考點(diǎn)02 名詞高考頻度： 【命題解讀】名詞是中學(xué)英語(yǔ)的主要詞匯之一，也是歷年高考的重要考點(diǎn)。研究近年的高考題我們不難看出，名詞部分主要考查名詞的詞義辨析和習(xí)慣搭配、名詞的數(shù)（可數(shù)與不可數(shù)、單數(shù)與復(fù)數(shù)）、名詞的所有格、抽象名詞的具體化、物質(zhì)名詞的量化、名詞和冠詞的搭配以及主謂一致等。在高考試題中，名詞常結(jié)合其他項(xiàng)目一起考查，考查題型以短文改錯(cuò)、完形填空、語(yǔ)法填空為主?！久}預(yù)測(cè)】預(yù)計(jì)2020年的高考名詞在完形填空、短文改錯(cuò)及語(yǔ)法填空中仍會(huì)占有重要地位?！緩?fù)習(xí)建議】在學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中，要掌握常用名詞的基本用法，注意一詞多義和舊詞新義。另外要多歸納總結(jié)，做題時(shí)要結(jié)合語(yǔ)境?？枷蛞?可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù) (1)規(guī)則變化情況方法例詞一般情況加sstudents，teachers，doc tors，tables以s，x，ch，sh結(jié)尾加esglasses，dishes，boxes，watches但stomach復(fù)數(shù)形式直接加s，即stomachs以輔音字母y結(jié)尾變y為i再加esfamilies，babies，armies，bodies以元音字母y結(jié)尾加sboys，toys，pianos，photos以f或fe結(jié)尾大都變f或fe為v，再加esthieves，wives，knives，shelves，lives少數(shù)加sbeliefs，proofs，roofs，chiefs以o結(jié)尾通常加sradios，videos，zoos，tobaccos有的加esheroes，potatoes，tomatoes注意：以o結(jié)尾的下列名詞要加es，它們是黑人英雄在回聲中吃土豆、西紅柿，即Negroes，heroes，echoes，potatoes，tomatoes。但下列以o結(jié)尾的名詞既可以加es，也可以加s，它們是：zeros(zeroes)零，mosquitos (mosquitoes)蚊子，volcanos(volcanoes)火山。以f或fe結(jié)尾的下列名詞需要把f或fe去掉，加ves，它們是為了自己活命，小偷和他的妻子手里拿著刀子和樹葉站在架子上，把狼劈成兩半，即selves，lives，thieves，wives，knives，leaves，shelves，wolves，halves。但下列以f結(jié)尾的名詞既可以去掉f加ves，也可以直接加s，如：handkerchiefs (handkerchieves) 手帕。名詞前有man或woman修飾，變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，作定語(yǔ)的man 或woman和后面的名詞都要變成復(fù)數(shù)。如：woman doctorwomen doctors(2)不規(guī)則變化常見單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞Chinese 中國(guó)人；sheep 綿羊；deer鹿；series 系列；means 方式；works 工廠；fish 魚；fruit 水果等。其中fish，fruit表示種類時(shí)，可加復(fù)數(shù)詞尾，即fishes，fruits。自身有特殊變化的名詞child孩子childrenman男人mentooth牙teethfoot腳，英尺feetmouse老鼠micephenomenon現(xiàn)象phenomenamedium傳播媒介media5.【2019·新課標(biāo)II卷·短文改錯(cuò)】Since I was a kid, Ive considered different job I would like to do.【答案】job改為jobs【解析】考查名詞的數(shù)?！癹ob（工作；職業(yè)）”為可數(shù)名詞，用different（不同的）修飾時(shí)意思為不同種類的工作，應(yīng)該用名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。故將job改為jobs。2.（2018·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷I·語(yǔ)法填空）Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 66that/which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all 67 (cause).【答案】causes 【解析】考查單復(fù)數(shù)。一項(xiàng)研究表明，僅僅每天5到10分鐘的跑步，就能減少各種原因的心臟病和早亡。根據(jù)句意用復(fù)數(shù)形式。故填causes。3.（2018·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷I·短文改錯(cuò)）Last winter when I went here（改為there） again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken.【答案】chicken改為chickens【解析】考查名詞復(fù)數(shù)。他們擁有一個(gè)大的獨(dú)立住宅，還養(yǎng)了許多只雞。根據(jù)前文的dozens of可知，其后用名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式。4.