六、推理判斷寫作意圖題(2018·鎮(zhèn)江一模)Most of us are already aware of the direct effect we have on our friends and family.But we rarely consider that everything we think，feel，do，or say can spread far beyond the people we know.Conversely(相反地)，our friends and family serve as conduits(渠道) for us to be influenced by hundreds or even thousands of other people.In a kind of social chain reaction，we can be deeply affected by events we do not witness that happen to people we do not know.As part of a social network，we go beyond ourselves，for good or ill，and become a part of something much larger.Our connectedness carries with it fundamental implications(影響) for the way we understand the human condition.Social networks have value precisely because they can help us to achieve what we could not achieve on our own.Yet，social-network effects are not always positive.Depression，obesity，financial panic，and violence also spread.Social networks，it turns out，tend to magnify(放大) whatever they are seeded with.Partly for this reason，social networks are creative.And what these networks create does not belong to any one individualit is shared by all those in the network.In this way，a social network is like a commonly owned forest：we all stand to benefit from it，but we also must work together to ensure it remains healthy and productive.While social networks are fundamentally and distinctively human，and can be seen everywhere，they should not be taken for granted.If you are happier or richer or healthier than others，it may have a lot to do with where you happen to be in the network，even if you cannot recognize your own location.And it may have a lot to do with the overall structure of the network，even if you cannot control that structure at all.And in some cases，the process feeds back to the network itself.A person with many friends may become rich and then attract even more friends.This rich-get-richer dynamic means social networks can dramatically reinforce two different kinds of inequality in our society：situational inequality and positional inequality.Lawmakers have not yet considered the consequences of positional inequality.Still，understanding the way we are connected is an essential step in creating a more just society and in carrying out public policies affecting everything from public health to the economy.We might be better off vaccinating(接種疫苗) centrally located individuals rather than weak individuals.We might be better off helping interconnected groups of people to avoid criminal behaviour rather than preventing or punishing crimes one at a time.If we want to understand how society works，we need to fill in the missing links between individuals.We need to understand how interconnections and interactions between people give rise to wholly new aspects of human experience that are not present in the individuals themselves.If we do not understand social networks，we cannot hope to fully understand either ourselves or the world we inhabit.1What can be inferred from the first paragraph?AWe cant be easily affected by strangers.BWe are connected and form a social network.CWe have negative effects on other social members.DWe will not make a difference in a specific group.答案B解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段的內(nèi)容，尤其是最后一句可知，人與人之間是相互聯(lián)系相互影響的，從而形成一個社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)。2Why is a social network like a commonly owned forest?ABecause it remains healthy and productive.BBecause it tends to magnify negative things.CBecause it is creative and shared by people in the whole society.DBecause what it creates can be enjoyed by everyone in the network.答案D解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第二句可知，這種網(wǎng)絡(luò)創(chuàng)造出來的產(chǎn)品并不屬于任何個人，而是整個網(wǎng)絡(luò)里面的人所共享的。3We can learn from Paragraph 4 that .Awhether we are richer depends on the number of friends we makeBthe wealth we possess has nothing to do with individual continuous effortsCsometimes our success may be largely due to our position in social networksDwe wont succeed unless we fully control the overall structure of the network答案C解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段第一句可知，我們的成功與我們在社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)中所處的位置有很大的關(guān)系。