十四、文章結(jié)構(gòu)題一、篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題(2018·“六校聯(lián)盟”第三次聯(lián)考)Careers in zoology are extremely varied and unique，and can provide incredible learning and work opportunities for anyone devoted to animal studies and welfare.Zoology，or the study of animals，is a wide field with many specialties，including research，conservation，veterinary(獸醫(yī)的) medicine，and the care of animals.For people with a love of animals and some training，dreams of careers in zoology may come true.Some careers in zoology focus on research and scientific studies.These careers may allow those with a good theoretical science background to develop and run studies that improve human understanding of the animal world.Research in zoology can help create safer and more effective products for animals or can teach humans more about animal behavior in order to aid in conservation，breeding programs，and habitat preservation.Careers in zoology that focus on conservation attach great importance to the continued survival and increased protection of animal species.Conservationists may work with political groups or governments to help make laws to protect and preserve animals，or may work in the field gathering information on potential threats to the health of global ecosystems.Some conservationists work in educational fields，trying to improve human efforts to save animals from extinction.Animals are subject to illness and injury，and some careers in zoology help to create a safe，stable animal population.Veterinary medicine is an important specialty field，and may take several years of intensive training to qualify as a certified veterinarian.While many veterinarians focus on the small-animal practice of domestic pets，vets in rural areas often work with large farm animals and more adventurous veterinarians may work with exotic species in zoos and wildlife preserves.Humans love to observe animals，and modern-day zoos and wildlife preserves help meet that interest while providing facilities to assist with conservation programs.Zoology careers in zoos can range from overseeing breeding programs，to creating the proper diet for a deer，or to cleaning the tigers cage.Many volunteer and entry-level jobs are available for people that love animals.1.What is the purpose of researching on animals in zoology?A.To help governments make laws.B.To improve researchers scientific knowledge.C.To create safe and effective products for humans.D.To educate people to protect animals.答案D解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段末句“Research in zoology can help create safer and more effective products for animals or can teach humans more about animal behavior in order to aid in conservation，breeding programs，and habitat preservation.”可知，動(dòng)物學(xué)研究動(dòng)物的目的是教育人們保護(hù)動(dòng)物。故選D。2.What can careers in zoology that focus on veterinary medicine help?A.Better understand animals.B.Protect animals health.C.Clean the animals cages.D.Increase the number of animals.答案B解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段前兩句“Animals are subject to illness and injury，and some careers in zoology help to create a safe，stable animal population.Veterinary medicine is an important specialty field.”可知，動(dòng)物易得疾病且易受傷害，動(dòng)物學(xué)方面的某些職業(yè)如獸醫(yī)學(xué)有助于創(chuàng)造一個(gè)安全、穩(wěn)定的動(dòng)物種群。由此可知，B項(xiàng)描述正確，故選B。3.Which of the following shows the structure of the whole passage?(P1Paragraph 1；P2Paragraph 2；P3Paragraph 3；P4Paragraph 4；P5Paragraph 5)答案A解析篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題。第一段介紹了動(dòng)物學(xué)方面的職業(yè)是多樣而獨(dú)特的，是總述。第二段從研究方面介紹；第三段介紹了自然保護(hù)的動(dòng)物學(xué)工作；第四段是獸醫(yī)學(xué)可以保護(hù)動(dòng)物健康的介紹；第五段講述了現(xiàn)代的動(dòng)物園和野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)區(qū)既有助于滿足人們的興趣，又提供了一些設(shè)施來幫助保護(hù)動(dòng)物。后邊四個(gè)段落從不同角度對(duì)第一段進(jìn)行分述，A項(xiàng)圖例符合文章結(jié)構(gòu)。故選A。4.What does the passage mainly present?A.Volunteers passion for zoology.B.A new idea of careers in zoology.C.Different types of careers in zoology.D.Effective measures of animal protection.答案C解析主旨大意題。文章介紹了動(dòng)物學(xué)的相關(guān)職業(yè)是非常多樣和獨(dú)特的，并就四種職業(yè)進(jìn)行了講解。故選C。