第3節(jié) 兩大解題技法技法一依據(jù)“行文邏輯”線索文章由段落組成，層次分明，錯(cuò)落有致，圍繞中心話題展開。各段、句之間形成一定的語義邏輯關(guān)系，有總分、解釋、例證、并列、層遞、轉(zhuǎn)折、對比、因果關(guān)系等。1總分關(guān)系典例(2016·全國卷)There are three main types of cryptography. 37 For example，the first letters of “My elephant eats too many eels” spell out the hidden message “Meet me.”EYou can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out.思路分析空格前面的句子說總共有三種密碼，是一個(gè)概括性句子，總述了全段的主要內(nèi)容?？崭駜?nèi)應(yīng)是介紹第一種密碼，是分述。由該空后的例句可知，此空選E “你可以拼寫每個(gè)單詞的第一個(gè)字母來隱藏信息”。2解釋關(guān)系典例(2016·四川高考)One important biological factor that helps women live longer is the difference in hormones between men and women. 37 Between the ages of about 12 and 50，women produce hormones that are involved in fertility (生育能力)These hormones also have a positive effect on the heart and the blood flow.In fact，women are less likely to have high blood pressure or to die from heart attacks.BThe biological factor plays an important part.GHormones are chemicals which are produced by the body to control various body functions.思路分析空格前面的句子首次提到了荷爾蒙，由此可推測該空應(yīng)該是對hormones進(jìn)行解釋，G項(xiàng)“荷爾蒙是身體產(chǎn)生的控制人體功能的化學(xué)物質(zhì)”符合題意，故選G項(xiàng)。易錯(cuò)提醒有些考生會(huì)根據(jù)前一句中的biological factor誤選B項(xiàng)，讀完空格后的句子就可以知道此處介紹荷爾蒙，因此我們不能想當(dāng)然地進(jìn)行選擇。3例證關(guān)系典例(2017·北京高考)Now we have the most direct evidence yet that he is right. 74 The synapses in the mice taken at the end of a period of sleep were 18 per cent smaller than those taken before sleep，showing that the connections between neurons weaken while sleeping.GTononi's team measured the size of these connections，or synapses，in the brains of 12 mice.思路分析該段首句提出論點(diǎn)“現(xiàn)在我們有最直接的證據(jù)證明他的假設(shè)是對的”，那么接下來就應(yīng)該給出具體的論據(jù)或?qū)嵗齺碜C明上述論點(diǎn)。此外，該空后面一句話解釋了實(shí)驗(yàn)的結(jié)果和意義。綜合看來，只有G項(xiàng)符合語境。4并列關(guān)系典例(2016·全國卷)Some people may think that a garden is no more than plants，flowers，patterns and masses of color.Others are concerned about using gardening methods that require less water and fewer fertilizers (肥料) 18 .However，there are a number of other reasons that might explain why you want to garden.One of them comes from our earliest years.EStill others may simply enjoy being outdoors and close to plants思路分析由本段中的第一句Some .，第二句的Others .，可鎖定E項(xiàng)中的Still others .，它們之間為并列關(guān)系，故選E項(xiàng)。5層遞關(guān)系典例(2017·北京高考)Every animal sleeps，but the reason for this has remained foggy.When lab rats are not allowed to sleep，they die within a month. 71 CSimilarly，when people go for a few days without sleeping，they get sick.思路分析首句指出每種動(dòng)物都要睡覺，但原因仍然是個(gè)謎。實(shí)驗(yàn)室的老鼠被剝奪了睡眠，一個(gè)月內(nèi)就會(huì)死亡，C項(xiàng)“同樣，如果人類連續(xù)幾天不睡覺，就會(huì)生病”與前句是層遞關(guān)系，故選C項(xiàng)。6轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系典例(2016·四川高考)Both men and women are living longer these days in industrialized countries. 36 In general，they can expect to live six or seven years more than men.One reason for this is biological.AHowever，women，on average，live longer.思路分析空格前說“工業(yè)化國家中的男人和女人壽命更長”，而空格后說“大致來說，她們比男人能多活六、七年”，根據(jù)邏輯推斷，空格處應(yīng)該選A項(xiàng)“然而，平均來說女人壽命更長”與前文形成轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。7對比關(guān)系典例(2016·全國卷)Our model of what a garden should be often goes back to childhood.Grandma's rose garden and Dad's vegetable garden might be good or bad，but that's not what's important. 19 how being in those gardens made us feel.If you'd like to build a powerful bond with your garden，start by taking some time to recall the gardens of your youth.20.For each of those gardens，write down the strongest memory you have.Then go outside and work out a plan to translate your childhood memories into your grown-up garden.Have fun.CIt's our experience of the garden that matters思路分析空格前說“但那一點(diǎn)不重要”，空格處應(yīng)與之相對，指出什么才是重要的，故選C項(xiàng)“我們做園藝工作的體驗(yàn)才是重要的”。