專題二短文改錯做考題·明考情 A(2018·全國卷)When I was little, Friday's night was our family game night. After supper, we would play card games of all sort in the sitting room. As the kid, I loved to watch cartoons, but no matter how many times I asked to watching them, my parents would not to let me. They would say to us that playing card games would help my brain. Still I unwilling to play the games for them sometimes. I didn't realize how right my parents are until I entered high school. The games my parents taught me where I was a child turned out to be very useful later in my life.答案：第一句：Friday'sFriday第二句：sortsorts第三句：thea; watchingwatch; 去掉not后的to第四句：usme第五句：I后加was; forwith第六句：arewere第七句：wherewhenB(2018·全國卷)It was Monday morning, and the writing class had just begin. Everyone was silent, wait to see who would be called upon to read his and her paragraph aloud. Some of us were confident and eager take part in the class activity; others were nervous and anxious. I had done myself homework, but I was shy. I was afraid that to speak in front of a larger group of people. At that moment, I remembered that my father once said，“The classroom is a place for learning and that include learning from textbooks, and mistake as well.” Immediate, I raised my hand.答案：第一句：beginbegun第二句：waitwaiting; andor第三句：eager后加to第四句：myselfmy/the第五句：去掉that; largerlarge第六句：includeincludes; mistakemistakes第七句：ImmediateImmediately“三表”析清短文改錯一、命題視角原則表知考什么(“頻次”中的數(shù)字為20162018年全國卷9套試題的考查題量累計(jì))宏觀考向詞法句法行文邏輯微觀考法考點(diǎn)頻次設(shè)誤角度考點(diǎn)頻次考點(diǎn) 頻次動詞24時態(tài)、語態(tài)、非謂語動詞、情態(tài)動詞與虛擬語氣并列連詞7時態(tài)一致11名詞8可數(shù)不可數(shù)、單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)、是否需用所有格代詞10主格與賓格、人稱與物主、人稱與反身、各種不定代詞從屬關(guān)聯(lián)詞7指代一致6形容詞、副詞10原級、比較級、最高級冠詞7不定冠詞、定冠詞還是零冠詞主謂一致0介詞9基本用法、固定搭配邏輯一致6數(shù)詞1基數(shù)詞與序數(shù)詞there be句型與特殊句式0詞性誤用7形容詞與副詞、形容詞與名詞、名詞與動詞通過上表我們不難看出，短文改錯的考點(diǎn)設(shè)置有以下特征：1設(shè)題的角度有三個：詞法、句法和行文邏輯。從這三個角度考查考生在語篇中綜合運(yùn)用語言知識的準(zhǔn)確性。2詞法的考查頻次最多的為動詞，其次是代詞、形容詞和副詞、介詞、名詞、冠詞、詞性誤用等。3句法的考查頻次以并列連詞和從屬關(guān)聯(lián)詞為主。4行文邏輯的考查主要有時態(tài)一致、指代一致和邏輯一致，考查頻次差不多?？键c(diǎn)的這些設(shè)置特征為我們答題提供了重要的信息：一要注意動詞的形態(tài)變化；二要看人稱代詞的一致性和關(guān)聯(lián)詞的正確性；三要根據(jù)在句中的功能來確定詞性：名詞(常作主語、賓語)、形容詞(常作表語、定語)和副詞(常作狀語)；四要看全文的時態(tài)、指代、邏輯是否一致。二、解題意識原則表有何規(guī)律短文改錯10處錯誤中，設(shè)錯方式是有規(guī)律的，一般情況下，多、缺詞23個，錯詞78個，做完題后，可按此規(guī)律進(jìn)行查驗(yàn)。類型總數(shù)(10)?？键c(diǎn)多、缺詞23be的各種形式、介詞、冠詞、不定式符號、三大從句關(guān)聯(lián)詞、代詞、副詞、固定搭配中的虛詞錯詞78連詞、三大從句關(guān)聯(lián)詞、動詞、名詞、代詞、形容詞、副詞等三、規(guī)范解題原則表怎么修改改動處以最少為原則實(shí)詞以改變詞形為原則虛詞以添加或刪除為原則以保持句子原意不變?yōu)樵瓌t短文改錯題一般要求每句最多有兩處錯誤(2018年全國卷有三處錯誤)。改動的方法可以是增詞、刪詞或換詞，但無論作何種改動，都只能是圍繞一個詞進(jìn)行。在短文改錯題中，一般只是改變實(shí)詞的形式，而不能改變實(shí)詞的詞義，也不能將其改換成另一個實(shí)詞，更不能隨便增刪。歷年的短文改錯題中需要添加或刪除的地方差不多有2至3處。這些需要添、刪的詞一般都是虛詞(如冠詞、介詞等)，不是實(shí)詞(如動詞、名詞等)，否則會改變句子的原意。做短文改錯題時，應(yīng)該針對短文中的用詞錯誤、語法錯誤、邏輯錯誤加以改正，不應(yīng)更改作者的原意，做到“換詞不改意，加詞不增意，去詞不減意”。