（2016·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷I·語(yǔ)法填空）Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires, Asias biggest building, and fancy new hotels. But for tourists like me, pandas are its top 61 (attract). The nursery team switches him every few 69 (day) with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed, 70(the) other is with mum she never suspects.61.【答案】attraction【解析】考查名詞。 形容詞top后面跟名詞形式。69.【答案】days【解析】考查名詞復(fù)數(shù)。few修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞?？枷蚨?不可數(shù)名詞具體化(1)通常只用作不可數(shù)名詞的名詞：advice建議， furniture家具， fun樂趣；information信息，news新聞， weather天氣， progress進(jìn)步，wealth財(cái)富，value價(jià)值等。(2)不可數(shù)名詞具體化具有某種特性、狀態(tài)、情感的抽象名詞在表示具體的概念時(shí)，可以與不定冠詞連用，?？嫉挠校?jiǎn)卧~抽象名詞意義具體化名詞意義success 成功成功的人或事pleasure樂趣令人高興的事beauty美；美麗美麗的人或事物comfort安慰；慰藉令人感到安慰的人或事物danger危險(xiǎn)危險(xiǎn)的人或因素delight高興令人高興的事 failure失敗失敗的人或事物surprise驚奇令人驚奇的事情 shock震驚令人震驚的事情pride驕傲令人驕傲的事情Your contribution will certainly make the event a huge success.你的貢獻(xiàn)一定會(huì)使這個(gè)事件很成功。物質(zhì)名詞具體化drink飲料two drinks 兩杯飲料coffee咖啡a coffee一杯咖啡chalk 粉筆a chalk 一支粉筆hair 頭發(fā)a hair 一根頭發(fā)抽象名詞與a(an)連用，淡化了抽象概念，轉(zhuǎn)化為似乎可以體驗(yàn)到的動(dòng)作、行為或類別。例如：Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times.在那些艱難的時(shí)期，能夠買得起一杯酒會(huì)是一件欣慰的事?？枷蛉?名詞所有格(1)s所有格用and連接的并列名詞的所有格要分兩種情況，即表示各自的所有關(guān)系時(shí)，要分別在并列名詞后加s 或；表示共同的所有關(guān)系時(shí)，只在最后一個(gè)名詞后加s或。Toms and Jims rooms.湯姆和吉姆(各自)的房間。Tom and Jims room.湯姆和吉姆(共同)的房間。表示店鋪、辦公室或某人的家時(shí)，名詞所有格后被修飾的名詞一般省略。at the barbers在理發(fā)店at the teachers在老師辦公室(2)of所有格表示無(wú)生命的事物的名詞通常用of所有格表示所有關(guān)系；名詞短語(yǔ)或有定語(yǔ)修飾的有生命的名詞也常用of所有格。the content of the novel小說(shuō)的內(nèi)容the name of the girl over there那邊那位女孩的名字(3)雙重所有格指名詞of名詞所有格或名詞of名詞性物主代詞。a play of Shakespeares(莎士比亞的一個(gè)戲劇)a friend of mine(我的一個(gè)朋友)1. （2018·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷II·短文改錯(cuò)）When I was little, Fridays night was our family game night.【答案】Fridays改為Friday?！窘馕觥靠疾槊~的格。名詞作定語(yǔ)，往往表明被修飾名詞的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、類別、目的或用途、材料或來(lái)源等。名詞所有格作定語(yǔ)則強(qiáng)調(diào)與被修飾的詞的所有關(guān)系或表示邏輯上的謂語(yǔ)關(guān)系。此處表示“星期五晚上”，并不是所有關(guān)系，故把Fridays改為Friday。2.The village is far away from here indeed. Its _ walk. A. a four hourB. a four hoursC. a four-hoursD. a four hours【答案】D【解析】s屬格除了用在表示有生命的東西（人或物）的名詞后，有時(shí)還用于某些無(wú)生命的名詞（如表示時(shí)間的名詞）后，一般是在名詞詞尾加s，如果該名詞詞尾已有-s或-es，則是在其后加" "。故選D?？枷蛩?名詞的語(yǔ)法功能1.作主語(yǔ)The young woman played an important part in the matter. 那年輕女人在這件事上舉足輕重。His grandpa joined the Red Army at the age of fifteen. 他爺爺十五歲時(shí)參加紅軍。2.作賓語(yǔ)（1）作及物動(dòng)詞的直接賓語(yǔ)I met your elder brother in the street。我在街上碰見你哥哥了。Have you finished the letter to Jane?你寫完給珍的信了嗎？（2）作及物動(dòng)詞的間接賓語(yǔ)。I told my students a funny story. 我給學(xué)生們講一個(gè)有趣的故事。She asked the doctor another question. 她問了醫(yī)生另一個(gè)問題。（3）作介詞的賓語(yǔ)。After 20 years traveling, he settled down in Liangxiang. 