Unit2 Witnessing time名詞性從句名詞性從句: 即指性質(zhì)相當(dāng)于名詞的從句，它包括主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。 一、引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞 連接代詞：who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 連接副詞：when, where, how, why, whenever, wherever, however連接詞：whether, if “是否”不充當(dāng)句子的任何成分。 that只能起連接主句和從句的作用，不充當(dāng)從句的任何成分，無詞義。二、名詞性從句的分類1. 主語從句：用作主語的從句叫主語從句。That she likes such kind of films is very interesting. Whether he will come remains a question. What she is doing is none of your business.Whoever comes will be welcome.Where he has been is still a puzzle.However you do it is all right with me.2. 表語從句：表語從句在句中作表語，它位于主句的系動詞之后。The problem is that smokers cannot go without smoking. 問題是抽煙的人不抽煙就會感到難受。 The question is whether it is worth doing. 問題是這是否值得做。China is no longer what it used to be. 中國已不是從前那個樣子了。This is where he has worked for years. 這就是他多年工作的地方。3. 賓語從句：在句中可以作謂語動詞或介詞或某些形容詞的賓語。They know that the habit may kill them. They doubt whether or not Jack is a good student. The teacher is satisfied with what she has said. Im glad that I can go with you.4. 同位語從句: 同位語從句說明其前面的名詞的具體內(nèi)容?？捎糜谕徽Z從句的名詞有advice, fact, demand, doubt, hope, idea, information, message, news, order, problem, promise, question, request, suggestion, truth, wish, word等。The news that we won the game is exciting.I have no idea when he will come back home. Word came that our football team had won the match. 三、名詞性從句中的注意點主語從句：1. 有時用形式主語it代替主語從句作形式主語放于句首，而把主語從句置于句末。常用句型如下。1) It is +名詞+ that (名詞: a pity/no wonder/a pleasure) eg. It is a pity that my new computer doesnt work.2) It is +形容詞+ that (形容詞若是strange, necessary, important, natural 主語從句得用虛擬語氣should +v.eg. Its necessary that you complete the design before National Day. 3) It is +過去分詞+ that (常用動詞: report, say, tell, believe, think )eg. Its said that the sports meet will be put off. 4) It + 不及物動詞+that eg. It occurred to me that I had told him the news.  我突然想起來我已經(jīng)告訴他這個消息了。2. 使用主語從句應(yīng)注意。1) 從句作主語，謂語常用單數(shù)，但以what開始的主語從句，如后面的表語為復(fù)數(shù)時，謂語也用復(fù)數(shù)。eg. What he wants to buy are three books and two ball pens.What he wanted to see was an end to all the armies of the world.2) that從句位于句首時，that絕對不能省略。That we are invited to the concert is good news to us.3. It 作形式主語和引導(dǎo)強調(diào)句的比較。 It作形式主語代替主語從句，主要是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，主語從句的連接詞沒有變化。而it引導(dǎo)的強調(diào)句則是強調(diào)句子某一部分，無論強調(diào)的是什么成分，都可用連詞that。被強調(diào)部分指人時也可用who/whom。eg. a) It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film. 你不去看那場電影真可惜。 b) It doesnt interest me whether you succeed or not.我對你成功與否不感興趣。 c) It is in the morning that the murder took place.謀殺案是在早上發(fā)生的。（強調(diào)句型） d) It is John that broke the window. 是John打碎的窗戶。（強調(diào)句型）賓語從句：1. 連接詞that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，若主句動詞后有兩個或以上的賓語從句，除第一個that外，其余均不可省。eg. I forgot (that) my papers was due on Tuesday and that my teacher had said he would not accept late papers. 2. 在demand, order, suggest, decide, insist, desire, request, command等表示要求、命令、建議、決定等意義的動詞后，賓語從句常用“（should）+ 動詞原形”。eg. I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我堅持要她自己工作。3. 注意賓語從句中的時態(tài)呼應(yīng)。1）當(dāng)主句動詞是現(xiàn)在時，從句根據(jù)自身的句子情況，而使用不同時態(tài)。