第3講并列句和復(fù)合句并列句和復(fù)合句也是歷年高考的必考點和易失分點，考生應(yīng)高度重視。造成失分的主要原因是不能區(qū)分并列句和復(fù)合句而誤用連詞，因此考生必須知曉并列句與定語從句、狀語從句及名詞性從句的用法區(qū)別。解答此類試題的關(guān)鍵在于要學(xué)會分析句子并理清邏輯關(guān)系?？键c感悟語法填空短文改錯語法填空對并列句和復(fù)合句的考查是不給提示詞的，主要考查應(yīng)用哪個關(guān)連詞。感1.(2019·全國卷)They were well trained by their masters _ had great experience with caring for these animals.答案：who分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，所填詞引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾指人的先行詞their masters，且在從句中作主語，故填關(guān)系代詞who。2.(2015·廣東高考)One day, the cow was eating grass _ it began to rain heavily.答案：when此處為sb. be doing . when . 結(jié)構(gòu)。3.(2018·江蘇高考)Self­driving is an area _China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.答案：where該句為定語從句，句中an area為先行詞，在從句中作地點狀語，故用where引導(dǎo)該定語從句。句意：自動駕駛是中國和世界其他地區(qū)站在同一起跑線上的領(lǐng)域。4.(2018·天津高考)The gold medal will be awarded to _wins the first place in the bicycle race.答案：who/whoever介詞to后是賓語從句。從句中動詞wins前缺主語，此處表述： 獲得第一名的人/任何獲得第一名的人。故用who/whoever引導(dǎo)賓語從句。5.(2018·天津高考)_we don't stop climate change, many animals and plants in the world will be gone.答案：If句意：如果我們不停止改變氣候，世界上的很多動植物都將會滅絕。if引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句，意為“如果”。短文改錯對并列句和復(fù)合句的考查主要集中于連詞的誤用、缺失或多余。感1.(2019·安徽示范性高中皖北協(xié)作區(qū)高三聯(lián)考)I got my meal. I thought the food would be dull, what wasn't the case at all._答案：whatwhich句意：我原以為飯菜會很乏味，但事實并非如此。在非限制性定語從句中，應(yīng)該用which指代前文內(nèi)容，并在從句中作主語，what可以引導(dǎo)賓語從句、表語從句等， 但不能引導(dǎo)定語從句，故將what改為which。2.(2019·四川遂寧市高三第三次診斷)The police doubted that what he said was true and decided to make a further investigation._答案：thatwhether句意：警方懷疑他所說的是否真實，決定進一步調(diào)查。doubt用作動詞時，在肯定句中其后通常接whether或if引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，而在否定句或疑問句中通常接that從句。分析本句可知，本句是肯定式，因此后面的賓語從句要用whether，而不是that。故把that改為whether。3.(2019·四川攀枝花市高三統(tǒng)考)As visitors, we should do something to protect the park after it becomes a huge dustbin._答案：afterbefore句意：作為游客，我們應(yīng)該做些事情來保護公園，以防它變成一個巨大的垃圾箱。before作連詞，意為“在以前；以防”，故把after改為before。4.(2018·全國卷)At the end of out trip, I told my father that I planned to return every two years, but he agreed._答案：butand根據(jù)語意可知，此處為并列遞進關(guān)系，而非轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。5.(2014·全國卷)In fact, he even scared my classmates away during they came over to play or do homework with me._答案：duringwhen從句必須由連詞來引導(dǎo)，during為介詞而非連詞，又根據(jù)語意可知，此處應(yīng)用when來引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句。悟 無論并列句還是復(fù)合句，首先必須要分清句式結(jié)構(gòu)并理清邏輯，了解各種句式基本用法及固定句式，注意各種句式的用法禁忌和易錯點，這是破題的關(guān)鍵所在。考點素能一 并列句1并列連詞及重點句式(1)并列連詞的功能及常用的并列連詞并列連詞既可以連接并列的單詞或短語，也可以連接并列的分句。在語法填空無提示詞的考查中，當(dāng)兩個或兩個以上的單詞、短語之間沒有連詞時，一般是填并列連詞；當(dāng)兩個或兩個以上的句子之間沒有連詞時，就需要根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系來判定用并列連詞還是從屬關(guān)聯(lián)詞。常見的并列連詞有：(2)并列句的重點句式祈使句and/or陳述句。sb. was doing sth. when ./sb. was about to do sth. when . 2并列句的易錯點(1)并列句本身的易錯點并列句本身的易錯點主要集中在三方面：一是邏輯關(guān)系不清，誤用連詞；二是連詞的多余，如，although/though不能和but連用，because不能和so連用；三是連詞的缺失，要牢記，兩個謂語之間或兩個分句之間應(yīng)有一個連詞。(2)并列句與定語從句的區(qū)別并列句與定語從句的主要區(qū)別在于：并列句是由and, but等并列連詞連接兩個簡單句，這時就不能再用引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞了。典例1They live in a small house, in front of _ stands an orange tree.They live in a small house, and in front of _ stands an orange tree.解析兩句的區(qū)別是連詞and，句逗號后為非限制性定語從句，空格處為引導(dǎo)詞，表示物，故填which；句and連接兩個并列分句，空格處指代前面分句中的small house，故填it。