二十年的流浪后,他在良鄉(xiāng)定居。Do you still ask your parents for money?你還向爸媽要錢嗎？3.作表語(yǔ)Its a good idea to plant trees here . 在這里栽些樹是個(gè)好主意。She is now a professor while her husband remains a worker. 也現(xiàn)在是教授而丈夫仍是個(gè)工人。4.作賓語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)They elected Tom head of the workshop. 他們推選湯姆當(dāng)車間的頭。（職務(wù)名詞作賓補(bǔ)前面不加冠詞）The old man called my uncle Xiao Li. 老人喊我叔叔小李。5.作定語(yǔ)（1）直接作定語(yǔ), 通常用單數(shù)形式。college students大學(xué)生 girl friend女友 vegetable garden菜園 basketball match籃球賽Lets stop by the book store on the way home.回家的路上，我們的書店停一下吧！He bought the shoes in that shoe shop. 這雙鞋他是在那個(gè)鞋店買的。（2）名詞所有格作定語(yǔ)。students books學(xué)生用書 Chinas capital中國(guó)的首都 the worlds population世界人口（3）man，woman，gentleman作定語(yǔ)man，woman，gentleman作定語(yǔ)時(shí)可以用單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式，但必須隨所修飾名詞的數(shù)而定。He said that two women doctors would come to our village the next day. 他說(shuō)明天有兩個(gè)女醫(yī)生到我們村子來(lái)。There are many men teachers in our school. 我們學(xué)校有很多男教師。（4）某些常用復(fù)數(shù)的名詞用作定語(yǔ)某些常用復(fù)數(shù)的名詞，當(dāng)它們用作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，也須用復(fù)數(shù)形式。arms production 武器生產(chǎn) clothes shop服裝商店 sales department營(yíng)業(yè)部 a goods train貨車 savings bank 儲(chǔ)蓄所 foreign languages department外語(yǔ)系（5）單位名稱、報(bào)紙、廣播、電視等的標(biāo)題中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)復(fù)數(shù)名詞作定語(yǔ)。Learning Skills center學(xué)習(xí)技巧交流中心 The Boys Club 男孩俱樂部（6）表示類別時(shí)名詞直接作定語(yǔ)還是用所有格作定語(yǔ)一定要嚴(yán)格遵守習(xí)慣。a peasant family/boy(peasant習(xí)慣直接作定語(yǔ)) a workers family(worker習(xí)慣用所有格作定語(yǔ))（7）兩種定語(yǔ)有時(shí)并存但意義不一樣。women drivers女司機(jī) the womans driver這位婦女的司機(jī)girl friend女朋友 the girls friend 這女孩的朋友mother tongue母語(yǔ) mothers tongue母親的舌頭（8）名詞作定語(yǔ)強(qiáng)調(diào)被修飾成分的內(nèi)容或職能，與其同根的形容詞作定語(yǔ)則強(qiáng)調(diào)特點(diǎn)或?qū)傩詆old watch 金表 (指手表是含金的) golden watch 金色的表 (指表是金色的，但不一定含金)6.作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)間名詞、數(shù)量名詞、距離名詞等有時(shí)可以作狀語(yǔ)。The soldiers walked 50 kilometers at a night. 戰(zhàn)士們一夜行軍五十公里Your suitcase weighs 10 kilograms. 你的手提箱重10千克?？键c(diǎn)五 疑難名詞比較與辨析1.force; energy; strength; powerforce表示力、力量的意思。指為做或?qū)崿F(xiàn)某事而實(shí)際運(yùn)用的力量。He overcame his bad habits by force of will.毅力使他克服了自己身上的不良習(xí)慣。Those people are the progressive forces in the society. 這些人是社會(huì)的進(jìn)步力量。energy主要強(qiáng)調(diào)精力，指用來(lái)做某事或完成某事的能力。還可以指能源。Young people usually have more energy than the old. 青年人通常此老年人精力充沛。Many countries are increasing their use of natural gas, wind and other forms of energy. 很多國(guó)家正在提高天然氣、風(fēng)以及其他能源形式的利用。strength表示力的意思。指做事情的-種內(nèi)在能力。就人而育，著重指力氣；就物而言，著重指強(qiáng)度潛力等。He lifted the stone with all his strength.他使出全身力氣舉起了那塊石頭。