喜歡就充值下載吧。。資源目錄里展示的文件全都有，，請(qǐng)放心下載，，有疑問咨詢QQ:414951605或者1304139763 ======================== 喜歡就充值下載吧。。資源目錄里展示的文件全都有，，請(qǐng)放心下載，，有疑問咨詢QQ:414951605或者1304139763 ======================== ? Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 21 (2007) 10181027 Journal of MechanicalScience andTechnology Control of Two-Axis Pneumatic Artificial Muscle Manipulator with a New Phase Plane Switching Control Method TU Diep Cong Thanhb, Kyoung Kwan AHNa,* a School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, University of Ulsan, Korea b Mechatronics Department, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, Viet Nam (Manuscript Received September 25, 2006; Revised April 24, 2007; Accepted April 24 2007) - Abstract The use of robots in rehabilitation has become an issue of increasing importance because of the requirement of functional recovery therapy for limbs. A novel pneumatic artificial muscle (PAM) actuator which has achieved increased popularity for providing safety and mobility assistance to humans performing tasks, as well as providing another advantages such as high strength and power/weight ratio, low cost, compactness, ease of maintenance, cleanliness, readily available, cheap power source, and so on has been considered during the recent decades for use in a therapy robot, which in particular requires a high level of safety. However, some limitations still exist, such as air compressibility and the lack of damping ability of the actuator to bring the dynamic delay of the pressure response and cause the oscillatory motion. In addition, to aid rehabilitation more efficiently, the robot should adjust its impedance parameters according to the physical condition of the patient. For this purpose, the manipulator join is equipped with a Magneto-Rheological Brake (MRB). A new phase plane switching control method using MRB is proposed for tracking sinusoidal waveforms. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated through an experiment using a fabricated two-axis PAM manipulator. The experiment proves that the stability of the manipulator could be greatly improved using a high gain control without regard to the change of the frequencies of the reference input and the external load condition, and without decreasing the response speed or lowering the stiffness of PAM manipulator.? Keywords: Pneumatic artificial muscle; Phase plane switching control; Manipulator; Magneto-rheological brake - 1. Introduction The number of people requiring rehabilitation due to bone fracture or joint disease caused by traffic accidents and cerebral apoplexy, and for functional motor problems due to advanced age, numbers several hundreds of thousands worldwide. The application of robotics to rehabilitation is thus of great concern. Functional recovery therapy is normally carried out by medical therapists on a person-to-person basis, but automatic equipment has been put to practical use in physical therapy programs that repeat relatively simple operations, such as a continuous passive motion machine, a walking training device, and a torque machine used for a single axis (Doi, 1993; Fujie et al., 1994; Fujie et al., 1995). This research deals with functional recovery therapy, one important aspect of physical rehabilitation. Single-joint therapy machines have already been created (Ahn and Thanh, 2004; 2005a; 2005b). However, multi-joint robots are necessary to achieve more realistic motion patterns, and hence are necessary for more efficient therapy. This kind of robot must have a high level of safety for human use. The PAM mani-pulator has been used to construct a therapy robot with two degrees of freedom (DOF). A 2-DOF robot for functional recovery therapy driven by pneumatic *Corresponding author. Tel.: +82 52 259 2282, Fax.: +82 52 259 1680E-mail address: kkahnulsan.ac.kr TU Diep Cong Thanh and Kyoung Kwan AHN / Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 21(2007) 10181027 1019 muscle was developed by Zobel (Zobel et al., 1999) and Raparelli (Raparelli et al., 2001; 2003) artificial muscle actuators for biorobotic systems by Klute (Klute et al., 1999; 2000; 2002; 2003) a pneumatic muscle hand therapy device by Koeneman (Koene-man et al., 2004) and a human-friendly therapy robot (Thanh and Ahn, 2006a). However, some limitations still exist, such as the air compressibility and the lack of damping ability of the actuator to bring the dynamic delay of the pressure response, causing oscillatory motion. In addition, to execute reha-bilitation more efficiently, the robot must adjust its impedance parameters according to the physical condition of the patient. For this purpose, a new technology, an electro-rheological fluid damper (ER Damper), has been applied to the PAM manipulator. Noritsugu and his team used an ER damper to improve the control performance of the PAM manipulator with a PI controller and pulse code-modulated on-off valves (Noritsugu et al., 1994). By separating the region where the damper produces a damping torque to reconcile both damping and response speed under high gain