二、轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯類(2015·江蘇)People select news in expectation of a reward.This reward may be either of two kinds.One is related to what Freud calls the Pleasure Principle，the other to what he calls the Reality Principle.For want of better names，we shall call these two classes immediate reward and delayed reward.In general，the kind of news which may be expected to give immediate reward are news of crime and corruption，accidents and disasters，sports，social events，and human interest.Delayed reward may be expected from news of public affairs，economic matters，social problems，science，education，and health.News of the first kind pays its rewards at once.A reader can enjoy an indirect experience without any of the dangers or stresses involved.He can tremble wildly at an axe-murder，shake his head sympathetically and safely at a hurricane，identify himself with the winning team，laugh understandingly at a warm little story of children or dogs.News of the second kind，however，pays its rewards later.It sometimes requires the reader to tolerate unpleasantness or annoyanceas，for example，when he reads of the threatening foreign situation，the mounting national debt，rising taxes，falling market，scarce housing，and cancer.It has a kind of “threat value”It is read so that the reader may be informed and prepared.When a reader selects delayed reward news，he pulls himself into the world of surrounding reality to which he can adapt himself only by hard work.When he selects news of the other kind，he usually withdraws from the world of threatening reality toward the dream world.For any individual，of course，the boundaries of these two classes are not stable.For example，a sociologist may read news of crime as a social problem，rather than for its immediate reward.A coach may read a sports story for its threat value：he may have to play that team next week.A politician may read an account of his latest successful public meeting，not for its delayed reward，but very much as his wife reads an account of a party.In any given story of corruption or disaster，a thoughtful reader may receive not only the immediate reward of indirect experience，but also the delayed reward of information and preparedness.Therefore，while the division of categories holds in general，an individuals tendency may transfer any story from one kind of reading to another，or divide the experience between the two kinds of reward.What News Stories Do You Read？Division of news stories·People expect to get 71.rewards/rewarded from reading news.·News stories are roughly divided into two classes.·Some news will excite their readers instantly while others wont.72.Explanations of the two classes·News of immediate reward will seemingly take their readers to the very frightening scene without actual 73.involvement.·Readers will associate themselves closely with what happens in the news stories and 74.share similar feelings with those involved.·News of delayed reward will make readers suffer，or present a 75.threat to them.·News of delayed reward will induce the reader to 76.prepare for the reality while news of immediate reward will lead the reader to 77.withdraw from the reality.Unstable boundaries of the two classes·What readers expect from news stories are largely shaped by their 78.profession(s)/intention.·Serious readers will both get excited over what happens in some news stories and 79.adapt themselves to the reality.·Thus，the division，on the whole,80.depends on the reader.考場思維模式第一步：讀表格，填出較簡單的概括詞匯題文章標(biāo)題是“你讀什么樣的新聞故事？”，然后分三部分進行了分析。其中第72題是概括性詞匯，根據(jù)其右表信息可知是“兩類新聞故事的解釋(說明)”，故第72題填Explanations。注意首字母要大寫。第二步：定位、定詞、定性、定形任務(wù)型閱讀表格高度概括了原文信息，為了節(jié)約時間并且提高解題的針對性，先讀表格內(nèi)容，然后在原文中進行定位。定位后進行定詞。定詞后要定性(如名詞、動詞、形容詞、副詞)，最后定形(如單復(fù)數(shù)、非謂語形式、大小寫等)。1原文詞匯類75根據(jù)原文第四段中的“It has a kind of threat value.”可知應(yīng)填threat。77根據(jù)原文第四段中的“When he selects news of the other kind，he usually withdraws from the world of threatening reality toward the dream world.”可得到暗示，應(yīng)填withdraw。79此句是對最后一段倒數(shù)第二句的轉(zhuǎn)換。這可從第四段中的“he pulls himself into the world of surrounding reality to which he can adapt himself only by hard work”得到暗示，填adapt。2轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯類71原文reward出現(xiàn)了多次。第一段有a reward，第三段有rewards，因此可以知道reward是可數(shù)名詞。此空只能填一個詞，因此填rewards。另外reward也可用作動詞，還可填rewarded，表示被動，意思是“獲得獎賞”。73根據(jù)表格內(nèi)容可以將信息定位在原文第三段中的“A reader can enjoy an indirect experience without any of the dangers or stresses involved.”。其中關(guān)鍵信息是without any of the dangers or stresses involved，關(guān)鍵詞是involved。原文involved作后置定語，而此空前面是without actual，后面要填名詞形式involvement。