4Whats the authors purpose of writing the passage?ATo introduce the characteristics of social networks.BTo urge people to understand how our society works.CTo show the significance of understanding social networks.DTo explain the possible consequences of ignoring social networks.答案C解析寫作意圖題。根據(jù)最后一段最后一句“If we do not understand social networks，we cannot hope to fully understand either ourselves or the world we inhabit.”可知，文章旨在表明社會關(guān)系網(wǎng)的重要性。一、題型解讀各種話題的閱讀材料都可能考查寫作意圖/目的題。設(shè)問形式常有：1整篇文章的寫作意圖/目的：(1)The author writes this passage in order to .(2)The author of the passage aims to .(3)The purpose of the passage is to .(4)What is the main purpose of the passage?(5)What is the authors intention of writing this passage?(6)The author of the story wants to tell us that .2某處細(xì)節(jié)的寫作意圖/目的：(1)The author uses.in the first paragraph to .(2)The author uses the example of.to .(3)The author writes the last paragraph in order to .(4)Why does the author mention.in the first paragraph?二、解題技巧1文體特點推意圖(1)記敘文：一般會在首段或尾段出現(xiàn)高度概括的總結(jié)性的語言，且往往有一定的哲理性，所有的敘述都是圍繞該哲理展開。(2)廣告類應(yīng)用文：文章中有對某種物品或服務(wù)的詳盡介紹，使用具有明顯支持傾向的語言。(3)說明文：寫作目的有賴于對文章主旨的把握，閱讀時需要找準(zhǔn)主題句。(4)議論文：提出論點進(jìn)行論證得出結(jié)論，作者的意圖往往隱含于最后一部分中。2看寫作手法找答案(1)在文章開頭提出問題或介紹與主題有關(guān)的其他事物時答案中往往會含有to bring in/to introduce the topic等字眼。(2)舉例或引用某人的話時答案中往往會含有to support/to show.例如：【感悟體會】中的第4題，文章為議論文，文章先提出論點，再進(jìn)行論證，最后得出結(jié)論，因此通過最后一段所給信息可知文章旨在表明社會關(guān)系的重要性。A(2018·湖南第二次聯(lián)考)In my very first job with some 1archaeologists，I wasnt digging objects out of the ground，instead I was employed as an artist，drawing what they found.However，I was soon more interested in the stories behind the objects than in drawing them and thats how my career in archaeology started.I still draw what I find in my work as a specialist on the Silk Road，the old trade route running from Egypt to Mongolia，and I also work on some underwater projects too.In archaeology，my all-time hero is an American called Raphael Pumpelly.I first heard about him when I was a student on a trip to Turkmenistan，a country right in the heart of Asia.To get around the country，I had to learn Russian so that I could speak to the local people.When I got there I thought，“Wow! Im one of the first Americans here！” Then an old man told me about an American archaeologist，Raphael Pumpelly，who was there doing the same thing over 100 years ago.Archaeologys in my family.My wifes in the same 2profession，and，although our two boys arent interested in the future in archaeology themselves，weve been on some great digs together and they love what we do because they get to travel with us.Last summer，we took them to Lake Titicaca in South America，in the high areas of the Andes mountain range.My best experience was when I was digging on the Egyptian Red Sea coast.Theres very little rain and its so dry that everything is kept as it was.In an old house，where the owner used to store goods from the ships that came in，I picked up a 700-year-old mat in front of the house and there，under it，after all that time，was the house key with the owners name carved on it.It felt like he could be on his way home any minute! And I thought，“Hey，I do just that.This mans not much different to me！”語篇解讀作者在文章中介紹了自己喜歡做考古學(xué)家的原因，并講述了自己在各地考古的經(jīng)歷和感受。1While working in Egypt，what did the writer find so interesting?AThat people from different centuries could be so similar.BThe fact that the doormat was in such good condition.CThe way the people managed to live in such a dry place.DThat there had been so much trade in that area.答案A解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中的“My best experience was when I was digging on the Egyptian Red Sea coast.”和此段最后一句可知，作者看見了地墊下的鑰匙，感覺700年前的那個人就在回家的路上，感覺彼此沒有什么不同。故選A。