eg. He studies English every day. （從句用一般現(xiàn)在時）eg. He studied English last term. （從句用一般過去時）eg. He knows (that) he will study English next year. （從句用一般將來時）eg. He has studied English since 1998. （從句用現(xiàn)在完成時）2）當(dāng)主句動詞是過去時態(tài)，從句則要用相應(yīng)的過去時態(tài)，如一般過去時，過去進行時，過去將來時等；當(dāng)從句表示的是客觀真理，科學(xué)原理，自然現(xiàn)象，則從句仍用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。eg. The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America. She told me that the earth turns around the sun.表語從句：1. 表語從句的表現(xiàn)形式除了用從屬連詞，連接代詞和連接副詞引導(dǎo)以外，還可用as, as if, as though。Things were not as they seemed.It looks as if it is going to rain.2. 另外還要注意以下常用的兩種結(jié)構(gòu)。The reason why is that eg. The reason why he was fired is that he didnt work hard.That is because eg. He was late for school yesterday. That is because he was ill. (because 說明理由) That is why eg. He was ill. That is why he was late for school. (前面說明理由，why引導(dǎo)從句表結(jié)果) 同位語從句：1. 凡表示“請示、建議、命令”等動詞的相應(yīng)的名詞引導(dǎo)的同位語從句，均用 (should) +v. 原形如：order, advice, suggestion, demand, proposal eg. The suggestion that he (should) not go there is of great value. 2. 同位語從句和定語從句的區(qū)別。 1) 定語從句中的that既代替先行詞，同時以在從句中作某個成分（主語或賓語），而同位語從句中的that是連詞，只起連接主句與從句的作用，不充當(dāng)句中任何成分。 2) 定語從句是形容詞性的，其功能是修飾先行詞，對先行詞加以限定，描述定的性質(zhì)或特征；同位語從句是名詞性的，其功能是對名詞進行補充說明。eg. The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告訴我的消息是湯姆明年將出國。）（第一個that引導(dǎo)的從句是定語從句，that在從句中作賓語） The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（湯姆將出國的消息是他講的。）（同位語從句，that在句中不作任何成分） 四、名詞性從句中應(yīng)注意的其它情況1. whether 與 if 的區(qū)別 1) 在賓語從句中可互換: eg. I dont know whether/if he will come this evening.2) 在表語、同位語從句中只能用whether: eg. The question is whether the film is worth seeing.3) 在主語從句中，只有用it作形式主語時，whether, if都能引導(dǎo)主語從句，而if引導(dǎo)的主語從句只能放在句尾，否則也只能用whether。eg. Whether we shall attend the meeting hasnt been decided. It is not sure if he will succeed.4) 在介詞后只用whether: eg. I havent settled the question of whether Ill go back home.5) 直接跟動詞不定式時也只用whether: eg. He doesnt know whether to stay or not.6) 后面緊跟or not 只用whether。 eg. Whether you like it or not, you must do it well. We didnt know whether or not she was ready. 7) 某些動詞后（discuss/depend）只用whether: eg. It all depends (on) whether they will support us.We must discuss whether he will be allowed come here.2. 名詞性從句的語序: 不管什么詞引導(dǎo)，從句的語序始終用陳述語序。eg. I dont know why he was crying. 我不知道她為什么哭。The question is why there is little rain here. 問題是這里為什么雨水少。 3. Who/whoever, what/whatever等的用法區(qū)別  一般說來，what/who等含特指意義，而whatever/whoever等含泛指意義，意為“無論什么/無論誰”。 eg. It is generally considered unwise to give a child whatever he or she wants. (這里的whatever表泛指意義) 無論孩子要什么就給他/她什么事不明智的I cant remember at the moment who has said the words. (這里的who表特定的某人) 4. that與what引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的區(qū)別what用來引導(dǎo)各種名詞性從句，并在從句中做主語、賓語或表語，意為“所的事或物”。  eg. What I need is more time. (what引導(dǎo)主語從句，并在從句中做need的賓語)The boy isnt what he used to be. (what引導(dǎo)表語從句，并在從句中做be的表語) I have no idea what has happened to her. (what引導(dǎo)同位語從句，并在從句中做主語)that 也可用來引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，但 that本身無意義，也不在從句中做任何成分，僅僅起一個連接的作用。 eg. The teacher taught us that we should always do our best.