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1、 Unit 1 A Land of Diversity Section IV Grammar 學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)：熟記虛擬語氣中與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的if 條件句及I wish 加從句的用法。 學(xué)習(xí)重點(diǎn)：熟記并理解虛擬語氣，并能正確完成練習(xí)題。 學(xué)習(xí)難點(diǎn)：學(xué)以致用，在文章中會使用虛擬語氣。 學(xué)習(xí)過程 生命課堂—互動探究 語法知識—預(yù)習(xí)探究 名詞性從句 在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞性從句 (Noun Clauses)。 名詞性從句的功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組, 它在復(fù)合句中能擔(dān)任主語、賓語、表語、同位語等，因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語法功能，名詞性從句又可分別稱為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和

2、同位語從句。 一、引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞可分為三類： 連接詞：that, whether, if (不充當(dāng)從句的任何成分 連接代詞：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which, whichever 連接副詞：when, where, how, why, wherever 不可省略的連詞： 1. 介詞后的連詞 2. 引導(dǎo)主語從句和同位語從句的連詞不可省略。 That she was chosen made us very happy. We heard the news that our team had won. 比較：

3、whether與if 均為"是否"的意思。但在下列情況下，whether 不能被if 取代： 1. whether引導(dǎo)主語從句并在句首 2. 引導(dǎo)表語從句 3. whether從句作介詞賓語 4. 從句后有"or not" Whether he will come is not clear. 大部分連接詞引導(dǎo)的主語從句都可以置于句末，用 it充當(dāng)形式主語。 It is not important who will go. It is still unknown which team will win the match. 二、連接詞that-名詞性從句 1、that只起

4、連接主句和從句的作用，在從句中不擔(dān)任任何成分，本身也沒有詞義。主語從句：That he is still alive is sheer luck. 賓語從句：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.　 表語從句：The fact is that he has not been seen recently.　　　 同位語從句：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office. 形容詞賓語：I am glad that

5、you are satisfied with your job. 2、that-從句作主語通常用it作先行詞，而將that-從句置于句末，例如： It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.　 It's a pity that you should have to leave.　 用it作形式主語的that-從句有以下四種不同的搭配關(guān)系： A. It + be +形容詞+ that-從句 　It is necessary that…　　　 有必要…… 　It is important that…　　　

6、 重要的是…… 　It is obvious that…　　　　 很明顯…… B. It + be + -ed 分詞+ that-從句 　It is believed that…　　　　　人們相信…… 　It is known to all that…　　　從所周知…… 　It has been decided that…　　 已決定…… C. It + be +名詞+ that-從句 　It is common knowledge that…　 ……是常識 　It is a surprise that…　　 令人驚奇的是…… 　It is a fact that…　　　　

7、事實(shí)是…… D. It +不及物動詞+ that-分句 It appears that…　　　　　　似乎…… 　It happens that…　　　　　　碰巧…… 　It occurred to me that…　　 我突然想起…… 三、wh-疑問詞引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句 1、wh-疑問詞包括who, whom,. whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等連接代詞和where, when, how, why, whether等連接副詞。wh-從句的語法功能除了和that-從句一樣外，還可充當(dāng)介詞賓語、賓語補(bǔ)足語和間接賓語等，

8、例如： 主語從句： How the book will sell depends on its author.　 直接賓語：In one's own home one can do what one likes.　 間接賓語：The club will give whoever wins a prize.　 表語從句： My question is who will take over president of the Foundation. 賓語補(bǔ)足語：She will name him whatever she wants to. 同位語從句：I have no idea w

9、hen he will return.　 形容詞賓語：I'm not sure why she refused their invitation.　 介詞賓語：　That depends on where we shall go.　 2、wh-從句作主語也常用先行詞it做形式主語，而將wh-從句置于句末，例如： It is not yet decided who will do that job.　 It remains unknown when they are going to get married. 四、if 和whether引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句 1）yes-no型疑問從句

10、 從屬連詞if, whether引導(dǎo)的名詞從句是由一般疑問句或選擇疑問轉(zhuǎn)化而來的，因此也分別被稱為yes-no型疑問句從句和選擇型疑問從句，其功能和wh-從句的功能相同， 例如： 主語從句：Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved. 賓語從句：Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday.　 表語從句：The point is whether we should lend him the money.　 同位語從句：They are inve

11、stigating the question whether the man is trustworthy.　 形容詞賓語： She's doubtful whether we shall be able to come.　 介詞賓語： I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness.　　 2）選擇性疑問從句 選擇性疑問從句由關(guān)聯(lián)詞if/whether…or或whether…or not構(gòu)成，例如： Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or D

12、anish. I don't care whether you like the plan or not. 五、否定轉(zhuǎn)移 1) 將think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等動詞后面賓語從句的否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句中，即主句的謂語動詞用否定式，而從句的謂語動詞用肯定式。 I don't think I know you.　 I don' t believe he will come.　 注意：若謂語動詞為hope,賓語從句中的否定詞不能轉(zhuǎn)移。 I hope you weren't ill. 2) 將seem, appear 等后

13、的從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移到前面。 It doesn't seem that they know where to go. It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow. 3) 有時(shí)將動名詞，介詞短語或整個從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閷χ^語動詞的否定。 I don't remember having ever seen such a man.　 (not否定動名詞短語 having…) It's not a place where anyone would expect to see strange characters on the st

14、reet. (anyone 作主語，從句中的謂語動詞不能用否定形式。) 4) 有時(shí)狀語或狀語從句中否定可以轉(zhuǎn)移到謂語動詞前。 The ant is not gathering this for itself alone.　(否定狀語)　 He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so. (否定because狀語) She had not been married many weeks when that man's younger brother saw her and was struck b

15、y her beauty.　(否定狀語many weeks) 01. I want to be liked and loved for I am inside. 02. Part of the reason Charles Dickens loved his own novel, David Copperfield, was _____ it was rather closely modeled on his own life. 03. some people regard as a drawback is seen as a pl

16、us by many others. 04. We haven’t discussed yet we are going to place our new furniture. 05. --have you finished the book？ --No. I’ve read up to _____ the children discover the secret cave. 06. Tina has hesitation about the job offer as she did not know the company was an establ

17、ished one. 07. There is no obvious evidence there is life on any other planet in the solar system. 08. One reason for her preference for city life is she can have easy access to places like shops and restaurants. 09. As a new graduate, he doesn’t know it takes to start a

18、 business here. 10. To improve the quality of our products, we asked for suggestions ____ had used the products. 11. Before the sales start, I make a list of ______ my kids will need for the coming season. 12. How much one enjoys himself traveling depends largely on he goes with, whether

19、 his friends or relatives. 13. --I prefer shutting myself in and listening to music all day on Sundays. --That’s _____ I don’t agree. You should have a more active life. 14. We should respect food and think about the people who don’t have we have here and treat food nicely. 15. Cindy sh

20、ut the door heavily and burst into tears. No one in the office knew ____ she was so angry. 16. --How about camping this weekend, just for a change? --OK, _____ you want. 17. It is uncertain _____ side effect the medicine will bring about, although about two thousand patients have taken it

21、. 18. --It’s no use having ideas only. --Don’t worry. Peter can show you _____ to turn an idea into an act. 19. It never occurred to me _____ you could succeed in persuading him to change his mind. 1. what 2. that 3. what 4. where 5. where 6. whether 7. that 8. that 9. what 10. whoever 11. what 12. who 13. where 14. what 15. why 16. whatever 17. what 18. how 19. that 5