2Which 3entry will the writer probably make in his diary?ATurkmenistan is interesting.Im the first American to come here but Im glad this is my last trip away.BI have been diving today and found some objects for an exhibition.Ive just finished drawing them for my records.CI wish my children werent more interested in archaeology and would not work hard in the open like their parents.DIts nearly dark but Raphaels still busy digging in that old house.He can be very annoying.He thinks hes the most important person here.答案B解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句可知，作者從事畫圖工作，還從事水下工作。B項與畫圖和水下工作有關(guān)，故選B。3What is the writers main purpose in writing the text?ATo describe the life of an archaeologist he admires.BTo persuade people to take up archaeology as a career.CTo explain what he enjoys about being an archaeologist.DTo show how archaeologists work.答案C解析寫作意圖題。根據(jù)第一段中的“I was soon more interested in the stories behind the objects than in drawing them”可知，作者在文中解釋了自己喜歡做考古學(xué)家的原因，故選C。BStained glass(彩色玻璃) artists create different designs by making cuts on the glass to “score” it and then breaking off the pattern that they want to use in the finished product.The most difficult cut in stained glass is called an inside cut.Basically，its a curved(彎曲的) line where you throw away the part inside of the curve.The problem with inside cuts is that the edges of the curve tend to break off when the pieces of scored glass are broken apart.As the artist talked about inside cuts，he said，“The glass will break into pieces if you try to cut too much off at once.The best way to do an inside cut is to 7slice off smaller curves piece-by-piece.In fact，its not just the best way to do it，but its the only way to do it.”How many times do you try to make a big change and cut the entire piece at once? We convince ourselves that we can do this all the time.Well 4commit to 5transforming our diet overnight or we get inspired to launch a business in a weekend or we finally get motivated to work out and push ourselves to the edge of burning out.Why not approach your goals and dreams like a stained glass artist? Starting by slicing a shallow curve and breaking a small piece off，you cut a slightly deeper curve and break that off until you have your full inside cut.By slowly cutting deeper and deeper curves，you prevent the glass from breaking as it changes shape.Of course，change isnt easyno matter how you do it.Slow gains are boring，but if we keep making small improvements，then pretty soon we will end up with a beautiful masterpiece on our hands instead of a bunch of broken pieces.語篇解讀本文是一篇議論文。作者通過講述玻璃藝術(shù)家切割玻璃的方式慢慢地切割不造成玻璃破碎告訴讀者生活中我們也應(yīng)該一點點取得進(jìn)步，最后達(dá)成目標(biāo)，獲得成功。4Why is an inside cut believed to be most difficult?AIt needs a one-and-only design.BIt 6calls for nothing but inspiration.CThe edges of the curve break easily.DThe glass inside the curve is easily broken.答案C解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句可知，內(nèi)部切割的問題在于，當(dāng)劃過的玻璃裂開的時候，曲線的邊緣往往會折斷。故選C。5What mistakes are easily made according to Paragraph 3?ABeing too eager to make improvements.BBeing too worried about the final outcome.CTrying to make a complete change all at once.DDeveloping to focus on progress instead of achievements.答案C解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段前兩句可知，我們很容易犯的錯誤是試圖一次就做出徹底的改變。故選C。6What does the author suggest by saying “slicing a shallow curve”？AMoving forward with a clear aim.BStarting slow and improving little by little.CDeveloping a new habit with great determination.DHandling something major first and ignoring the minor part.答案B解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)上文“Why not approach your goals and dreams like a stained glass artist？”可推斷，作者建議人們要像一個彩色玻璃藝術(shù)家一樣接近目標(biāo)和夢想。結(jié)合第一、二段的講述可推斷，畫線句的意思是：慢慢開始，一點點進(jìn)步，每次一小塊，逐漸稍微大一點直到完全切開整個里面。故選B。7What is the authors purpose in writing the text?ATo show his love for stained glass.BTo introduce the skill of an inside cut.CTo appreciate designs of stained glass artists.DTo share his opinions on how to make a change.答案D解析寫作目的題?？v觀全文可知，最后一段點明了作者的觀點：改變不容易，如果保持小的進(jìn)步，很快我們會完成我們的杰作而不是滿地碎片。因此推斷本文的寫作目的是為了分享他關(guān)于如何做出改變的觀點。故選D。.障礙詞匯突破(一)閱讀下列句子，并根據(jù)句意猜測畫線部分的意思1The archaeologist has to get special permission to open up the grave.