The side man hasnt got enough strength to get out of bed. 那位病人還沒有足夠的力氣下床。power 表示 能力、能量、動(dòng)力的意思。指身體上、心理上和道德上的能力(不管是否發(fā)揮出)。Knowledge is power.知識(shí)就是力 量。I shall do everything in my power to help you.我將盡我的能力幫助你。2.manner; means; method; waymanner表示方式、方法的意思。指?jìng)€(gè)人喜歡采用的方式。The manner of their meeting makes a good story. 他們相見的方式似乎有些傳奇色彩。He has developed his own manner of acting. 它形成了自己獨(dú)特的演出風(fēng)格。means表示方法、手段 、工具的意思。Students sometimes support themselves by means of evening job. 學(xué)生有時(shí)通過(guò)晚上打工的方法來(lái)養(yǎng)活自己。The quickest means of travel is by plane.最快的旅行工具是飛機(jī)。Have you the means to support a family? 你有維持家的方法沒有?method指做某事的具體步驟或程序，也指系統(tǒng)的、抽象概念的原理。His idea is all right, but he lacks method.他的想法不錯(cuò)，但是缺少方法。He is a man of method.他是個(gè)有條理的人。method of teaching 教學(xué)方法 method of study 學(xué)習(xí)方法Roasting is one method of cooking meat. 烤是做肉的一種方法。way是最通用的詞，也是最不正式的詞，本義是通道、通路，引申作方式、方法講，含義很廣。In this way over several days, the artist and his mice became friends. 就這樣過(guò)了幾天，這位藝術(shù)家和他的老鼠成了好朋友。Look ! Work on it in this way. 看!像這樣搞它。My parents always let me have my own way of living. At the meeting they discussed three different _ to the study of mathematics。A. approachesB. meansC. methodsD. ways【答案】D?！窘馕觥吭跁?huì)議上他們討論了三種不同的學(xué)習(xí)數(shù)學(xué)的方法。way意為“方式，方法”，可指具體的方法，也可指抽象的方法，多指一般的思想、行動(dòng)、辦事的方法，也可指?jìng)€(gè)人特殊的方式、方法。approach意為“接近，靠近，方式，方法”，指接近某人或某事，也可指對(duì)待或處理事情的方式或方法。mean意為“方式，方法”，用于抽象意義，可指為達(dá)到某一目的而采用的方法、計(jì)劃、政策、策略等，尤指整套方法;用于具體意義，常指為達(dá)到某一目的所使用的工具、材料、機(jī)器、 用具、車船等。method意為“方式，方法”，指具體的、系統(tǒng)的、有步驟的方法，強(qiáng)調(diào)條理性及高效率。3.cost; price; value; worth; expensecost表示成本、費(fèi)用的意思。 原指生產(chǎn)某種物品的成本 ，包括生產(chǎn)中所支付的原料和勞動(dòng)。一般要低于售價(jià)，有時(shí)也可用來(lái)泛指價(jià)格。也可用于借喻，指所付出的代價(jià)，甚至生命。As a result, costs will be reduced by as much as 90%. 因此，成本將會(huì)降低90% 之多。China Daily has plenty of advertisements, which help to cut the costs of making the newspaper. 中國(guó)日?qǐng)?bào)刊登大量廣告有助于降低報(bào)紙生產(chǎn)的成本。price表示價(jià)格、價(jià)錢、定價(jià)的意思。 指經(jīng)營(yíng)商品出售的單價(jià)，通常要高于商品的出廠成本。也用于借喻，指做某事所付出的代價(jià)。Can you try to get them to bring down the price? 你能把價(jià)格講下來(lái)嗎?They can sell their beef at a high price in the capital. 他們可以在首都以高價(jià)出售他們的牛肉。value表示價(jià)值、價(jià)格。指我們所估計(jì)一件東西的價(jià)值，因此是不能 以金錢估價(jià)的。Instead, they are writing once more about things that are common for everyone: feeling alone in the modern world, the value of having good friends and so on. 他們現(xiàn)在再一次寫常人常事現(xiàn)代世界中的孤獨(dú)感及交好朋友的價(jià)值等等。The park is good value for the money.公園花這么多錢值得。worth意思是價(jià)值。指東西本身的真正價(jià)值，是經(jīng)久不變的，是可貴的。It was worth five hundred francs at the most.它最多值500法郎。He asked me how much this computer was worth. 他問我這臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)值多少錢。expense意思是費(fèi)用、支出、開銷，指花費(fèi)金錢、時(shí)間和精力。