語法拓展訓(xùn)練（一）高考試題分析1. _ was most important to her, she told me, was her family. (2008山東)A. It B. This C. What D. As解析 C she told me是插入語，可刪除。what引導(dǎo)主語從句，在從句中充當(dāng)主語。2. The companies are working together to create _ they hope will be the best means of transport in the 21st century. (2008北京)A. which B. that C. what D. who解析 C create后為賓語從句，從句中they hope是插入語，可刪除，因為從句中缺少主語，所以用what引導(dǎo)該從句。3. The last time we had great fun was _ we were visiting the Water Park. (2008天津)A. where B. how C. when D. why解析 C was后為表語從句，此處when與the last time相呼應(yīng)，根據(jù)句意可排除其他選項。4. As his best friend, I can make accurate guesses about _ he will do or think. (2008上海)A. what B. which C. whom D. that解析 A 介詞about后為賓語從句，從句中動詞do與think缺少賓語，所以用what引導(dǎo)該從句；which“哪一個”、whom“誰”與句意不符，可排除；that引導(dǎo)賓語從句時不充當(dāng)成分，也可排除。5. Some children want to challenge themselves by learning a language different from _ their parents speak at home. (2008浙江)A. what B. that C. which D. one解析 A from后為賓語從句，從句中動詞speak缺少賓語，所以用what引導(dǎo)該從句。6. is known to us all is that the 2008 Olympic Games will take place in Beijing. (2008福建)A. It B. What C. As D. Which解析 B 從第二個is可知它的前面是主語從句，后面是表語從句，主語從句中缺少主語，所以用what引導(dǎo)；若去掉第二個is，則選A項。7. When asked _ they needed most, the kids said they wanted to feel important and loved. (2008湖南)A. what B. why C. whom D. which解析 A 此句中When asked =When they were asked，asked后為賓語從句，從句中缺少賓語所以用what引導(dǎo)該從句。8. People in Chongqing are proud of they have achieved in the past ten years. (2008重慶)A. that B. which C. what D. how解析 C 介詞of后為賓語從句，此處用what引導(dǎo)賓語從句，在從句中充當(dāng)賓語。9. Students are always interested in finding out _ they can go with a new teacher. (2008安徽)A. how far B. how soon C. how often D. how long解析 A finding out后為賓語從句，根據(jù)句意只能用how far“到什么程度或范圍”引導(dǎo)該從句。10. Tomorrow is Toms birthday. Have you got any idea the party is to be held? (2008陜西)A. what B. which C. that D. where解析 D idea后為同位語從句，表示idea的具體內(nèi)容，根據(jù)句意從句中缺少地點狀語，所以用where引導(dǎo)。11. It has been proved _ eating vegetables in childhood helps to protect you against serious illnesses in later life. (2008上海)A. if B. because C. when D. that解析 D 該句中it是形式主語，所填選項引導(dǎo)真正的主語從句，從句中不缺任何成份和意義，只缺少連接詞，所以用that引導(dǎo)。12. _ wants to stay in a hotel has to pay their own way. (2008浙江)A. Anyone B. The one C. Whoever D. Who解析 C 所填選項引導(dǎo)主語從句，且在從句中充當(dāng)主語，可排除A、B兩項；who可用來引導(dǎo)主語從句且充當(dāng)主語，但who表示疑問語氣，與句意不符，故可排除；所以此處用whoever引導(dǎo)主語從句，相當(dāng)于anyone who，此時anyone用作先行詞，who引導(dǎo)定語從句。13. The news _ our athletes won another gold medal was reported in yesterdays newspaper. (2008上海春招)A. which                B. whether                C. what                 D. that解析 D news后為同位語從句，表示news的具體內(nèi)容，從句中不缺任何成份和意義，只缺少連接詞，所以用that引導(dǎo)。14. _ we are sure about is the need to prevent children from being spoiled. (2008上海春招)A. What                 B. Which               C. Whether              D. That解析 A 所填選項引導(dǎo)主語從句，且在從句中充當(dāng)介詞about的賓語，所以用what引導(dǎo)。15. Could I speak to_ is in charge of International Sales, please? (2007山東)A. anyone B. someone C. whoever D. no matter who解析 C to后為賓語從句，此處用whoever引導(dǎo)賓語從句，在從句中充當(dāng)主語，此時whoever=anyone who；no matter who只能用于引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。