _2_ (deliver). A new study finds it's a leader's tone of voice _3_ is actually important.Researchers from the University of California analyzed the vocal styles of four US politicians. They found that while all of them presented _4_ (complete) different messages, they _5_ (change) their voices in similar ways, depending on the audience.“Politicians use voice as a strong tool _6_ (convey) their charm，” Rosario Signorello, one of the researchers behind the work, said at a recent conference.When it comes to politics, it's not only about _7_ you say but how you say it. There's a good reason why some of the most successful politicians, for better or worse, are also known as outstanding _8_ (speak), able to persuade large and diverse crowds with _9_ (attraction) speeches. But it's not just about the words they choose; the same paragraph might sound boring in a flat speaker's voice but beautiful when _10_ (recite) by a Shakespearean actor.1_2._3._4._5_6._7._8._9_10._篇章導(dǎo)讀：本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要講述的是領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的演說(shuō)魅力的來(lái)源。1to考查介詞。(be) contrary to “與相反”，為固定搭配。2is delivered考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)。本文闡述一種研究成果，且全文用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)作為基本時(shí)態(tài)，因此此處應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)；又因speech和deliver “發(fā)表”之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。3that考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句式。一項(xiàng)新的研究表明，一個(gè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的語(yǔ)調(diào)才是真正重要的東西。本句為強(qiáng)調(diào)句的基本句型：It's被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分that其他部分，句中被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分a leader's tone of voice為主語(yǔ)。4completely考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。修飾形容詞應(yīng)用副詞completely。5changed考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。根據(jù)上文的 “analyzed”“found”可知，此處表示發(fā)生在過(guò)去的事情，故應(yīng)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。6to convey考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。政治家們把聲音作為一種有力的工具來(lái)表現(xiàn)他們的魅力。use sth. to do sth. “用某物做某事”為固定用法，故空處填to convey。7what考查賓語(yǔ)從句的連接詞。當(dāng)談及政治的時(shí)候，它不僅關(guān)乎所說(shuō)的內(nèi)容，也關(guān)乎你表達(dá)它的方式。設(shè)空處在句中引導(dǎo)從句作about的賓語(yǔ)，且在從句中作say的賓語(yǔ)，故用what，意為“的事物、東西”。8speakers考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，此處表示一些最成功的政治家也被稱為杰出的演講者?？崭袂坝行稳菰~outstanding作定語(yǔ)，故空格處應(yīng)填名詞，且speaker “演講者”是可數(shù)名詞，其前無(wú)限定詞，故應(yīng)用其復(fù)數(shù)形式speakers。9attractive考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換?？崭裉幵诰渲凶鞫ㄕZ(yǔ)修飾名詞speeches，故應(yīng)用形容詞attractive “有吸引力的”。10recited考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。句子主語(yǔ)the same paragraph與recite之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，應(yīng)用其過(guò)去分詞形式，構(gòu)成狀語(yǔ)從句的省略形式。.短文改錯(cuò)(2019·合肥一中高三月考)In couple of weeks, we'll say goodbye to our school. Now this is really hard to put my feelings into words. The past three years has general been a wonderful journey with you guys. To make the journey good and safer, our teachers had contributed their time and energy. We are grateful to what you, dear teachers, have done for us. No matter whether unwilling we are, we will depart soon. And it is not the end. It just means it's time to begin a new journey. Finally, on behalf of all the graduate here, let me to extend our sincere wishes to our school and to our teachers. Thank you!答案：In couple of weeks, we'll say goodbye to our school. Now is really hard to put my feelings into words. The past three years has been a wonderful journey with you guys. To make the journey and safer, our teachers contributed their time and energy. We are grateful what you, dear teachers, have done for us. No matter unwilling we are, we will depart soon. it is not the end. It just means it's time to begin a new journey. Finally, on behalf of all the here, let me extend our sincere wishes to our school and to our teachers. Thank you!- 11 -