課時(shí)達(dá)標(biāo)(三十七) Unit 2 Cloning建議時(shí)間/35分鐘 閱讀理解A課標(biāo)話題人與自然·自然科學(xué)研究成果體裁 說明文詞數(shù) 311難度 Chinese scientists recently have produced two monkeys with the same gene, Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua, using the same technique that gave to Dolly the sheep. These monkeys are not actually the first primates(靈長(zhǎng)類) to be cloned. Another one named Tetra was produced in the late 1990s by embryo(胚胎) splitting, the division of an earlystage embryo into two or four separate cells to make clones. By contrast, they were each made by replacing an egg cell nucleus(細(xì)胞核) with DNA from a differentiated body cell. This Dolly method, known as somatic cell nuclear transfer(SCNT), can create more clones and allows researchers greater control over the edits they make to the DNA.Success came from adopting several new techniques. These included a new type of microscopy to better view the cells during handling or using several materials that encourage cell reprogramming, which hadn't been tried before on primates. Still, the research process proved difficult, and many attempts by the team failed. Just two healthy baby monkeys born from more than 60 tested mothers. This leads to many researchers' pouring cold water on the idea that the team's results bring scientists closer to cloning humans. They thought this work is not a stepping stone to establishing methods for obtaining live born human clones. Instead, this clearly remains a very foolish thing to attempt, it would be far too inefficient, far too unsafe, and it is also pointless.But the scientists involved emphasize that this is not their goal. There is now no barrier for cloning primate species. Thus cloning humans is closer to reality. However, their research purpose is entirely for producing nonhuman primate models for human diseases; they absolutely have no intention, and the society will not permit this work to be extended to humans. Despite limitations, they treat this breakthrough as a novel model system for scientists studying human biology and disease.語篇導(dǎo)讀中國(guó)科學(xué)家利用SCNT技術(shù)克隆出了兩只猴子，文章介紹了相關(guān)信息并討論了這種克隆實(shí)驗(yàn)的影響。1What do we know about the technology called SCNT?AIt created the first two primates.BIt may contribute to editing the DNA.CIt can divide an earlystage embryo into several cells.DIt produced two cloned monkeys with different genes.解析B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句可知，SCNT可以幫助研究者在編輯DNA時(shí)更加有效控制，即可能有助于編輯DNA，故選B項(xiàng)。2What does the author mean by saying “pouring cold water on the idea” in Paragraph 2?AKeeping a hot topic of it.BHaving a low opinion of it.CAttaching no importance to it.DAdding supportive evidence to it.解析B詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)畫線處上一句可知，研究的過程比較困難，多次嘗試均以失敗告終，所以許多科學(xué)家對(duì)這一實(shí)驗(yàn)理念并不看好。have a low opinion of不看好，故選B項(xiàng)。3What is the scientists' purpose to clone these monkeys?ATo help with the study of human diseases.BTo serve as a stepping stone to their reputation.CTo prepare for their research on human cloning.DTo raise money for holding an exhibition of novels.解析A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第四句可知，科學(xué)家們克隆這些猴子的目的是幫助研究人類疾病，故選A項(xiàng)。4What can we infer from the passage?ANew techniques seem to be pointless.BCloning humans is already on its way.CSociety won't agree to clone another monkey.DCloning monkeys has made contributions to certain scientific areas.解析D推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段最后一句可知，成功克隆猴子為研究人類生物學(xué)和疾病提供了新的范例；由此可推知，成功克隆猴子已經(jīng)為某些科學(xué)領(lǐng)域作出了貢獻(xiàn)，故選D項(xiàng)。B課標(biāo)話題人與自然·自然科學(xué)研究成果體裁說明文詞數(shù) 346難度 (2019·鄭州一中摸底)Running is often tiring and a lot of hard work, but nothing beats the feeling you get after finishing a long workout around the track.But while it's long been believed that endorphins(內(nèi)啡呔)chemicals in the body that cause happinessare behind the socalled “runner's high”， a study suggested that there may be more to this phenomenon than we previously knew.According to a recent study published by a group of scientists from several German universities, a group of chemicals called endocannabinoids(內(nèi)源性大麻素) may actually be responsible for this familiar great feeling.To test this theory, the scientists turned to mice.Both mice and humans release high levels of endorphins and endocannabinoids after exercise, along with many other chemicals. After exercising on running wheels, the mice seemed happy and relaxed and displayed no signs of anxiety.But after being given a drug to block their endorphins they changed. However, when their endocannabinoids were block with a different drug, the runner's high symptoms seemed to fade.