(3)并列句與狀語從句的區(qū)別并列句是連詞連接兩個“互不依存的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)”，兩者之間是并列關(guān)系；而在狀語從句中前后兩個句子一個是主句，一個是從句，從句是用來修飾主句的。典例2_ money is necessary for a happy life, it can't buy happiness.Money is necessary for a happy life, _ it can't buy happiness.解析兩個題都應(yīng)該填連詞。句空格所在句子是讓步狀語從句，故填從屬連詞Although/Though；句空格前后是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，是兩個并列的簡單句，故填并列連詞but。二 定語從句1定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞和解題步驟定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞定語從句的解題步驟典例But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid1980s, _ I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.解析第一步：找出句子中的先行詞，并將其還原代入從句中，使從句成為一個完整的句子“in the mid1980s I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild”；第二步：確定被代入部分在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?。in the mid1980s在從句中作時間狀語，應(yīng)用關(guān)系副詞；第三步：先行詞in the mid1980s指時間，故填when。2定語從句的易錯點易錯點1what不能引導(dǎo)定語從句典例(2016·四川高考)The dishes what I cooked were Mom's favorite.解析dishes后為定語從句，what不能引導(dǎo)定語從句，此處引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作cooked的賓語。故whatthat/which或去掉what。易錯點2that不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句典例(2014·北京高考)I borrowed the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week, that my classmates recommended to me.解析分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，先行詞為the book，逗號后為非限制性定語從句，且關(guān)系詞在非限制性定語從句中作賓語，故thatwhich。易錯點3定語從句中關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的選擇典例I simply cut the branch _ the bird was sitting on.解析定語從句的先行詞為表示地點的branch，但定語從句缺少賓語，故填that/which。注意：此處不能用where。易錯點4逗號后面的引導(dǎo)詞不一定用which典例(2019·六安模擬)To realize my dream, I must learn as much as I can to get into a good medical college, which I can make full preparations for the job of a doctor.解析逗號后為非限制性定語從句，先行詞為a good medical college，引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作地點狀語，故whichwhere或which前加in。易錯點5that與which的誤用下列情況只用that不用which當(dāng)先行詞是all, any, anything, everything, nothing等不定代詞或被它們修飾時；當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞的最高級或序數(shù)詞修飾時；當(dāng)先行詞被the only, the very, the just, the same等修飾時；當(dāng)先行詞既有人又有物時。易錯點6非限制性定語從句中as和which的誤用as和which均可用來引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，指代主句的內(nèi)容，但as可位于句首，而which常位于句中；as常用于肯定句，而which可用于否定句；as常用于被動句，而which常用于主動句。此外，as譯作“正如，正像”，而which譯作“這，這一點”。The mother tried to persuade her son to give up smoking, which didn't help.母親竭力勸說兒子戒煙，但沒有作用。As the old saying goes, “You can't judge a book by its cover”正如諺語所言“人不可貌相”。三 名詞性從句 名詞性從句包括主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句這四種從句。1名詞性從句的引導(dǎo)詞2名詞性從句的易錯點易錯點1that與what的誤用典例1(2019·泉州模擬)That you have gained is the result of your hard work.解析is前為主語從句，引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作賓語，意為“所的東西”。故ThatWhat。典例2It is cheerful what the local authorities have promised them to shorten the time of obtaining it.解析It為形式主語，cheerful后面的句子為主語從句，引導(dǎo)詞在從句中不作任何成分也無任何意義。故whatthat。易錯點2that與if/whether的誤用典例1I'm glad to hear if you're coming to Sichuan in August.解析hear后為賓語從句，句意表示“我聽說你要來”，而非“我聽說你是否要來”。故ifthat或去掉if。典例2(2019·濟南模擬)There is no doubt whether it is of great help to their study and future life.解析doubt后為同位語從句，此處是一個事實，而不是一個疑問。故whetherthat。易錯點3which與that, what的誤用典例1(2019·太原模擬)His promise which he would give away half of the year's income to the disabled turned out a lie.解析在名詞性從句中that為連接詞，不作任何成分，而which為連接代詞，需要作成分表示“哪一個”。本句中promise后為同位語從句，后面的引導(dǎo)詞在從句中不作任何成分。