知考點(diǎn)·通技法 典例(2018·全國卷)During my last winter holiday, I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents. I find a big change there. The first time I went there, they were living in a small house with dogs, ducks, and another animals. Last winter when I went here again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken. They also had a small pond which they raised fish. My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by sell the fish. I felt happily that their life had improved. At the end of our trip, I told my father that I planned to return for every two years, but he agreed.解題示范 第一步：從語篇入手，理解大意，著眼時態(tài)和語態(tài)。根據(jù)第一句中的時間狀語During my last winter holiday和下文內(nèi)容可知，本文講述的是作者去年寒假看望爺爺奶奶的事，因此整體時態(tài)為過去時，故第二句中的時態(tài)應(yīng)用一般過去時，findfound。第二步：從句子入手，逐句分析，推敲語法。注意幾乎每年都考查的動詞、名詞、形容詞、冠詞和介詞類錯誤，同時注意其他語法類錯誤。第一句中，go to the countryside“去鄉(xiāng)下”為固定用法，故countryside前應(yīng)加the；第三句，another“又一，再一”后跟可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)前應(yīng)用other“其他的”，故anotherother；第四句，根據(jù)語境，此處指去那兒，故herethere, chicken前由dozens of修飾，名詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式，故chickenchickens；第五句，定語從句的先行詞是pond，關(guān)系詞在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，故whichwhere或which前加in；第六句，by為介詞，后跟動詞時要用動名詞形式，故sellselling；第七句，felt為系動詞，后跟形容詞作表語，故happilyhappy；第八句，every two years為習(xí)慣用法，意為“每兩年”，其前不用加介詞，故去掉for。第三步：從行文邏輯入手，兼顧上下，審查連代。通過前兩步仍有一處沒能找出，這時要重讀短文，從上下文邏輯關(guān)系進(jìn)行排查，放眼全篇去思考。第八句，根據(jù)前后語境可知，he agreed與上文之間為邏輯上的順承關(guān)系，故butand。課堂應(yīng)用體驗(yàn) A(2018·洛陽聯(lián)考)When I was in primary school, I watched a movie about global warming.See the images of ice melting and the polar bears habitat being destroyed made me disappointed.I begin to realize it was important to do what we can save the environment.I asked my mom to buy a blue recycling bin.And she immediate agreed to get it.Besides, she got for me a black one for trash.I now have a recycling bin for waste papers and plastic bottles in my room.I may be just one person, so I feel like I am making the big difference.答案：第二句：SeeSeeing; bearsbears'第三句：beginbegan; save前加to第五句：immediateimmediately; itone第六句：去掉第一個for第七句：paperspaper第八句：sobut/yet; theaB(2018·湖北四市七校聯(lián)考)The sun was just slowly come up over the mountains today as I took my dogs for its morning walk. I smiled as I watched the clouds gradually turn to white and gold. The air was cool and I wore a big smile in my face. Even though there weren't leaf on the trees, but I could still hear birds singing songs of spring. Even my dogs seemed to notice the different in the air. They were playing instead of just do their morning business in the grass. The particular golden sun seemed to make it a beautiful day. As I headed back, I realize something. The beauty of day didn't come from the warmth of the sun. It came from the warmth within my own heart and soul.答案：第一句：comecoming; itstheir第三句：inon第四句：leafleaves; butyet或去掉but第五句：differentdifference(s)第六句：dodoing第七句：particularparticularly第八句：realizerealized第九句：day前加the7