二、寫作手法題There are many places to go on safari(觀賞野生動(dòng)物) in Africa，but riding a horse through the flooded waters of Botswanas Okavango Delta must rank as one of the worlds most exciting wildlife journeys.Several safari camps operate as the base for this adventure，providing unique rides twice a day to explore deep into the delta.The camps have excellent horses，professional guides and lots of support workers.They have a reputation for providing a great riding experience.The morning ride，when the guides take you to beautiful，shallow lakes full of water lilies，tends to be more active.It is unlike any other riding experience.With rainbows forming in the splashing water around you and the sound of huge drops of water bouncing off your body and face，it is truly exciting.You are very likely to come across large wild animals，too.On horseback it is possible to get quite close to elephants，giraffes and many other animals.The sense of excitement and tension levels rise suddenly though，as does your heart rate，as you move closer to them.In the evening，rides are usually at a more relaxed and unhurried pace，with golden light streaming across the grassy delta and the animals coming out to eat and drink.Sedate though they are，rides at this time of day are still very impressive.As the suns rays pass through the dust kicked up by the horses，the romance of Africa comes to life.Back at the camp you can kick off your boots and enjoy excellent food and wine.Looking back on your day，you will find it hard to deny that a horseback safari is as close as you will ever come to answering the call of the wild.The author introduces the riding experience in the Okavango Delta mainly by .A.following space orderB.following time orderC.making classificationsD.giving examples答案B解析寫作手法題。整篇文章是根據(jù)在非洲觀賞野生動(dòng)物的時(shí)間順序組織的。一、題型解讀近幾年天津卷均未對(duì)篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題這一考點(diǎn)進(jìn)行考查，但近幾年地方卷偶有涉及。此類題目能全面地、深層次地考查考生的閱讀理解能力，為防止2019年高考爆冷，僅編寫此考點(diǎn)，供學(xué)有余力的考生選用。二、解題技巧把脈絡(luò)看結(jié)構(gòu)篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題主要是針對(duì)文章的整體篇章結(jié)構(gòu)或某一段落的展開層次所設(shè)置的問題。高考對(duì)文章結(jié)構(gòu)的考查主要涉及兩個(gè)層次：一是按段落的組織方法理解文章的結(jié)構(gòu)；二是按寫作手法(論證方法)理解文章的結(jié)構(gòu)。設(shè)問形式常有：(1)Which of the following shows the development of ideas in this passage?(2)Which of the following shows the organization/structure of the (whole) passage?因此這類題的解題方法也分為兩種，如下圖所示：注意：1.文章的段落組織通常采用“總分；分總；總分總”的框架。2.內(nèi)容的展開則常用以下手法：時(shí)間順序：按時(shí)間先后順序說明某一事物的發(fā)展情況?？臻g順序：按照事物的空間結(jié)構(gòu)順序進(jìn)行描寫或說明。例證關(guān)系：所列舉的事物用來論證觀點(diǎn)，通常是數(shù)據(jù)、事例等。對(duì)比或類比關(guān)系：這類文章通常以對(duì)比各事物之間的共同點(diǎn)或差異為主。例如：【感悟體會(huì)】 一中第3題，通讀全文，把握各段大意可知：第一段介紹了動(dòng)物學(xué)方面的職業(yè)是多樣而獨(dú)特的，是總述。第二段從研究方面介紹；第三段介紹了自然保護(hù)的動(dòng)物學(xué)工作；第四段是獸醫(yī)學(xué)可以保護(hù)動(dòng)物健康的介紹；第五段講述了現(xiàn)代的動(dòng)物園和野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)區(qū)既有助于滿足人們的興趣，又提供了一些設(shè)施來幫助保護(hù)動(dòng)物。分析每一段的關(guān)系發(fā)現(xiàn)：后面四個(gè)段落從不同的角度對(duì)第一段進(jìn)行了分述，所以這篇文章是“總分”結(jié)構(gòu)，A項(xiàng)圖例符合文章結(jié)構(gòu)。故選A?！靖形蝮w會(huì)】二中，通讀全文發(fā)現(xiàn)文章中出現(xiàn)很多線索詞，如The morning ride，In the evening，Back at the camp，可知文章是根據(jù)時(shí)間順序來介紹騎馬觀賞野生動(dòng)物的。故選B項(xiàng)。ADuring the high school career，students may begin to question the importance of a college education.They might find themselves asking，“Why is it important to go to college？” The answer is that，more than ever，college graduates enjoy much greater opportunities available to them than those who have not received a college education.For many high school students，being able to immediately generate an income after graduation is an appealing thought.They may also be affected by the rising cost of tuition，and while it is true that a higher education may be one of the largest expenses you will ever face，the importance of a college education has become quite evident in terms of earning potential within todays economy.Why should you go to college? One important answer to this question is more opportunities.As opposed to generations of the past，high school graduates today are unable to obtain high-paying jobs that were once available.The U.S.has been transformed from a manufacturing-based economy to an economy based on knowledge，and the importance of a college education today can be compared to that of a high school education forty years ago.It