故whichthat。典例2(2019·南昌模擬)All were happy with which they received.解析在名詞性從句中which和what都為連接代詞，但which表示“哪一個”，而what表示“的事情/東西”。故whichwhat。易錯點4if與whether的誤用典例(2019·運城模擬)Success partly depends on if you have the patience to do simple things perfectly.解析if和whether都可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句意為“是否”，但if受到很多限制，例如不能位于句首，介詞后的賓語從句不能用if引導(dǎo)，不能跟or not連用等。故ifwhether。易錯點5that, what與連接副詞的誤用典例1(2019·湖北宜昌示范高中協(xié)作體聯(lián)考)I usually swim in a swimming pool close to that I live.解析to后為賓語從句，引導(dǎo)詞在從句中需作地點狀語，表示“靠近我居住的地方”。故thatwhere。典例2(2019·慶陽模擬)I hope this town will not change; just keep where it is.解析keep后為賓語從句，從句缺少表語，意為“的樣子”應(yīng)該用連接代詞引導(dǎo)。故wherewhat。四 狀語從句1狀語從句的分類及常用連詞續(xù)表2狀語從句的易錯點易錯點1邏輯關(guān)系不清，導(dǎo)致連詞誤用典例If I was only a child when I studied in that classroom, I will never forget it.解析根據(jù)語意“盡管我在那件教室學(xué)習(xí)時還只是個小孩子，但我永遠(yuǎn)不會忘記那間教室?！笨芍?，此處應(yīng)為讓步狀語從句，故應(yīng)將If改為Although/Though。易錯點2受到漢語干擾，導(dǎo)致連詞重復(fù)典例Every time when he arrived home at the end of the day, we'd greet him at the door.解析漢語可以說“每次當(dāng)時候”，但英語中every time和when同為連詞，不能同時引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，故去掉when。過關(guān)檢測(限時：30分鐘).單句語法填空1The number of smokers, _ is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.答案：as2_ makes the school famous is _ more than 90% of the students have been admitted to universities.答案：What; that3Sorry to have kept you waiting so long, but it'll still be some time _ Mr Smith is available.答案：before4One day, the cow was eating grass _ it began to rain heavily.答案：when5Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears, none of _ has been proved.答案：which6We should help and learn from each other as a group.I can't agree more. _ you are strong, I am weak.答案：Where7There are as many as five student clubs in our school. You can join _ interests you most.答案：whichever8Many young people, most of _ were welleducated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.答案：whom9_ we can have clean drinking water lies in _ effective measures will be taken by the government about water pollution.答案：Whether; what10How can I help them to understand _ they won't listen to me?答案：when.單句改錯1With many cities in China dreadfully blanketed by thick haze, the environmental problem is that Chinese people concern most nowadays._答案：thatwhat2Running Man is such a funny reality show that has the gravity to pull you in front of your television._答案：thatas3When you look at how great effects the climate has on our life, you will agree that it is the most serious problem._答案：howwhat4What did you think of the trip to Beijing?I had such a good time that I visited the Great Wall last month._答案：thatwhen5My grandmother lived in a generation which women were looked down upon._答案：whichwhen6He didn't make that clear when and where the meeting would be held._答案：thatit7I asked him what was the matter. He smiled and told us about the funny things what had happened in the cinema._答案：第二個whatthat/which8Although the sun was shining, but it wasn't very warm._答案：去掉but9The naughty boy hid himself behind the door, from which he could hear what we talked about clearly._答案：whichwhere10He had a deep voice, which set him apart from others in our small town, he was strong and powerful._答案：第二個he前加and.