考古學(xué)家2Although I like singing，I still dont treat it as my life-long profession.職業(yè)3Because there are several files，you need an entry for each one.條目4The president is committed to reforming health care.承諾(二)同義詞語替換5They transformed the basement into a reading room.changed6To be a nurse calls for endurance and patience.needs(三)一詞多義7slice n片，切片，薄片；一份；vt.切下；把分成部分；將切成薄片(1)Try to eat at least four slices of bread a day.薄片(2)Fiction takes up a large slice of the publishing market.一份(3)Slice up the onions and add them to the meat.將切成薄片.長難句理解1In an old house，where the owner used to store goods from the ships that came in，I picked up a 700-year-old mat in front of the house and there，under it，after all that time，was the house key with the owners name carved on it.句式分析本句話是一個并列復(fù)合句，and前的句子的主干部分是簡單句的主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)；In an old house，where the owner used to store goods from the ships that came in，為地點狀語，其中where the owner used to store goods from the ships that came in為定語從句，修飾house；that came in為定語從句，修飾the ships；and后的句子是一個完全倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，調(diào)整為正常順序后為the house key was there，under it；with the owners name carved on it是with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，在此處作定語，修飾the house key。精美譯文在一座舊房子里，它的主人過去常在這兒存放從海上運來的貨物，在這座舊房子里的前面，我撿起了一個有700年歷史的墊子，就是在那，在墊子的下面，過了那么多年，放著上面刻著主人姓名的房子鑰匙。2Slow gains are boring，but if we keep making small improvements，then pretty soon we will end up with a beautiful masterpiece on our hands instead of a bunch of broken pieces.句式分析本句話是一個并列復(fù)合句，but前的句子的主干部分是簡單句的主系表結(jié)構(gòu)；后面是復(fù)合句，含有條件狀語從句。精美譯文慢慢地收獲是令人厭煩的，但是如果我們連續(xù)不斷地取得進(jìn)步，那么很快在我們手上就會出現(xiàn)一個美麗的杰作而不是一堆碎片。專題強(qiáng)化練(二十一).單項填空1No one was hurt in the accident，and we all breathed a sigh of .(2018·宿遷高一期中)Arelief BsurpriseCembarrassment Ddisappointment答案A解析句意為：在事故中沒人受傷，我們都寬慰地松了一口氣。relief輕松，寬慰；surprise驚奇；embarrassment尷尬；disappointment失望。根據(jù)句意，故選A項。2Last month，part of Britain was struck by snowstorms，from effects most passengers in Heathrow were suffering a lot，especially those with children.Awhich. BwhatCthat Dwhose答案D解析句意為：上個月，英國的一部分地區(qū)遭到了暴風(fēng)雪的襲擊，在Heathrow的大多數(shù)乘客都深受其苦，特別是那些有孩子的人。此處snowstorms是先行詞，與effects有所屬關(guān)系，故用whose引導(dǎo)定語從句，whose在從句中作定語，故答案為D。3I wonder what makes you a good salesperson.I as a waiter for three years，which contributes a lot to my todays work.Aserve Bhave servedChad served Dserved答案D解析句意為：我想知道什么使你成為一個優(yōu)秀的銷售員。我當(dāng)過三年的服務(wù)員，這對我現(xiàn)在的工作有很大幫助。根據(jù)句意，回答者現(xiàn)在是一名優(yōu)秀的銷售員，做服務(wù)員的三年發(fā)生在過去，所以用一般過去時。故選D。4It was already late，so when I came to the street，there was nobody .Ain advance Bin turnCin return Din sight答案D解析 句意為：天早已經(jīng)晚了，當(dāng)我到街上的時候，看不見任何人。in advance 預(yù)先，提前； in turn 輪流；in return 作為回報；in sight 看得見。根據(jù)句意，故選D項。5How long do you expect it before the African can keep the disease under control?As soon as possible.Ais Bhas beenCwill be Dwill have been答案C解析句意為：你預(yù)料要過多久之后非洲人才能控制住這一疾病？盡快。固定句式：It will be 一段時間before.，多久之后才會，并由答句“As soon as possible.”可知句子用一般將來時態(tài)。故選C。6Next door to ours ，who seem to have settled in this community for quite a long time.Aare living a black coupleBlive a black coupleCare a black couple livingDdo a black couple live答案B解析表示地點的狀語Next door to ours置于句首，且主語為名詞“a black couple”，所以句子要用完全倒裝，完全倒裝一般不出現(xiàn)進(jìn)行時態(tài)，故選B項。句意為：我們隔壁住著一對黑人夫婦，他們似乎已經(jīng)在這個社區(qū)定居很久了。故選B。7Look at the noisy kids!Havent you heard the saying “ ”？ATheres plenty of fish in the seaBAll that glitters is not goldCWhen the cat is away，the mice will playDA bird in the hand is worth two in the bush答案C解析Theres plenty of fish in the sea天涯何處無芳草；All that glitters is not gold閃光的未必都是金子；When the cat is away，the mice will play山中無老虎，猴子稱霸王；A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush雙鳥在林不如一鳥在手。句意為：看這些吵鬧的孩子。你沒聽說過“山中無老虎，猴子稱霸王”嗎？根據(jù)句意可知選C。8 fired，your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.AWould you beBShould you beCCould you beDMight you be答案B解析句意為：你如果被解雇了，你的醫(yī)療保險和其他的利益不會被立刻取消。本題考查了虛擬語氣的倒裝。如果虛擬語氣的條件從句中的謂語動詞中含有were，had，should；有時可將if省去，而將條件從句的主語置于were，had，should之后，構(gòu)成倒裝。