8因果關(guān)系典例(2017·北京高考)One idea is that sleep helps us strengthen new memories. 72 We know that，while awake，fresh memories are recorded by reinforcing(加強(qiáng))connections between brain cells，but the memory processes that take place while we sleep have been unclear.EThat's why students do better in tests if they get a chance to sleep after learning.思路分析該段首句說睡眠能幫助人們增強(qiáng)記憶。而E項(xiàng)則給出了結(jié)果，學(xué)習(xí)后如有機(jī)會(huì)睡眠，那么學(xué)生在考試中就會(huì)表現(xiàn)更好，故選E項(xiàng)。技法二依據(jù)“詞匯”線索1連接性詞語連接性的詞語可表明段落間、句際間的語義邏輯關(guān)系。承接關(guān)系：so，therefore，thus，consequently等；并列關(guān)系：first，second；firstly，secondly；first，next，then；in the first place，in the second place；for one thing，for another等；轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系：however，though，yet，in spite of，in any case，whoever，whatever，on the contrary，otherwise等；對比關(guān)系：in contrast，in comparison，on the other hand等；層遞關(guān)系：also，furthermore，similarly，in addition，what's more等。典例(2016·北京高考)Sometimes we decide that a little unnecessary danger is worth it because when we weigh the risk and the reward，the risk seems worth taking. 71 Some of us enjoy activities that would surprise and scare the rest of us.Why? Experts say it may have to do with how our brains work.FHowever，we are not all using the same reference standard to weigh risks and rewards.思路分析空格前說“因?yàn)楫?dāng)我們權(quán)衡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和回報(bào)時(shí)，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)好像是值得的”，由“weigh the risk and the reward”可鎖定F項(xiàng)中的“weigh risks and rewards，”F項(xiàng)意為“然而，我們并不是都用同樣的參考標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來衡量風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和回報(bào)”，符合上下文語境，為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。2詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)復(fù)現(xiàn)是指作者在文章上下文的不同位置對同一概念進(jìn)行重復(fù)描述。復(fù)現(xiàn)主要有同義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、近義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)和反義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)等。典例(2016·全國卷)A code uses symbols to replace words，phrases，or sentences.To read the message of a real code，you must have a code book. 39 For example，“bridge” might stand for “meet” and “out” might stand for “me.” The message “Bridge out” would actually mean “Meet me.” 40 However，it is also hard to keep a code book secret for long.So codes must be changed frequently.AIt is very hard to break a code without the code book.FWith a code book，you might write down words that would stand for other words.思路分析本段解題關(guān)鍵是a code book和hard的復(fù)現(xiàn)。39空前說“要讀取真正代碼的信息，你必須要有一個(gè)密碼本”，緊接著F項(xiàng)“有了密碼本，你可以寫下代表其他單詞的單詞”符合上下文語境，故選F項(xiàng)，其中a code book的復(fù)現(xiàn)也是一種依據(jù)。40空仍然在談?wù)撁艽a本的事情，A項(xiàng)“沒有密碼本很難破解密碼”，這與后一句“但是，長期保持密碼本的秘密也很難”，除了code book外，hard的復(fù)現(xiàn)是關(guān)鍵，故選A項(xiàng)。3屬相同范疇的詞匯典例(2018·全國卷)Your productivity is improved.Exercising makes you more awake and ready to handle whatever is ahead of you for the day. 37 EYou can keep your head clear for 410 hours after exercise.思路分析空格前一句中的makes you more awake與E項(xiàng)中的keep your head clear意思一致，屬于相同范疇的詞匯，E項(xiàng)“你可以在運(yùn)動(dòng)后保持頭腦清醒410個(gè)小時(shí)?！笔菍ι暇涞倪M(jìn)一步解釋，故選E項(xiàng)。4屬上下位包含關(guān)系的詞匯典例(2016·四川高考) 39 Scientists are still not exactly sure how genes influence aging，but they believe that they do.Some think that a woman's body cells have a tendency(傾向)to age more slowly than a man's.Others think that a man's body cells have a tendency to age more quickly.40.Recent research seems to support both of these possibilities.CWomen are also helped by their female genes.思路分析由空格后的genes可鎖定C項(xiàng)中的female genes，代入后，符合語境。genes包含female genes；body cells又包含genes，它們屬上下位包含關(guān)系。