“The longheld notion of endorphins being responsible for the runner's high is false. Endorphins are effective pain relievers, but only when it comes to the pain in your body and muscles you feel after working out，” Patrick Lucas Austin wrote on science blog.Similar studies are yet to be carried out on humans, but it's already well known that exercise is a highly effective way to get rid of stress or anxiety.The UK's National Health Service even prescribes(開藥方) exercise for patients who are suffering from depression.“Being depressed can leave you feeling low in energy, which might put you off being more active. Regular exercise can boost your mood if you have depression, and it's especially useful for people with mild to moderate(中等的) depression，” it wrote on its website.It seems like nothing can beat that feeling we get after a good workout, even if we don't fully understand where it comes from. At least if we're feeling down, we know that all we have to do is put on our running shoes.語篇導(dǎo)讀本文主要探究了運(yùn)動(dòng)后引起運(yùn)動(dòng)者情緒高漲的因素。5What did scientists from German universities recently discover?AWorking out is a highly effective way to treat depression.BThe runner's high could be caused by endocannabinoids.CEndorphins may contribute to one's high spirits after running.DThe level of endorphins and endocannabinoids could affect one's mood.解析B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段可知，德國(guó)一些大學(xué)的科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)跑步后的快感是由內(nèi)源性大麻素引起的，故選B項(xiàng)。6The scientists gave mice drugs in their experiment to _.Afind what reduces the runner's high symptomsBsee the specific symptoms of the runner's highCidentify what is responsible for the runner's highDtest what influences the level of endocannabinoids released解析C推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三、四段可推知，科學(xué)家們拿老鼠做實(shí)驗(yàn)是為了確定究竟是哪種物質(zhì)會(huì)導(dǎo)致跑步者情緒高漲，故選C項(xiàng)。7The underlined word “notion” in Paragraph 7 has the closest meaning to _.AeffectBgoalCquestionDbelief解析D詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)語境可知，畫線詞所在句子與第二段呼應(yīng)，故notion指認(rèn)知。D項(xiàng)belief與believed相呼應(yīng)，故選D項(xiàng)。8According to the UK's National Health Service, regular workouts _.Aare the best way to treat depressionBcan help ease depression symptomsConly work for those with serious depressionDcan help people completely recover from depression解析B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三、四段和倒數(shù)第二段第二句可知，規(guī)律鍛煉有助于改善情緒、緩解抑郁癥狀，故選B項(xiàng)。 七選五課標(biāo)話題人與社會(huì)·非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)體裁說明文詞數(shù) 228難度 The science of papermaking addresses the methods, equipment, and materials used to make paper and cardboard, these being used widely for printing, writing, and packaging. Today almost all paper is produced using industrial machinery. _1_The method of manual(手工的) papermaking changed very little over time, despite advances in technologies. _2_ Separate the useful fiber from the rest of raw materials. Beat down the fiber into pulp(紙漿). Adjust the color, chemical, biological, and other properties of the paper. Screen(篩) the resulting liquid. Press and dry to get the actual paper._3_ It is made of stainless materials and set in a wooden frame similar to that of a window. Then completely bathe it in the liquid and draw it out. Water is removed and the wet mat of fiber is laid on top of a damp cloth. The fairly damp fiber is then dried. Finally, the paper is then cut to the desired shape and packed.The wooden frame is called a “deckle(定紙框)”. _4_ The “deckle edges” are one of the indications that the paper was made by