故選B。9How would you like if you were watching your favorite TV program and someone came into the room and just shut it off without asking you?Athem BoneCthose Dit答案D解析句意為：如果你正在看最喜愛的電視節(jié)目，這時有人進(jìn)來沒有征求你的意見就把電視關(guān)了，你會怎么想？固定表達(dá)how would you like it if.，在此結(jié)構(gòu)中it代替后面if從句的內(nèi)容。10After a long vacation，Mike came back .Afreshly and stronglyBbeing fresh and strongCfresh and strongDto be fresh and strong答案C解析句意為：長假后，麥克回來時精力充沛。作主語補足語，對主語補充說明或?qū)χ髡Z狀態(tài)的描述用形容詞。副詞是對動詞的修飾，“精力充沛”是對人而言的，不是對動作“came back”而言的，所以A項錯誤。.閱讀理解AEl Niño，a Spanish term for “the Christ child，” was named by South American fishermen who noticed that the global weather pattern，which happens every two to seven years，reduced the amount of fishes caught around Christmas.El Niño sees warm water，collected over several years in the western Pacific，flow back eastwards when winds that normally blow westwards weaken，or sometimes the other way round.The weather effects，both good and bad，are felt in many places.Rich countries gain more from powerful Niños，on balance，than they lose.A study found that a strong Niño in 1997-98 helped Americas economy grow by 15 billion，partly because of better agricultural harvests：farmers in the Midwest gained from extra rain.The total rise in agricultural incomes in rich countries is greater than the fall in poor ones.But in Indonesia extremely dry forests are in flames.A multi-year drought(干旱) in south-east Brazil is becoming worse.Though heavy rains brought about by El Niño may relieve the drought in California，they are likely to cause surface flooding and other disasters.The most recent powerful Niño，in 1997-98，killed around 21,000 people and caused damage worth 36 billion around the globe.But such Niños come with months of warning，and so much is known about how they happen that governments can prepare.According to the Overseas Development Institute (ODI)，however，just 12% of disaster-relief funding in the past two decades has gone on reducing risks in advance，rather than recovery and rebuilding afterwards.This is despite evidence that a dollar spent on risk-reduction saves at least two on reconstruction.Simple improvements to infrastructure(基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施) can reduce the spread of disease.Better sewers(下水道) make it less likely that heavy rain is followed by an outbreak of the disease of bad stomach.Stronger bridges mean villages are less likely to be left without food and medicine after floods.According to a paper in 2011 by Mr Hsiang and co-authors，civil conflict is related to El Niños harmful effectsand the poorer the country，the stronger the link.Though the relationship may not be causal，helping divided communities to prepare for disasters would at least reduce the risk that those disasters are followed by killing and wounding people.Since the poorest are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters linked to El Niño，reducing their losses needs to be the priority.語篇解讀本文是一篇科普說明文。主要介紹的是厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象名字的得來、影響、危害等相關(guān)情況，希望人們對厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生做好充分的準(zhǔn)備，以減少損失。11What can we learn about El Niño in Paragraph 1?AIt is named after a South American fisherman.BIt takes place almost every year all over the world.CIt forces fishermen to stop catching fish around Christmas.DIt sees the changes of water flow direction in the ocean.答案D解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句可知，在海洋厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象發(fā)生時會有洋流的變化。12What may El Niños bring about to the countries affected?AAgricultural harvests in rich countries fall.BDroughts become more harmful than floods.CRich countries gains are greater than their losses.DPoor countries suffer less from droughts economically.答案C解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第二句“Rich countries gain more from powerful Niños，on balance，than they lose.”可知，富裕國家因厄爾尼諾得到的東西要比它們失去的多。13The data provided by ODI in Paragraph 4 suggest that .Amore investment should go to risk reductionBgover