語法填空(2019·華中師大附中高三檢測卷)In the summer of 2015, I was in Finland for an internship. Although I _1_ (read) that Finnish people are reserved and like to stay within their space, I had not expected it to be this：At a bus stop: You are alone in the shade of _2_ stop and that is your space. No one will come _3_ (bother) you. Inside a bus: You enter a bus and see that all the window seats _4_ (occupy). The bus is “full”. You have to stand. Respect that space! This is rather a hard situation, and you really get anxious as to _5_ you should sit.You are scared to shout to the driver to stop the bus: I was running _6_ all my strength to catch the bus and signaled the driver to stop. I entered the bus and all eyes were _7_ (seeming) on me. I had never felt so _8_ (guilt) at anything.In most _9_ (case), when a Finn wants to leave his apartment but his neighbor is in the hallway, he'll just slip away, _10_ (pretend) not to see the neighbor.1_2._3._4._5_6._7._8._9_10._篇章導(dǎo)讀：本文是一篇夾敘夾議文。文章講述了作者在芬蘭所受到的文化沖擊。1had read考查動詞的時態(tài)。盡管“我”(之前)讀到過芬蘭人很保守，他們喜歡待在自己的空間里，但“我”沒想過會是這樣。此處陳述的是發(fā)生在2015年夏天作者去芬蘭之前的事，表示過去的過去，所以用過去完成時。2the考查冠詞。此處特指前面提到的bus stop，故用定冠詞the。3to bother考查非謂語動詞。沒有人會過來打擾你。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處應(yīng)用不定式作目的狀語。4are occupied考查動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)。所有靠窗座位都被占了。see后的that所引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中描述的是芬蘭平時的情況，再結(jié)合前后句的時態(tài)可知，此處應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時；且seats與occupy “使用，占用”是被動關(guān)系，故用被動語態(tài)。5where考查名詞性從句的連接詞。至于你應(yīng)該坐在哪兒，你真的會感到焦慮的。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，介詞to后為賓語從句，設(shè)空處在此引導(dǎo)賓語從句，且在從句中作地點狀語，故填where。6with考查介詞。“我”用盡全身力氣跑著趕公共汽車。with “使用”，with all one's strength “用盡全力”。7seemingly考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換?！拔摇鄙狭斯财?，似乎所有的目光都在注視著“我”?？仗幮揎椫^語動詞，應(yīng)用副詞seemingly。8guilty考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。作者從來沒有感到如此內(nèi)疚過。feel是系動詞，其后應(yīng)接形容詞作表語，故填guilty。9cases考查名詞。case作“事例，實例”講時是可數(shù)名詞，空前有修飾詞most，故用case的復(fù)數(shù)形式。10pretending考查非謂語動詞。在大多數(shù)情況下，當(dāng)一個芬蘭人想離開他的公寓而他的鄰居在走廊時，他就會溜走，假裝沒有看見鄰居。主句有謂語動詞，且空前無連詞，故空處應(yīng)用非謂語動詞作狀語，he與pretend之間是主動關(guān)系，故用現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語。.短文改錯(2019·江西重點中學(xué)聯(lián)考)Last night I was at a coffee shop. There was a wonderfully music show. As I got up to get a cup of coffee and a cookie, I notice a middleaged woman near me. Clearly, she had caught in a fire of some kind. His face was so badly burned that she looked very tight. I thought about how brave she was to come out but appeared in public. When I returned back to my seat, I turned towards the woman and said, “Isn't he a wonderful performers？” And I gave her the largest smile I was able to give. To my delighted, she looked right at me and gave me a huge smile for return. It was her smile which made her whole face light up last night. She was beautiful.答案：Last night I was a coffee shop. There was a music show. As I got up to get a cup of coffee and a cookie, I a middleaged woman near me. Clearly, she had caught in a fire of some kind. face was so badly burned that she looked very tight. I thought about how brave she was to come out appeared in public. When I returned to my seat, I turned towards the woman and said, “Isn't he a wonderful ？” And I gave her the largest smile I was able to give. To my ， she looked right at me and gave me a huge smile for return. It was her smile made her whole face light up last night. She was beautiful.- 15 -