16. _ matters most in learning English is enough practice. (2007全國II)A. What B. Why C. Where D. Which解析 A所填選項引導(dǎo)主語從句，且在從句中充當(dāng)主語，所以用what引導(dǎo)。17. He didnt make _ clear when and where the meeting would be held. (2007天津)A. this B. that C. it D. these解析 C 此處用it作形式賓語，when and where the meeting would be held作真正的賓語。當(dāng)復(fù)合賓語中的賓語是從句時，一般用先行代詞it作形式賓語，而將從句放在補語的后面。18. The seaside here draws a lot of tourists every summer. Warm sunshine and soft sands make _ it is. (2007天津)A. what B. which C. how D. where解析 A 此處用what引導(dǎo)賓語從句，在從句中充當(dāng)表語。which引導(dǎo)賓語從句時意為“哪一個”，表示選擇；how引導(dǎo)賓語從句時意為“如何”；where引導(dǎo)賓語從句時意為“在地方”，均與句意不符。19. _ he referred to in his article was unknown to the general reader. (2007上海)A. That B. What C. Whether D. Where解析 B所填選項引導(dǎo)主語從句，且在從句中充當(dāng)賓語，所以用what引導(dǎo)。20. Choosing the right dictionary depends on _ you want to use it for. (2007江蘇)A. what B. why C. how D. whether解析 A on后為賓語從句，此處用what引導(dǎo)賓語從句，在從句中充當(dāng)介詞for的賓語。21. Why not try your luck downtown, Bob? Thats _ the best jobs are. (2007浙江)A. where B. what C. when D. why解析 A Thats后為表語從句，此處where與downtown相呼應(yīng)，根據(jù)句意可排除其他選項。22. It is none of your business other people think about you. Believe yourself. (2007 福建)A. how B. what C. which D. when解析 B 該句中it作形式主語，what引導(dǎo)主語從句。該主語從句還原為疑問句應(yīng)為“What do other people think about you?”。23. Having checked the doors were closed, and _ all the lights were off, the boy opened the door to his bedroom. (2007湖南)A. why B. that C. when D. where解析 B 所填選項引導(dǎo)賓語從句，從句中不缺任何成份和意義，只缺少連接詞，所以用that引導(dǎo)。24. You can only be sure of _ you have at present; you cannot be sure of something _ you might get in the future. (2007安徽)A. that; what B. what; / C. which; that D. /; that解析 B of后為賓語從句，從句中缺少賓語，所以用what引導(dǎo)；something后接定語從句，可以省略作賓語的關(guān)系詞that。25. parents say and do has a life-long effect on their children. (2007陜西)A. That B. Which C. What D. As解析 C所填選項引導(dǎo)主語從句，且在從句中充當(dāng)say和do的賓語，可排除A、D兩項；which引導(dǎo)賓語從句時意為“哪一個”，表示選擇，與句意不符，故選C。26. The traditional view is _ we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make us do so. (2007上海)A. when B. why C. whether D. that解析 D is后為表語從句，從句中不缺任何成份和意義，只缺少連接詞，所以用that引導(dǎo)。27. By improving reading skills, you can read faster and understand more of _ you read. (2007上海春招)A. that B. what C. which D. whether解析 B of后為賓語從句，從句中缺少賓語，可排除A、D兩項；which引導(dǎo)賓語從句時意為“哪一個”，表示選擇，與句意不符，故選B。（二）提升訓(xùn)練1. Please remind me _ he said he was going. I may be in time to see him off. A. where B. when C. how D. what2. Engines are to machines _ hearts are to animals. A. asB. that C. whatD. which3. I just wonder _ that makes him so excited. A. why it does B. what he does C. how it is D. what it is4. One advantage of playing the guitar is _ it can give you a great deal of pleasure. A. how B. why C. that D. when5. He spoke proudly of his part in the game, without mentioning _ his teammates had done. A. what B. which C. why D. while6. Its thirty years since we last met.But I still remember the story, believe it or not, _ we got lost on a rainy night. A. which  B. that  C. what  D. when7. Nobody believed his reason for being absent form the class _ he had to meet his uncle at the airport. A. why B. that C. where  D. because8. These shoes look very