5冠詞和代詞典例(2017·北京高考)Support is growing for a theory that sleep evolved so that connections between neurons(神經(jīng)元)in the brain can be weakened overnight，making room for fresh memories to form the next day. 73 Now we have the most direct evidence yet that he is right.74.Tononi's team measured the size of these connections，or synapses，in the brains of 12 mice.The synapses in the mice taken at the end of a period of sleep were 18 percent smaller than those taken before sleep，showing that the connections between neurons weaken while sleeping.F“Sleep is the price we pay for learning，” says Giulio Tononi，who developed the idea.思路分析第二段首句中有he is right，其中的代詞he應(yīng)指上一段出現(xiàn)的一個(gè)人，而且，此人發(fā)表了某種觀點(diǎn)，由此可鎖定F項(xiàng)“Giulio Tononi說睡眠是我們?yōu)閷W(xué)習(xí)付出的代價(jià)”。典例(2016·四川高考) 38 They help the body defend itself against some kinds of infections.This means that women generally get sick less often and less seriously than men.The common cold is a good example: women，on average，get fewer colds than men.DThe female hormones also protect the body in another way.GHormones are chemicals which are produced by the body to control various body functions.思路分析聯(lián)系下文中的women generally get sick less often and less seriously than men可知，空格后的They應(yīng)指代D項(xiàng)中的The female hormones，而不是指代G項(xiàng)中的Hormones。故選D項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)中的The female hormones中的定冠詞The也是一個(gè)解題的關(guān)鍵因素，此處是特指而非泛指。易錯(cuò)提醒有些考生會(huì)根據(jù)They與Hormones的對應(yīng)直接選G項(xiàng)，這就要求我們把握段落主題，仔細(xì)分析后再得出結(jié)論。(2017·全國卷)Interruptions are one of the worst things to deal with while you're trying to get work done. 36 ，there are several ways to handle things.Let's take a look at them now. 37 .Tell the person you're sorry and explain that you have a million things to do and then ask if the two of you can talk at a different time.When people try to interrupt you，have set hours planned and let them know to come back during that time or that you'll find them then. 38 .It can help to eliminate(消除)future interruptions.When you need to talk to someone，don't do it in your own office. 39 ，it's much easier to excuse yourself to get back to your work than if you try to get someone out of your space even after explaining how busy you are.If you have a door to your office，make good use of it. 40 .If someone knocks and it's not an important matter，excuse yourself and let the person know you're busy so they can get the hint(暗示)that when the door is closed，you're not to be disturbed.AIf you're busy，don't feel bad about saying noBWhen you want to avoid interruptions at workCSet boundaries for yourself as far as your time goesDIf you're in the other person's office or in a public areaEIt's important that you let them know when you'll be availableFIt might seem unkind to cut people short when they interrupt youGLeave it open when you're available to talk and close it when you're not36依據(jù)詞匯線索。設(shè)空在段中，空白前是句號(hào)，空白后是逗號(hào)，空白處應(yīng)該是考查承上啟下的句間過渡句。本題上文有關(guān)鍵詞“Interruptions”和“get work done”，這和選項(xiàng)B中的“avoid interruptions”和“at work”屬于詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)，故應(yīng)選B項(xiàng)。37依據(jù)詞匯線索。設(shè)空在段首，空白處應(yīng)該是考查主題句。本題下文有關(guān)鍵詞“you're sorry”和“have a million things to do”，這和選項(xiàng)A中的“saying no”和“busy”屬于相同范疇的詞匯，故應(yīng)選A項(xiàng)。38依據(jù)詞匯線索。根據(jù)空白前后的兩個(gè)句子，“當(dāng)人們試圖打擾你時(shí)，你要確定好時(shí)間，讓他們知道什么時(shí)候回來找你或者你去找他們”，“這樣做能幫你消除未來受到打擾的可能”，空白后“It”指代空白處的內(nèi)容，而E項(xiàng)“讓他們知道你什么時(shí)候有空非常重要”與前后句銜接緊密，故應(yīng)選E項(xiàng)。39依據(jù)行文邏輯。根據(jù)上文“don't do it in your own office”可知，空白處與上文之間為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。選項(xiàng)D中的“in the other person's office or in a public area”與上文中的“in your own office”在詞義上相反，故應(yīng)選D項(xiàng)。40依據(jù)詞匯線索。本題上文關(guān)鍵信息“If you have a door to your office，make good use of it.”與選項(xiàng)G中的關(guān)鍵詞“Leave it open，close it”等語義相近，其中代詞it都是指代上文提到的“door”，故應(yīng)選G項(xiàng)。6