control, the results show that the ER damper is an effective method for use in a practically available, human-friendly robot using the PAM manipulator. Moreover, position control is improved without a decrease in response speed. However, some limitations hamper the technology, since ER Fluid (ERF) requires extremely high control voltage (kV), which is problematic, and in particular, potentially dangerous, only operates in a narrow temperature range (and one unsuitable for PAM manipulators), and exhibits nonlinear charac-teristics. Because ERF has many unacceptable dis-advantages, magneto-rheological fluid (MRF) has been considered an attractive alternative for the advantages listed in Table 1, and has been recently used in human-friendly therapy robots (Thanh and Ahn, 2006b). Though these systems were successful in addressing smooth actuator motion response to step inputs, assuming that two axes PAM manipulator is utilized in therapy robot in the future, which is the final goal of our research, it is necessary to realize fast response, even if the external inertia load changes severely with sinusoidal response without regard to the various frequencies. Therefore, to realize satisfactory control perfor-mance, a MRB is equipped to the joint of the mani-pulator. A phase plane switching control method using a MRB is proposed for the case of tracking sinusoidal waveforms, and the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm will be demonstrated through the experi-ments involving a two-axis PAM manipulator. The experiments show that the stability of the manipulator could be greatly improved under a high gain control without regard to variations of the frequencies re-ference and external load conditions, and without decreasing the response speed and low stiffness of the two-axis PAM manipulator. 2. Experimental setup 2.1 Experimental apparatus The schematic diagram of the two-axis pneumatic artificial muscle manipulator is shown in Fig. 1. The Table 1. Comparison of rheological fluids. Magneto-Rheological Fluid Electro-Rheological Fluid Max. Yield Stress50 100 kPa 2 5 kPa Viscosity 0.1 1.0 Pa-s 0.1 1.0 Pa-s Operable Temp. Range -40 to + 150 oC +10 to + 90 oC (ionic, DC) -25 to + 125 oC (non-ionic, AC) Stability Unaffected by most impurities Cannot tolerate impurities Response Time milliseconds milliseconds Density 3 4 g/cm3 1 2 g/cm3 Max. Energy Density 0.1 Joule/cm3 0.001 Joule/cm3 Power Supply2 25 V 1 2 A (2 50 watts) 2 25 KV 1 10 mA(2 50 watts) Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of two axes pneumatic artificial muscle manipulator. 1020 TU Diep Cong Thanh and Kyoung Kwan AHN / Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 21(2007) 10181027 Fig. 2. Working principle of the pneumatic artificial muscle manipulator. Fig. 3. Photograph of the experimental apparatus. Fig. 4. Construction of MRB. the pressure difference between the antagonistic artificial muscles and the external load is rotated as a (a) (b) Fig. 5. Characteristics of MRB. Table 2. Experimental hardware. No.Name Model name Company 1Proportional valveMPYE-5-1/8HF- 710 B Festo 2Magneto-Rheological Rotary Brake MRB-2107-3 Rotary Brake Lord 3Pneumatic artificial muscle MAS-10-N-220-AA-MCFK Festo 4D/A board PCI 1720 Advantech 5Wonder Box Device Controller Kit RD-3002-03 Lord 6Rotary encoder H40-8-3600ZO Metronix 724-bit digital counter board PCL 833 Advantech result in Fig. 2. The joint angles, 1 and 2, were measured with a rotary encoder (METRONIX, S48-8-3600ZO) and fed back to the computer through a 24-bit digital counter board (Advantech, PCL 833). The external inertia load could be varied from 20 kgfcm2 to 40 kgfcm2, a 200 % change with respect to the minimum inertia load condition; various frequencies of reference input (sinusoidal) waveform are considered. The experiments are TU Diep Cong Thanh and Kyoung Kwan AHN / Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 21(2007) 10181027 1021 conducted under an ambient pressure of 0.4 MPa and all control software is coded in C program language. A photograph of the experimental apparatus is shown in Fig. 3. 2.2 Characteristics of MRB The design of the MRB is shown in Fig. 4. The rotor is fixed to the shaft, which can rotate relative to the housing. The gap between the rotor and housing is filled with MRF. The braking torque of the MRB can be controlled by the electric current in its coil. The apparent viscosity of the MRF is changed within a few milliseconds of the application of a magnetic field, and returns to its normal viscosity in the absence of a magnetic field. The following experiments are performed to investigate the characteristics of MRB; measurement data is reported in Fig. 5 and Table 3. The MRB is connected with a torque transducer and a servomotor in series. In the experiments, the rotational speed is varied from 100 rpm to 1000 rpm and the applied current from 0 A to 1 A. These ranges are used because the response of the system does not reach 1000 rpm and the maximum current applied for MRB is 1 A. Figure 5 shows the damping torque