We travelled to France at our own expense. 我們自費(fèi)去法國(guó)旅行了。Do you know at whose expense your visit to Japan will be?你 知道誰(shuí)將擔(dān)負(fù)你訪問日本的費(fèi)用嗎?4.land; ground; soil; earthland表示陸地、土地、地，是河流和海洋的相對(duì)用語(yǔ)。用于指土地或土壤時(shí)，著重指它的性質(zhì)、用途等。有時(shí)泛指大地，也可作國(guó)家、地產(chǎn)講。The rocky soil has been turned into rich land.巖石地已變成了沃土。But some people dont want good farm land to be built on. 但是有些人不愿意把好的農(nóng)田用來(lái)修建廠房。To the sea captains surprise, he found that land travel could also be quite pleasant. 使那位船長(zhǎng)吃驚的是，他發(fā)現(xiàn)陸地旅行也很愉快。ground(n. )表示地、土地的意思。主要指大地表面，也可以指土壤、場(chǎng)地。也可用于借喻指根據(jù)、理由。He learnt how to clean rough ground before planting crops. 他學(xué)會(huì)了在種植作物之前如何拾掇毛糙的土地。Then the Class 2 runner dropped his stick on the ground when he was passing it on to the fourth runner.然而，當(dāng)二班運(yùn)動(dòng)員傳給第四棒時(shí)，接力棒掉在地上了。soil表示土壤、土地，指可以生長(zhǎng)植物且富有有機(jī)物的沃土，宜于農(nóng)耕。When the plants are in the ground, Ill put some powder on the soil.當(dāng)植物種到地里時(shí)，我將給地里撒些粉劑。He studied how to improve soil conditions.他研究如何改善土壤環(huán)境。earth表示地、地球、泥土，著重指大地，以別于天空。作泥土解時(shí)，常用于以別于堅(jiān)硬的巖石。Later, in a few weeks time Ill put the little plants in the earth. 幾星期后，我將把小植物埋在泥土里。5.practice; exercise; training; drillpractice; exercise; training; drill都表示練習(xí)、訓(xùn)練的意思。training表示訓(xùn)練、培養(yǎng)、教練、鍛煉的意思。一般指對(duì)于身體的鍛煉、對(duì)動(dòng)物的訓(xùn)練、對(duì)士兵的訓(xùn)練等。These football players had no strict training until they joined our club.這些足球隊(duì)員直到加入我們俱樂部才受到嚴(yán)格的訓(xùn)練。The athlete is in training.這個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)員鍛煉得好。The home training of children is the first class social problem. 兒童的家庭教育是社會(huì)的頭等問題。exercise主要指為提高技巧或業(yè)務(wù)水平而規(guī)定的練習(xí)或體格鍛煉。The book contains a series of graded exercises adapted to the use of beginners. 書中有一系列按難易排列的練習(xí)適于初學(xué)者應(yīng)用。You need more outdoor exercise.你需要多進(jìn)行戶外運(yùn)動(dòng)。practice主要指正規(guī)的、有條理的、不斷反復(fù)的 練習(xí)或把理論道理貫徹在行動(dòng)中的 實(shí)踐。More practice will make you speak with greater fluency. 多練習(xí)會(huì)使你口語(yǔ)更流利。The integration of theory and practice is one of the basic points of Marxism. 理論和實(shí)踐的統(tǒng)一是馬克思主義的基本論點(diǎn)之一。drill表示操練、訓(xùn)練的意思。一般指嚴(yán)格的訓(xùn)練或反反復(fù)復(fù)練習(xí)或軍事上的練兵。Lets do some pattern drills.咱們做些句型練習(xí)吧。The soldiers were at drill in the barrack yard.士兵們?cè)跔I(yíng)場(chǎng)上操練。6.sign; signal; mark; symbolsign表示 符號(hào)、記號(hào)、招牌等意思。是最普通的用語(yǔ)，指一個(gè)具有公認(rèn)意義的、簡(jiǎn)單的、隨意制定的代表物。Letters are signs used to represent sounds.字母是用來(lái)代表聲音的符號(hào)。Youll see the sign for the rest rooms.你將看到休息室的指示牌。signal表示 暗號(hào)、信號(hào)的意思。有時(shí)是有意的;有時(shí)是無(wú)意的。有意的，如強(qiáng)風(fēng)訊號(hào)、求救信號(hào)等。There the electrical signal is changed back into sound. 在那兒電信號(hào)又變成聲音。