74此題是將原文第三段中“He can tremble wildly at an axe-murder，shake his head sympathetically and safely at a hurricane，identify himself with the winning team，laugh understandingly at a warm little story of children or dogs.”信息轉(zhuǎn)換成題目中的“share similar feelings with those involved”。76根據(jù)原文第四段中的“It is read so that the reader may be informed and prepared.”可得到暗示，填prepare。80最后一段主要講了這兩種分類不是一成不變的，也就是說這取決于讀者，故填depends。3概括詞匯類78文章最后一段提到的sociologist，coach，politician都是不同的職業(yè)，或者說不同的劃分取決于不同的目的，故填profession(s)/intention。第三步：復(fù)查并將答案填在答題卡上復(fù)查完確認沒有修改之后，將試卷上所寫答案填在答題卡規(guī)定區(qū)域，注意要認真書寫，不能潦草。轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯類是典型的二次加工題型，需要考生有基本的構(gòu)詞法知識，對句子成分和詞性的對應(yīng)關(guān)系要明確。做題時，不但要找到與試題相關(guān)的句子信息，還要根據(jù)詞法和句法知識以及上下文的邏輯關(guān)系進行加工，從而提煉出新詞。要求考生對已鎖定的關(guān)鍵句進行知識重組，運用多種表達方式，考查考生是否具有遣詞造句的能力。常見的轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯題可分為：詞形轉(zhuǎn)換、同義(反義)表達、句型轉(zhuǎn)換等。1詞形轉(zhuǎn)換詞形轉(zhuǎn)換題即用不同的方式表達文中的意義，由于表達的方法不同，被考查單詞在原文和試題中充當(dāng)?shù)木渥映煞植煌Ｓ袝r所采用的詞性會有所變化。如，動詞與名詞的轉(zhuǎn)換、動詞與動名詞的轉(zhuǎn)換、形容詞與副詞的轉(zhuǎn)換、名詞與形容詞的轉(zhuǎn)換等，有時還涉及短語搭配的考查。(1)Social isolation is an objective condition in which people have little communication with others.Social isolation means that people hardly communicate with others or stay alone.(2)Its also important for every student to set high academic goals so as to be able to build a good career.Students who want to build a good career should attach importance to setting high academic goals.2同義(反義)表達同義(反義)表達是指用不同的詞組表達同一個意思或是相反的意思。這主要考查考生靈活運用英語的能力。此項考查要求我們對同義/反義詞(組)互換，單個動詞與動詞短語的互換，單個副詞與短語的互換等。(1)The use of these resources cannot go on indefinitelywe would run out.The vast majority of resources cant be replaced and they would be used up.(2)But they say its far from clear that social isolation，not loneliness，is always the real cause of increased death rate.It was still unclear/vague/ambiguous that social isolation rather than loneliness is the real cause of higher death rate.(3)You are expected to know that every step counts and that setting up goals is easy，but following them on a consistent basis is difficult.You should be aware/conscious that its difficult to follow your goals consistently.3句型轉(zhuǎn)換句型轉(zhuǎn)換題指的是用不同的句式表達同一意思。有時是主動語態(tài)與被動語態(tài)的互換，有時是采用另外一種句式表達。答題時要抓住核心詞匯，對這些詞匯表達進行句式轉(zhuǎn)換，一般為高中階段常用句式。(1)When something is thrown away，we lose the natural resources，the energy and the time which have been used to make the product.The natural resources，the energy and the time used to make the product become lost when something is thrown away.(2)Researchers have found that older people with fewer human contacts are more likely to die.Social isolation may increase/raise older peoples risk of death.(3)Setting goals for completing the daily schedule helps an employee to finish the assigned tasks and targets in a timely manner.By setting goals，an employee can increase output and performance instead of delaying completing his or her tasks.Marketers have more options in todays increasingly multilingual societya variety of electronic and print media can address groups of consumers in different languages.Various factors influence the choice of media and language.In some cases，its simply practical to advertise in the consumers native language，particularly if many of the consumers in this group are primarily monolingual.In other cases，by advertising on，say，a Spanish television channel in the US，an advertiser may earn the respect of the consumer by addressing him in his native language，as well as develop positive associations with the medium and its unique content.Now，marketers have another factor to consider when deciding where to advertise and in what language.A paper.Do bilinguals have two personalities? A special case of cultural frame switching published by researchers at the University of Texas，shows that bilingual individuals exhibit different personality characteristics when speaking different languages.Lead researcher Nairan Ramirez-Esparza，tested individuals who were bilingual in English and Spanish for various personality traits，and found that the subjects answered the questions differently when asked in English and Spanish.The new work built on past research that showed the values of subjects changed when they were surrounded by stimuli from different cultures.How can marketers take advantage of “cultural frame switching”？ It may sound challenging without specific research，but at least for Spanish，English bilinguals in the US，there is now some hard data on the language-related personality shift.Extrapolating to other language combinations may be possible，too.Since the Spanish/English bilingual results seem to be in agreement with testing of monolingual Spanish and English speakers，language-specific testing of bilingual subjects may not be essential to get an idea of what kind of cultural frame switching might occur in other bilingual combinations.Rather，comparing known personality differences for each language/culture would give an indication of the differences bilingual individuals would exhibit.I think it would be a mistake to over-emphasize this phenomenon over other criteria affecting the selection of appropriate media and language to reach a target market.Clearly，the major considerations of demographics(人口統(tǒng)計資料)，perception of the medium，language fluency，etc.should remain major factors.Besides，the language-driven cultural frame switching may not make much difference to many products or services.If the product does attract one cultural personality more，though，it may make sense to exploit that differences of the other decision criteria are more or less equivalent.The researchers point out that the differences arent great.Even if slight，though，the differences are noticeable.Cultural Frame Switching：Different Language，Different PersonalityConcept of cultural frame switchingCultural frame switching refers to the phenomenon of shifting from one cultural mindset to another when people are 71. to their new cultural environment.Applications of cultural frame switchingCultural frame switching is a factor marketers now take into 72. to reach target customers.Personality shift proves to be 73. for Spanish/English bilinguals，which makes it not 74. to do language-specific testing of bilingual subjects.Looking for the known personality differences between each language/culture would give marketers a better 75. of how bilingual individuals would 76. in two different cultures.Facts about cultural frame switchingIts wrong to put too much 77. on the functions of cultural frame switching.Compared with other criteria，the language-driven cultural frame switching simply plays a (n) 78. role in marketing success.Providing that a product 79. to a certain cultural personality more，the difference is worth employing.ConclusionThe effect different languages have on personality is 80. but noticeable.語篇解讀在當(dāng)今日益多元化的社會中，營銷人員有更多的選擇。各種各樣的電子和印刷媒體可以用不同的語言對話消費者群體，現(xiàn)在市場營銷人員開始考慮文化框架轉(zhuǎn)換的因素。71答案exposed解析轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句“The new work built on past research showed the values of subjects changed when they were surrounded by stimuli from different cultures.”可知，文化框架轉(zhuǎn)換指的是當(dāng)面臨全新的環(huán)境時，人們從一種文化心態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)向另一種文化心態(tài)的移位現(xiàn)象。be exposed to暴露于。72答案account/consideration解析轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯題。根據(jù)第一段最后四句可知，現(xiàn)在市場人員開始考慮文化框架轉(zhuǎn)換的因素。take.into account/consideration是固定短語，意為“考慮到”，故填account/consideration。73答案existent解析概括詞匯題。根據(jù)第二、三段的內(nèi)容可知，性格轉(zhuǎn)換這種現(xiàn)象是存在的。故填existent。74答案necessary/essential解析原文詞匯題。根據(jù)第三段中的“l(fā)anguage-specific testing of bilingual subjects may not be essential to get an idea of what kind of cultural frame switching might occur in other bilingual combinations”可知，雙語科目的特定語言測試可能不是必要的。故填necessary/essential。75答案understanding/idea解析轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯題。根據(jù)第三段最后一句“Rather，comparing known personality differences for each language/culture would give an indication of the differences bilingual individuals would exhibit.”可知，比較每種語言/文化的已知個性差異可以對雙語個體會表現(xiàn)出的差異給出提示。此處用近義詞give a better understanding/idea來表示，故填understanding/idea。76答案behave解析轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯題。參考上題解析。exhibit在這是“展覽；顯示；提出(證據(jù)等)”的意思，故填behave。77答案stress/emphasis解析轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯題。根據(jù)第四段開頭“I think it would be a mistake to over-emphasize this phenomenon over other.”可知，不應(yīng)過分強調(diào)文化框架轉(zhuǎn)換。put stress/emphasis on意為“強調(diào)”，故填stress/emphasis。78答案minor/unimportant解析轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯題。根據(jù)第四段中的“Besides，the language-driven cultural frame switching may not make much difference to many products or services.”可知，語言驅(qū)動的文化框架轉(zhuǎn)換對很多產(chǎn)品影響不大。形容詞修飾名詞，故填minor/unimportant。79答案appeals解析轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯題。根據(jù)第四段末句“If the product does attract one cultural personality more，though，it may make sense to exploit that difference of the other decision criteria are more or less equivalent.”可知，假如一個產(chǎn)品更吸引某種文化個性，那這種區(qū)別就值得采用。attractappeal to，故填appeals。80答案slight解析原文詞匯題。根據(jù)最后一段“The researchers point out that the differences arent great.Even if slight，though，the differences are noticeable.”可知，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)不同語言對個性的影響雖然輕微，但是這些不同是顯而易見的。故填slight。 9