serves as the gateway to better options and more opportunities.There are additional reasons as to why it is important to go to college.When students experience a post secondary education，they have the opportunity to read books and listen to the lectures of top experts in their fields.This encourages students to think，ask questions，and explore new ideas，which allows for additional growth and development and provides college graduates with more opportunities in the job market over those who have not experienced a higher education.The importance of a college education is also stressed because of the opportunity to gain valuable resources during the study.The more connections which are collected during your college career，the more options you will have when you begin your job search.Once you have ended your job search and have started your career，however，the importance of a college education has not been exhausted.Having a college degree often provides for greater promotion opportunity.So，why should you go to college? The reasoning does not begin and end with the job aspect.A good education is beneficial from many different viewpoints，and though the importance of a college education is quite evident for many high school students，what is often not as clear is how they will pay for that education.1.Why do some high school graduates prefer working to college study?A.To obtain high-paying jobs.B.To earn money at an early age.C.To spend less money on tuition.D.To adapt to the knowledge-based society.答案B解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第一句“For many high school students，being able to immediately generate an income after graduation is an appealing thought.”可知，對(duì)許多高中生來說，高中畢業(yè)后能立即獲得收入是一個(gè)吸引人的想法。2.The author most likely agrees with the idea that .A.too much time is spent on lectures in college studyB.high school education is a gateway to more opportunitiesC.college graduates gain more chances over others in job marketD.a college degree guarantees promotion in American companies答案C解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段中的“provides college graduates with more opportunities in the job market over those who have not experienced a higher education”可知，大學(xué)畢業(yè)生在就業(yè)市場(chǎng)上會(huì)獲得更多的機(jī)會(huì)。3.What is most likely to be talked about in the paragraph after the last paragraph of the passage?A.Refusing college education.B.Changing college education.C.Receiving college education.D.Affording college education.答案D解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“what is often not as clear is how they will pay for that education”可推知，下文應(yīng)該討論怎樣為大學(xué)教育付費(fèi)。4.What can be the best title for the passage?A.Importance of College EducationB.Education Means OpportunityC.Which Is More Important，Job Or Education?D.How to Survive in the College答案A解析標(biāo)題歸納題。通讀全文并根據(jù)各個(gè)段落的首句可知，本文主要討論大學(xué)教育的重要性。故A項(xiàng)作本文標(biāo)題最佳。5.Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage?I：IntroductionP：PointSp：Sub-point(次要點(diǎn))C：Conclusion答案D解析篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題。第一段說明高中生認(rèn)識(shí)到大學(xué)教育的重要性；第二段說明高中生面對(duì)繼續(xù)上大學(xué)還是工作的矛盾選擇；第三、四、五段說明接受大學(xué)教育的重要性；最后一段總結(jié)大學(xué)教育的好處。B(2018·天津部分區(qū)縣二模)Society tells us that we should count our blessings，focus on all that we have and feel grateful for what weve been given.But there is nothing wrong with “healthy discontent”.In fact，healthy discontent is what motivates us to improve ourselves and our circumstances.Without that feeling that life could be better，its easier to stand still.I always have a certain level of discomfort.That discomfort drives me to work hard at my job.I dont just want to remain where I am.Professionally，I want to keep getting better.Likewise，I always have a certain amount of discontent about my home.That drives me to always try to improve it by making it look better.My feelings of discontent about my job and my home dont mean that I dont appreciate them.Its an incredible blessing to be able to work and be paid for ones efforts.Similarly，if you live in a safe place，with running water，heating，and air conditioning，you are incredible fortunate.These are not things to be taken for granted.However，we should be striving(力爭(zhēng)) to