mark表示 痕跡、記號(hào)、商標(biāo)、特征、分?jǐn)?shù)的意思。指印在物品上的記號(hào)，可用在好壞兩個(gè)方面。作動(dòng)詞時(shí)，表示標(biāo)明、作記號(hào)的意思。He got full marks in his maths test. 他在數(shù)學(xué)測(cè)試中得了滿分。Each stone was marked with a number. 每個(gè)石頭上都標(biāo)明號(hào)碼。symbol表示 象征的意思，特別強(qiáng)調(diào)故意用來(lái)包含某一特定意義的東西，或故意構(gòu)成的傳達(dá)某一特定意義的事物。a good luck symbol 好運(yùn)氣的象征The lion is considered the king of the forest as it is a symbol of courage and power. 獅子被看作百獸之王，是因?yàn)樗怯職馀c權(quán)利的象征。1. （2018·天津卷·單項(xiàng)填空）The_ that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space.A. advice B. orderC. possibility D. invitation【答案】C【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析及語(yǔ)境理解。句意：宇宙中其它星球上存在生命這種可能性總是激勵(lì)科學(xué)家們?nèi)ヌ剿魍獠靠臻g。A. advice建議；B. order命令；C. possibility可能性；D. invitation邀請(qǐng)。故選C。2. The school advisers help you talk through your problems but they dont give you any direct_.A. solution          B. targetC. measure          D. function【答案】A【解析】 句意：學(xué)校顧問會(huì)幫你梳理一下你的問題，但是他們不會(huì)給你任何直接的解決辦法。本題考查名詞辨析。solution 解決問題的辦法；target目標(biāo)，靶子；measure措施；function功能，作用。根據(jù)句意可知選A。3.（2017年新課標(biāo)I卷完形填空）Before the school year 47 (ended) ,I gave the kids a special 48 , T-shirts with the words “Verbs Are Your 49 ” on them. I had advised the kids that while verbs（動(dòng)詞）may seem dull ,most of the 50(fun) things they do.48.A.lesson B. gift C. report D. message49. A. Friends B. Awards C. Masters D. Tasks48.【答案】B 【解析】考查名詞辨析，A.lesson課，教訓(xùn)， B.gift禮物， C.report 報(bào)告，D.message信息，根據(jù)后文可知作者送給Freddy一件襯衫，即一個(gè)特殊的禮物，故選B。49.【答案】A【解析】考查名詞辨析。A.Friends 朋友，B.Awards獎(jiǎng)， C.Masters 主人，D.Tasks任務(wù)。襯衫上寫著“動(dòng)詞是你的朋友”，故選A。4. （2017年北京卷完形填空） In the more than five years since Hannah began her activities, she has received a lot of 51 .For example, she received the 2007 BRICK Award recognizing the 52 of young people to change the world.51. A. praisesB. invitationsC. repliesD. appointments52. A. needsB. interestsC. dreamsD. efforts51.【答案】A【解析】考查名詞。A. praises贊美B. invitations邀請(qǐng)C. replies回復(fù)D. appointments約會(huì)。她收到了很多的贊美。因?yàn)橄挛挠羞@方面的舉例，給她頒獎(jiǎng)，故答案為A。52. 【答案】D【解析】考查名詞。A. needs需要B. interests興趣C. dreams夢(mèng)想D. efforts努力。此處是指這個(gè)獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)是為了認(rèn)可年輕人改變這個(gè)世界所作出的努力，根據(jù)句意可知選D。5 The accident caused some _ to my car，but its nothing serious.A. harm B. injury C. ruin D. damage【答案】D【解析】考查名詞。damage指使用價(jià)值遭到損壞， 這種損壞是部分性的，不是完全，根據(jù)語(yǔ)境it is nothing serious所以選D。harm指肉體上或精神上的傷害。injury指人在事故中受傷。ruin 多用于借喻之中，經(jīng)常指把某物損壞到了不能再使用的程度。題組一（真題在線）1.（2019·江蘇）Nowadays the _ for travelling is shifted from shopping to food and scenery.A. priorityB. potentialC. proportionD. pension2.（2019·天津）We can observe that artificial intelligence has already made a(n) _on our lives in many ways.A. statementB. impactC. impressionD. judgment3.