with respect to the change of the input current (a) and rotational speed (b) of MR Brake. From Fig. 5, it is clear that the damping torque of MRB is independent of rotational speed and almost proportional to input current. Thus, Eq. (1) for inputs current I and dam-ping torque Tb Table 3. Measurement data of MRB. W / I 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.80.91 100 0.28 0.81 1.33 1.87 2.44 2.93 3.51 4.03 4.5 5.11 5.57200 0.31 0.82 1.33 1.92 2.4 2.96 3.57 3.99 4.54 5.12 5.67300 0.3 0.81 1.36 1.89 2.48 2.99 3.54 4.03 4.55 5.13 5.58400 0.31 0.82 1.35 1.94 2.46 2.98 3.55 4.05 4.59 5.05 5.62500 0.31 0.83 1.37 1.87 2.4 2.99 3.55 4.08 4.61 5.06 5.58600 0.3 0.83 1.36 1.87 2.48 3 3.53 4.05 4.54 5.06 5.55700 0.28 0.86 1.37 1.9 2.46 3.01 3.54 4.03 4.55 5.04 5.55800 0.29 0.86 1.37 1.9 2.44 3.05 3.54 4.08 4.59 5.04 5.58900 0.29 0.89 1.41 1.92 2.53 3.05 3.57 4.11 4.58 5.01 5.611000 0.29 0.89 1.44 1.93 2.53 3.04 3.57 4.14 4.61 5.03 5.59W: Rotational Speed rpm I: Current Applied A ( )bTf IabI=+ (1) Here, a and b are constants determined using characteristic MRB response curve. 3. Control system 3.1 Position control system To control this PAM manipulator, a conventional PID control algorithm is used as the basic controller in this research. The controller output can be expressed in the time domain as follows: 0( )( )( )( )tpppdiKde tu tK e te t dtK TTdt=+? (2) Taking the Laplace transform of (2) yields ( )( )( )( )pppdiKU sK E sE sK T sE sTs=+ (3) The resulting transfer function of the PID controller is: ( )11( )pdiU sKT sE sTs?=+? (4) A typical real-time implementation at sampling sequence k can be expressed as follows: ( )( )(1)( )( )(1)ppipdK Tu kK e ku ke kTe ke kK TT=+ (5) where u(k) and e(k) are the control input to the control valve and the error between the desired set point and the output of joint, respectively. In addition, using an MRB is an effective way to improve the control performance of the PAM manipulator by reconciling both the damping and response speed (because it works in only the regions where the acceleration or deceleration is too high). Here, s is Laplace variable, Ta is the torque produced by the manipulator, Tc is constant torque, KED determines the gain for the torque proportional to the angular speed ?, and Vc is a control voltage of source calculated from Eq. (1) to produce Tc. The 1022 TU Diep Cong Thanh and Kyoung Kwan AHN / Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 21(2007) 10181027 direction of the damping torque is opposite to the direction of rotation of the arm. Therefore, Eq. (6) below indicates that the damper produces a damping torque Tb. ()( )bEDcTKTsign=+? (6) The structure of the proposed phase plane switching control method is shown in Fig. 6. 3.2 Conventional phase plane switching control method Figure 7 shows the conventional phase plane switching control method. In the region in which the joint angle of the arm approaches to the desired angle, ab, cd, in Fig. 7(a), the current is not applied, whereas in the region (the diagonally shaded areas) bc, de, the current is applied to improve the damping performance for faster convergence to the desired angle. Though the system successfully responds smoothly to step inputs, its quality degrades (and response lengthens) due to sinusoidal waveform reference input of uncontrollable points (c, e and so on). In addition, assuming that two-axis PAM mani-pulators are utilized in future therapy robots (the final goal of our research), it is necessary to realize a fast response, even if the external inertia load changes severely with sinusoidal response, and one that is independent of frequency over the occurring fre-quency range. 3.3 Proposition of new concept of phase plane switching control algorithm The damping torque bT, which is shown in Eq. 1, improves the damping performance of the mani-pulator. Since the damping torque acts in the direction opposite the rotational motion of the manipulator, its acceleration performance is degraded. In the region where the joint angle of the arm approaches to the desired angle, , , ,oa bc de fg, in Fig. 8(a), the current is not applied since a high response speed is required. In the region where the arm passes through the desired angle, i.e. the diagonally shaded areas of , , ,ab cd ef ghin Fig. 8(a), a current is applied to improve the damping per-formance, so that the arm converges to the desired angle more quickly. To determine whether the magnetic field should be applied, the phase plane Fig. 6. Block diagram of new concept of phase plane switching control. (a) (b) Fig. 7. A conventional phase plane switching control method. shown in Fig. 8(b) is used. The horizontal axis in the phase plane corresponds to joint angle deviation e between the desired angle rand the joint angle , and the vertical axis corresponds to the time derivative of the deviation, deedt= ?. Each point ahon the phase plane corresponds to the likewise lettered point in Fig. 8(a). Here, the region with the application of current are controlled by 1112(),()hshs, the gradient of the TU Diep Cong Thanh and Kyoung Kwan AHN / Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 21(2007) 10181027 1023 (a) (b) Fig. 8. A new concept of phase plane switching control method. line shown in Fig. 8(b). The region under the application of the damping torque is controlled as 1hand 2h. The advantage of controlling the region in which MRB is applied is needed to without de-creasing response speed. The effectiveness of pro-posed controller will be experimentally investigated. 