improve.If you happen to be good at playing the piano，you should work to continually improve your skills.The same hold true for our personal development.If you have areas in your personality that need improvement，you should work on them，too.For instance，I can be very impatient.As a result，I work hard to try to conquer that flaw(缺點(diǎn)) by keeping my impatience to myself.When we feel discontent about ourselves，we have to be honest with ourselves.Its easy to make excuses for our bad behavior，but we need to face our discontent head on and say to ourselves，“I need to work on this.” This week，consider whether you have a healthy discontent in your life.Have you become so settled in your life that you dont see regular improvement? Do you have a character flaw that you wish you didnt have? Dont ignore these things.Instead，take steps to address your areas of discontent and keep improving your life every day.No matter how great we think things are going，theres always room for improvement.6.What is stressed in Paragraph 1? A.The gratitude for what we have.B.The importance of healthy discontent.C.The lessons from society.D.The easiness of standing still.答案B解析段落大意題。根據(jù)第一段最后兩句“In fact，healthy discontent is what motivates us to improve ourselves and our circumstances.Without that feeling that life could be better，its easier to stand still.”可知，第一段強(qiáng)調(diào)了健康不滿的重要性。7.Why does the author have feelings of discontent about his job and home? A.He doesnt treasure them.B.He is particular about them.C.He desires to improve them.D.He is difficult to satisfy.答案C解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段最后兩句“Likewise，I always have a certain amount of discontent about my home.That drives me to always try to improve it by making it look better.”可知，作者對(duì)他的工作和家庭感到不滿是因?yàn)樗Ｍ倪M(jìn)它們。 8.When we are in safe and comfort zone，we tend to .A.feel lucky B.go wild with excitement C.spare no effort to change ourselves D.make no attempt to make progress 答案D解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第四段可推知，當(dāng)我們處于安全舒適區(qū)時(shí)，我們往往不會(huì)試圖取得進(jìn)步。9.What does the author advise you to do if you have personal flaws? A.Leave them as they are.B.Make efforts to overcome them.C.Make excuses for them.D.Be patient with ourselves.答案B解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段最后一句及第六段作者舉的自己克服缺乏耐心的缺點(diǎn)的例子可知，如果你有缺點(diǎn)，作者建議你努力克服它們。10.The author supports his view mostly by .A.listing some questions B.telling his own experiences C.analyzing various causes of healthy discontent D.revealing frustrating consequences of healthy discontent 答案B解析寫作手法題。通讀全文可知，作者主要是通過講述自己的經(jīng)歷來支持他的觀點(diǎn)的。題型組合練(十七).單項(xiàng)填空1.Word power section should be taken seriously because of the benefits can have on students vocabulary building.A.this B.thatC.it D.one答案C解析句意為：因?yàn)樵~匯拓展部分對(duì)學(xué)生詞匯積累有好處，它應(yīng)該被認(rèn)真對(duì)待。benefits后是一個(gè)定語從句，從句中省略了關(guān)系代詞that或which，it作從句的主語，指代前文的Word power section，故選C項(xiàng)。2.As Charles Darwin wrote in The Descent of Man，“The highest possible stage in moral culture is we recognize that we ought to control our minds.”A.that B.how C.where D.when答案D解析when為連接副詞，引導(dǎo)表語從句，在從句作時(shí)間狀語。3.However difficult it seems to be，you will make it you put your heart into it.A.so that B.as thoughC.as long as D.in that答案C解析句意為：無論它看起來有多困難，只要你全身心地投入，你就會(huì)成功。so that以便，所以；as though好像，仿佛；as long as只要；in that 因?yàn)椤?.Mr Black had such a wonderful time he travelled all over the country last year.A.when B.that C.which D.as答案A解析句意為：當(dāng)布萊克先生去年游遍全國(guó)各地時(shí)，他度過了非常愉快的時(shí)光。前后文構(gòu)成時(shí)間關(guān)系，而不是因果關(guān)系，排除B項(xiàng)。5.I must have eaten something wrong.I feel like .I told you not to eat at a restaurant.Youd better at homeA.to throw up；to eat B.throwing up；eatingC.to throw up；eat D.throwing up；eat答案D解析feel like想要，后接名詞或動(dòng)名詞；had better最好，后接動(dòng)詞原形。故選項(xiàng)D正確。6.He had been afraid of being slapped down before he entered the office，but it turned out that he was with a smile and a cup of tea.A.granted B.greetedC.guarded D.guaranteed答案B解析句意為：他在進(jìn)入辦公室之前擔(dān)心被批評(píng)，但是結(jié)果迎接他的卻是一個(gè)微笑和一杯茶。根據(jù)句意可知，greet歡迎，迎接，符合語境。grant同意，準(zhǔn)許，承認(rèn)；guard監(jiān)視，守衛(wèi)；guarantee保證，擔(dān)保。