（2018·江蘇）Try to understand whats actually happening instead of acting on the _ youve made.A. assignment B. associationC. acquisition D. assumption4.（2016·天津）The weather forecast says it will be cloudy with a slight _ of rain later tonight. A. effect B. sense C. change D. chance 5.（2016·江蘇） Can you tell us yourfor happiness and a long life? Living every day to the full, definitely.A. recipe B. recordC. rangeD. receipt6. （2017·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷I·語(yǔ)法填空）This trend, which was started by the medical community（醫(yī)學(xué)界） as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side 62 (effect) such as overweight and heart disease the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.7.（2015·湖北）He gave himself a new name to hide his _ when he went to carry out the secret task. A. emotion B. talent C. identity D. treasure 8.（2015·安徽）There is no need to tell me your answer now. Give it some _ and then let me know.A. thoughtB. supportC. protection D. authority9.（2015·江蘇）Go and say sorry to your Mom, Dave.Id like to, but Im afraid she wont be happy with my _ .A. requests B. excuses C. apologies D. regrets10.（2015·江蘇）Some schools will have to make _ in agreement with the national soccer reform.A. judgments B. adjustments C. comments D. achievements題組二1.（2015·福建）The failure was a big _to him, but he wasnt discouraged and soon got as enthusiastic as ever.A. blowB. issueC. excuseD. Factor2.（2015·浙江）One of the most effective ways to reduce is to talk about feeling with someone you trust.A. production B. stress C. energy D. passive3.It is believed that very little _has been made of the waste materials from factories in the past decades, which on the contrary has brought pollution to the environment.A. costB. useC. valueD. action4.England is a multicultural society and welcomes a variety of cultures which add a _ to our daily lives.A. collisionB. dimensionC. dilemmaD. privilege5.Lots of campaigns have occurred in China to defend the Nansha Islands recently. What is your _ of the situation?A. intentionB. assessmentC. attitudeD. appointment6.My morning _ includes jogging in the park and reading newspapers over breakfast.A. drillB. actionC. regulationD. routine7.Harry has been out of work for six months, so he has difficulty _.A. earning livingsB. earning his livingC.to earn livingsD.to earn his living8.The role will be the biggest _of his acting career.A. conclusionB. challengeC. explanationD. approach9.Finding the window was broken, he asked whose _it was.A. mistakeB. errorC. faultD. responsibility10.She does exercise every morning to keep her _.A. figureB. natureC. imageD. character題組三語(yǔ)篇填空A strong memory depends 1 the health and vitality(活力)of your brain. Humans