4. Experimental results In this study, a controller for a two-axis PAM manipulator using the new concept of a phase plane switching controller is fabricated, and experiments are carried out using a sinusoidal waveform as a reference input at two different frequencies (f=0.3 Hz and 0.5 Hz). Two external inertial load conditions (Load 1 = 20 kgfcm2; Load 2 = 40 kgfcm2) are also tested (the loads are attached to the end of Arm 2). In addition, the conventional PID controller and the proposed controller are compared. Firstly, the experiments are carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller at various reference input frequencies (of Joint 1). Figure 9 shows the comparison between the conventional PID controller and the proposed controller of experimental result of Joint 1 and the effectiveness of proposed controlled is shown in detail in Fig. 10 with respect to (a) f=0.3 Hz (b) f=0.5 Hz Fig. 9. Comparison between conventional PID controller and proposed controller (Joint 1). f=0.3Hz and f=0.5Hz. In the experiment, the initial values of the proposed controller are set to 6190 10pK=,610 10iK=, 6150 10dK=, 0.015EDK=, 120.8,1,2cThh= =. These para-meters were obtained by trial-and-error. These ex-perimental results show that there is a large tracking error and time delay with respect to the increase of the frequency of the reference input; when using PID controller the response becomes worse with fre-quency up to 0.5Hz, whereas the settling time de-creases and the tracking performance is guaranteed by using the proposed controller. The damping torque is not applied for fast response when the manipulator starts to move, and the damping torque is applied by the MRB to the rotational axis of the PAM mani- 1024 TU Diep Cong Thanh and Kyoung Kwan AHN / Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 21(2007) 10181027 (a) f=0.3 Hz (b) f=0.5 Hz Fig. 10. Experimental results of the proposed controller (Joint 1). pulator to reduce the overshoot and oscillation when the manipulator reaches the desired angle. Next, experiments were carried out to investigate the control performance with respect to the various reference input frequencies (of Joint 2). In addition, the external inertial loads (Load 1 = 20 kgfcm2; Load 2 = 40 kgfcm2) are attached to the end of arm (a) f=0.3 Hz (b) f=0.5 Hz Fig. 11. Comparison between conventional PID controller and proposed controller (Joint 2, load 1). 2, and the control parameters are set to be the same as Joint 1. Figures 11 and 12 show the comparison between the PID controller and the proposed controller for tested reference input frequencies and external initial load conditions. These figures show that there is a large error and time delay and that more oscillation occurs with respect to increasing reference input frequency, as well as to increasing external initial loads. In the experiments, the PAM mani-pulator joint angle agrees well with the reference when using the new phase plane switching controller. The effectiveness of the newly proposed phase plane switching control algorithm is also shown in detail in Figs. 13 and 14. The experimental results show that a good control performance and strong robu-stness are TU Diep Cong Thanh and Kyoung Kwan AHN / Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 21(2007) 10181027 1025 (a) f=0.3 Hz (b) f=0.5 Hz Fig. 12. Comparison between conventional PID controller and proposed controller (Joint 2, load 2). obtained and do not depend on external initial load when using the proposed control method. These experimental results show that the damping torque is applied and released very frequently according to the approach to the desired angle. It is demonstrated that the proposed algorithm is effective in the case of various external loads and does not depend on reference input frequency. In addition, it is understood that the rotational angle of the PAM manipulator smoothly converges to the desired angle with little oscillation. It is concluded that the newly proposed phase plane switching control algorithm effectively tracks control of a sinusoidal waveform with high gain control, and has good control performance, a fast (a) f=0.3 Hz (b) f=0.5 Hz Fig. 13. Experimental results of the proposed controller (Joint 2, load 1). response, and strong robust stability under varying external inertial loads and reference input frequency. 5. Conclusions In this study, a new concept of phase plane switching control using a magneto-rheological brake is proposed and applied to a two-axis pneumatic artificial muscle manipulator to improve the control p