hand. Deckleedged paper is occasionally imitated today to create the impression of oldfashioned luxury._5_ It is also used in paper factories to check the quality of the production process. The “handsheets” made according to TAPPI Standard T205 are tested for paper characteristics such as brightness, strength and degree of sizing.AScreening the fiber involves using a special net.BThe process of papermaking is really complicated.CIt leaves the edges of the paper slightly irregular and wavy.DHandmade paper is prepared in laboratories to study papermaking.EHowever, traditional papermaking in Asia uses the inner skin fibers of plants.FThe process of manufacturing handmade paper can be generalized into five steps.GBut handmade paper is still appreciated for its distinctive uniqueness and the skilled craft.語篇導(dǎo)讀本文主要介紹了手工紙的制作過程及使用情況等。1解析G轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系?？涨爸v道，如今幾乎所有的紙都是用工業(yè)機(jī)器制作的；下一段講道，盡管技術(shù)進(jìn)步了，但手工造紙的方式并沒有隨著時(shí)間而發(fā)生太大變化。由此可知，空處上下文為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，只有G項(xiàng)符合語境，故選G項(xiàng)。2解析F總分關(guān)系。根據(jù)空后內(nèi)容可知，此處講述的應(yīng)是造紙的過程，故選F項(xiàng)。3解析A順承關(guān)系。本段主要介紹的是篩出紙纖維的過程，A項(xiàng)(篩出紙纖維需要使用一種特殊的網(wǎng))符合語境，空后的It即指A項(xiàng)中的a special net，故選A項(xiàng)。4解析C順承關(guān)系。根據(jù)上下文并結(jié)合選項(xiàng)可知，C項(xiàng)(它會(huì)使紙張的邊緣有些不規(guī)則，有些波紋)符合語境，其中的It指代空前的a “deckle”， the edges of the paper對(duì)應(yīng)空后的The “deckle edges”，故選C項(xiàng)。5解析D并列關(guān)系。根據(jù)空后一句可知，空處應(yīng)與手工紙的用途有關(guān)。選項(xiàng)中只有D項(xiàng)(實(shí)驗(yàn)室里準(zhǔn)備手工紙以供研究造紙之用)符合，故選D項(xiàng)。 語法填空課標(biāo)話題人與社會(huì)·音樂領(lǐng)域的概況及發(fā)展體裁說明文詞數(shù) 214難度 There are two basic “schools” of songwriting nowadays: one based on crafts and the other based on instinct. Craft writers are people 1._ write from nine to five every day, five days a week, but instinctive writers work only when they 2._ (inspire). Craft writers sometimes say that instinctive writers are “just 3._(luck)”， while instinctive writers may call craft writers “assemblyline machines”. Each approach has 4._(it) advantages and problems.Writing every day can show great talents. 5._(create) so much material requires a writer to deal with a wide variety of subjects, which forces them to find new ways to say old things. However, over 6._ period of years the craft writer may burn out; writing becomes boringsomething to finish before you can go with fun. The original 7._(reason) for being a songwriter are lost.For instinctive writers, there's the thrill of never knowing what will happen next and just going 8._ the music takes them. However, the problem is that instinctive writers usually don't bother paying any attention to craft, so they 9._(basic) write blindly. Since there's no craft to back them up, they never know if they have the instinct when they need it. That stops them from doing anything 10._(involve) a deadline or cowriting on specific projects.語篇導(dǎo)讀本文主要介紹了兩類作曲者“技藝作曲者”和“直覺作曲者”，闡述了他們的優(yōu)勢(shì)和存在的問題。1who/that解析考查引導(dǎo)詞?？仗幰龑?dǎo)定語從句修飾先行詞people，且在定語從句中充當(dāng)主語，故填who或that。2are inspired解析考查時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)和主謂一致。主語they與inspire之間為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，應(yīng)用被動(dòng)語態(tài)；根據(jù)上下文可知，此處應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)；主語是they，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)，故填are inspired。3lucky解析考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換?？仗幾鱝re的表語，應(yīng)用形容詞；由句意可知，空處表示“幸運(yùn)的”，故填lucky。4its解析考查代詞。空處指代Each approach，空后有名詞短語，故應(yīng)用形容詞性物主代詞its。5Creating解析考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處與so much material共同構(gòu)成主語，應(yīng)用動(dòng)名詞或不定式；此處表示一般性的動(dòng)作，故用動(dòng)名詞。6a解析考查冠詞。over a period of years在幾年時(shí)間內(nèi)，為固定搭配。7reasons解析考查名詞的數(shù)。根據(jù)系動(dòng)詞are可知，此處應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語。8where解析考查引導(dǎo)詞。句意：對(duì)于直覺作曲者而言，未知世界給他們帶來刺激和興奮，他們朝著音樂帶領(lǐng)他們的方向走?？仗幰龑?dǎo)狀語從句，且從句中缺少地點(diǎn)狀語，故填where。9basically解析考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換?？仗幾鳡钫Z修飾動(dòng)詞，故用副詞。10involving解析考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。空處修飾anything，意為“涉及，包含”，與anything為主謂關(guān)系，故用現(xiàn)在分詞作后置定語。7