are2 (high) social animals, so relationships stimulate(刺激)our brains in fact, interacting with 3 may be the best brain exercise.Having 4 (mean) relationships is not only vital to emotional health, but also to brain health. In one recent study from the Harvard School of Public Health, for example, researchers found that people with the most active social life had the 5 (slow) rate of memory deterioration.And moreover, youve heard that laughter is the best medicine for the brain as 6 as the body. As psychologist Daniel 7 (note)in his book Emotional Intelligence, "Laughter seems to help people think more broadly and associate more freely."When you hear laughter, move toward it. Most of the time, people are very happy 8 (share) something funny because it gives them an opportunity to laugh together.Please spend time with those 9 laugh easily both at themselves and at lifes humorous events. Surround yourself with reminders to lighten up. Keep 10 toy on your desk or in your car. Put up a funny poster in your office. Choose a computer screen saver that makes you laugh. 題組一1.A 【解析】考查名詞辨析。句意：當(dāng)今，旅行的重點(diǎn)從購(gòu)物轉(zhuǎn)變成了品嘗美食和欣賞風(fēng)景。A. priority優(yōu)先；優(yōu)先權(quán)；B. potential潛在的，可能的；C. proportion比例，占比；D. pension退休金，撫恤金。故選A。2. B 【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：我們能夠看到人工智能在許多方面已經(jīng)對(duì)我們的生活產(chǎn)生了強(qiáng)烈的影響。 statement“陳述說(shuō)明”； impact“強(qiáng)烈的影響，沖擊力”； impression“印象，感想”； judgement“判斷力判斷”。故選B。3.D 【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析及語(yǔ)境理解。句意：試著去理解實(shí)際發(fā)生的事情，而不是按照你所做的假設(shè)行事。A. assignment分配；B. association交往；C. acquisition獲得；D. assumption假設(shè)。故選D。4.D 【解析】句意：天氣預(yù)報(bào)說(shuō)今天會(huì)是多云，后半夜可能有雨。A.影響；B.感覺；C.改變；D.機(jī)會(huì)，可能性。故選D。5.A 【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。recipe秘訣，食譜，藥方；record記錄；range范圍；receipt收據(jù)，收條；句意：你能告訴我你對(duì)幸福長(zhǎng)壽的秘密嗎？當(dāng)然是盡情享受每一天。根據(jù)句意可知A項(xiàng)意為秘訣，與上下文相符。6. effects 【解析】考查單復(fù)數(shù)。分析語(yǔ)境可知作者表達(dá)的意思是“一些不為人知的副作用”，根據(jù)前文的some可知“side effect”(副作用)有很多，故填effects。7.C 【解析】句意：他執(zhí)行一項(xiàng)秘密任務(wù)時(shí)，給自己起了一個(gè)新的名字來(lái)掩蓋身份。A項(xiàng)情緒；B項(xiàng)才能；C項(xiàng)身份；D項(xiàng)財(cái)富。故選C項(xiàng)。【名師點(diǎn)睛】考生解答本題的關(guān)鍵是抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵詞secret task（秘密任務(wù)）和 gave himself a new name（給自己取了個(gè)新名字），然后推知肯定是為了hide his identity（掩藏身份），從而鎖定正確答案。8.A 【解析】句意：現(xiàn)在沒必要告訴我答案，你再思考一下，之后告訴我。A思考；B支持；C保護(hù)；D權(quán)威，當(dāng)局。這里指讓對(duì)方再好好想想，故選A。9.C 【解析】句意：Dave，去跟你的媽媽道歉。我想這樣做，但是我擔(dān)心她對(duì)我的道歉不滿意。A項(xiàng)請(qǐng)求；B項(xiàng)借口；C項(xiàng)道歉；D項(xiàng)遺憾，后悔。故選C項(xiàng)。10.B 【解析】句意：為了與國(guó)家的足球改革相適應(yīng)，一些學(xué)校必須做出調(diào)整。A項(xiàng)判斷，決斷；B項(xiàng)調(diào)整；C項(xiàng)評(píng)價(jià)，評(píng)論；D項(xiàng)成就。故選B項(xiàng)?！久麕燑c(diǎn)睛】本題側(cè)重考查在特定的語(yǔ)境中辨析名詞詞義的能力。