good. I wonder _. A. how much cost they are B. how much do they costC. how much they cost D. how much are they cost9. The other day, my brother drove his car down the street at _ I thought was a dangerous speed.A. as B. which C. what D. that10. Along with the letter was his promise _ he would visit me this coming Christmas.A. which B. that C. whatD. whether11. The advice _ I should take some medicine sounds good. A. which B. that C. / D. what12. The problem is _ he has enough time.A. if    B. whether   C. /   D. that13. All the building materials have been washed away.So I have heard. But there was no sign _ a heavy rain was on the way last night.A. when B. that C. which D. if14. It is necessary that a college student _ at least a foreign language. A. should master B. masters C. mastered D. will master15. Chances are high _ China and Russia will make an agreement to build an oil pipeline.A. when B. where C. that D. which16. He was lucky enough to sell his car for exactly _.A. where he had paid for it   B. what he had paid for itC. what he was paid for it    D. which he had paid for it17. _ has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising. A. Who B. The one C. Anyone D. Whoever18. The infrastructure of a country is _ makes everything run smoothly.A. how B. which C. that D. what19. Maria has to baby-sit. Thats_ she cant come with us.A. why    B. how    C. when    D. what20. What the doctors really doubt is _ my mother will recover from the serious disease soon. A. when B. how C. whether D. why21. A modern university has been set up in _ used to be a deserted land.A which B. that C. what D. where22. I dont doubt _ hell come.A. that B. how C. whether D. what23. After _ seemed like hours he came out with a bitter smile.A. which B. it C. that D. what24. Have you seen Henry lately? My boss wants to know _.A. how he is getting along B. how is he getting alongC. what he is getting along D. what is he getting along25. After 15 years, she changed a lot and looked quite different from _ she used to be.A. that B. whom C. what D. who26. I hate _ when people talk with their mouths full. A. it B. that C. this D. them27. The reason why she couldnt come to the meeting was _ she had not been invited.A. because    B. which    C. that    D. why28. _ really surprised me most was the suggestion that he _. A. What; had made B. That; should makeC. What; should make D. That; had made 29. Does it matter much _ the sales manager wont attend the meeting tomorrow?Ive no idea.A. if B. what C. when D. that30. You are saying that the fight against cyber crimes like “Yanzhao Men” requires great effort, and this is _ I quite agree.A. how B. what C. where D. whyKeys:15 BCDCA 610 BBCCB 1115 BBBAC 1620 BDDAC2125 CADAC 2630 ACADCKeys:15 BCDCA 610 BBCCB 1115 BBBAC 1620 BDDAC2125 CADAC 2630 ACADCKeys:15 BCDCA 610 BBCCB 1115 BBBAC 1620 BDDAC2125 CADAC 2630 ACADCKeys:15 BCDCA 610 BBCCB 1115 BBBAC 1620 BDDAC2125 CADAC 2630 ACADCKeys:15 BCDCA 610 BBCCB 1115 BBBAC 1620 BDDAC2125 CADAC 2630 ACADCKeys:15 BCDCA 610 BBCCB 1115 BBBAC 1620 BDDAC2125 CADAC 2630 ACADCKeys:15 BCDCA 610 BBCCB 1115 BBBAC 1620 BDDAC2125 CADAC 2630 ACADCKeys:15 BCDCA 610 BBCCB 1115 BBBAC 1620 BDDAC2125 CADAC 2630 ACADC