7.Journalists are evenly split on whether or not they should interview their personal heroes: Some say you shouldnt because youll find your idol has ，while others argue the opportunity is too good to miss.A.butterflies in his stomachB.a green fingerC.feet of clayD.a wet blanket答案C解析butterflies in ones stomach(某人)感到很緊張；a green finger園藝高手；feet of clay缺陷，弱點(diǎn)；a wet blanket令人掃興的人。由語境“你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)你的偶像有缺點(diǎn)”可知選C。8.Sherry rang to say she was too busy to come.Well，she say that.She is always making excuses.(2017·蘇錫常鎮(zhèn)四市一模，23)A.mustnt B.wouldC.neednt D.should答案B解析句意為：雪莉打電話過來說她很忙不能來了。嗯，她是會(huì)說這種話的。她總是編造借口。would表示某人過去的習(xí)慣，根據(jù)上句中的rang可知是在講發(fā)生在過去的事情。mustnt表示禁止；neednt不需要，不必；should應(yīng)該，居然。根據(jù)題意選B項(xiàng)。9.According to the news report，F(xiàn)rance has decided to expand governments security powers Paris attacks.A.in search of B.in the wake ofC.in memory of D.in the case of答案B解析句意為：根據(jù)新聞報(bào)道，在巴黎恐怖襲擊之后，法國(guó)已決定擴(kuò)充政府的安全力量。in search of尋找；in the wake of隨著，緊跟著；in memory of為了紀(jì)念；in the case of至于，在的情況下。10. ？ Your dog can get jealous when you pay attention to other dogs，other people or even other things.A.Guess what B.How comeC.Whats up D.Why not答案A解析Guess what？你猜怎么著？ How come？怎么會(huì)(那樣)？Whats up？怎么了？出了什么事？Why not？為何不？(用于提出建議)。.閱讀理解A(2018·河?xùn)|區(qū)一模)Most people may think that people who write computer code must be good at math and logical thinking.However，people who write computer code say that creativity is also an important quality for coding.Software developers in the American state of California have created a game called Osmo Coding Jam.The game is designed to help children use the creative side of their minds as they learn to code.Children can play the game on iPads.There are many activities they can do by the game.Tanya Dodge is the mother of two children，nine-year-old Dylan and his 11-year-old sister Meghan，who play the game.According to her，these activities give them important skills for the future.“Its an analytical skill that the kids are going to need to have as they grow up today，” said Dodge.But the developers of Osmo Coding Jam believe writing code should be more than just an analytical skill.“We want to explore the creative side of coding that I think is often not as explored，” said Felix Hu，an Osmo engineer.Hu added，“The coolest part is that were teaching kids how to be creative with code and thats a really important thing that kids should get comfortable with because coding is creative.”Hu also sees a growing number of parents who feel that software code is a second language that children need to learn to succeed in future jobs.Tanya Dodge，the mother of Dylan and Meghan，consents.She said，“I think youre going to have to understand at some point the idea of coding will work well in the future.”Hu also explained that very often kids grow up not understanding how a computer works or just thinking that its like a magical machine.He said by breaking it down to a lower level，kids can understand that the computer isnt as smart as they think it is.11.Osmo Coding Jam is designed for .A.training kids logical thinkingB.helping kids learn to code fastC.helping children learn math wellD.helping kids become more creative答案D解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“The game is designed to help children use the creative side of their minds as they learn to code.”可知，Osmo Coding Jam是為了幫助孩子們?cè)趯W(xué)習(xí)代碼的過程中開發(fā)他們頭腦中創(chuàng)造性的一面，即：使孩子們更具有創(chuàng)造性。故選D。12.What does Tanya Dodge think of Osmo Coding Jam?A.It needs to be improved.B.It is highly addictive for kids.C.It is of great help to todays kids.D.It is imperfect in training kids analytical skill.答案C解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“According to her，these activities give them important skills for the future.Its an analytical skill that the kids are going to need to have as they grow up today，said Dodge.”可知，Dodge認(rèn)為這款游戲能為孩子們的未來提供重要的技能，這是孩子們?cè)诔砷L(zhǎng)過程中需要的一種分析技巧。由此可見她認(rèn)為這款游戲?qū)⒆觽冇泻艽髱椭?。故選C。13.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the text?A.Tanya Dodge agrees that coding is good for children to succeed in future jobs.B.Many parents doubt whether coding will help children work well in the future.C.Creativity is not so important as log