第二講句群精讀，活用方法，穩(wěn)抓保分題目通過(guò)第一步的通覽文章，明白了文章大意、內(nèi)容梗概后，接下來(lái)便是精讀文章，做題的過(guò)程。完形填空80%以上的題目都是基礎(chǔ)題目，也就是上文提到的句內(nèi)、句組層次題。對(duì)于這些題目，使用“題文齊讀法”在文章的通讀環(huán)節(jié)可預(yù)判解答一部分，但這些題目最終答案的確定則需要精讀文章，做到解題有理有據(jù)、有法可依。句內(nèi)層次題的解題信息分布在本句內(nèi)，在讀懂文意的前提下，利用本句的一些解題信息就可直接做答。對(duì)于此類(lèi)題目，考生可以邊讀邊填，將原文信息盡量復(fù)原。方法1 利用習(xí)慣搭配及固定結(jié)構(gòu)解題完形填空中經(jīng)常會(huì)考查一些習(xí)慣搭配、固定結(jié)構(gòu)和固定句式，這時(shí)考生就需要運(yùn)用習(xí)慣搭配及固定結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)解題。典例(2018·全國(guó)卷)I was 43.thrilled! I arrived early at Byron Bay where we were supposed to 44.meet. The bay was _45_ in sunshine, and there was a group of kayakers around 150m off the shore.45A.bathedBcleanCdeep Dformed分析選A本題可以利用習(xí)慣搭配解題。此處意為“海灣沐浴在陽(yáng)光中”，be bathed in為固定搭配，表示“沐浴在中”。方法2 利用生活常識(shí)和文化背景解題完形填空的語(yǔ)篇中往往滲透著諸如文化科學(xué)、歷史地理、風(fēng)俗民情等方面的知識(shí)?？忌谧鲱}時(shí)，若能積極地調(diào)動(dòng)自己掌握的文化背景知識(shí)和生活常識(shí)，巧妙地加以運(yùn)用，特別是注意中西文化的差異，將會(huì)大大簡(jiǎn)化復(fù)雜的分析與判斷過(guò)程，節(jié)省寶貴的時(shí)間，從而輕松地做出正確判斷。典例(2018·全國(guó)卷)Getting a little 46.closer,_I realized one kayak (皮劃艇) was in 47.trouble. “Something's not 48.right！” I took off my T­shirt and _49_ into the water. I saw there were two instructors on board and a man lying across the middle. He was 50.shaking violently. Linking arms with one of the instructors, I helped _51_ the young man out of the water. He was unconscious and as I looked at his face, something 52.occurred to me. Those brown eyes were very 53.familiar. “What's his name？” I asked the instructor. “Ben，” he replied, and immediately I 54.knew. That stranger was my son!49A.stared BsankCdived Dfell51A.lead BpersuadeCcarry Dkeep分析49.選C51.選C這兩道題可以利用生活常識(shí)和文化背景解題。根據(jù)生活常識(shí)，第49題我注意到一個(gè)皮劃艇出了意外情況，我自然是脫掉T恤衫，“跳進(jìn)”水里救人，dive意為“跳水”；第51題作者和一位教練雙臂連接，兩個(gè)人一起應(yīng)該是將這個(gè)不省人事的年輕人“抬”出了水面，用carry表示“抬”。方法3 利用對(duì)應(yīng)成分分析法解題完形填空文章的上下文之間以及句子內(nèi)部之間往往有著一定的邏輯關(guān)系，它使句子的各個(gè)成分之間形成一定的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系?？忌梢愿鶕?jù)這種邏輯關(guān)系找出與未知填空相對(duì)應(yīng)的已知成分，將它作為線索，通過(guò)它推斷出未知填空的答案。典例(2018·全國(guó)卷)Teresa 56.posted a photo of the chance meeting on a social networking website 57.accompanied by the touching words：“What a 58.blessing this young man was to our family! He was so _59_ and kind to do this.”59A.smart BcalmCsweet Dfair分析選C本題可以利用對(duì)應(yīng)成分分析法解題。從上述分析可以看出，第59題與kind形成對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系。因?yàn)橛衋nd這一并列連詞，并且and前后意思應(yīng)該一致，表示“他做這件事真是太友好和善良了”。故選C。方法4 利用邏輯關(guān)系解題此方法是通過(guò)分析未知填空前后文與已知信息之間的邏輯關(guān)系來(lái)確定答案，主要應(yīng)用于完形填空的兩類(lèi)題型：一是考查連接詞和起連接詞作用的短語(yǔ)；二是考查上下文的邏輯關(guān)系。典例(2016·全國(guó)卷) We went 10­1 and I was named most valuable player, _28_ I often had crazy dreams in which I was to blame for Miller's 29.accident.28A.and BthenCbut Dthus 分析選C本題可以利用邏輯關(guān)系解題。本空考查連詞。連詞的作用就是將其前后文的已知信息銜接起來(lái)，因此可以利用邏輯關(guān)系來(lái)解題，即通過(guò)分析該未知填空前后文的已知信息的邏輯關(guān)系來(lái)確定本題應(yīng)該填入表達(dá)何種邏輯關(guān)系的連詞。通過(guò)上述分析得知本空前后文的已知信息是明顯的轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，因此答案是but。and表示并列關(guān)系；then表示順承關(guān)系；thus表示因果關(guān)系。方法5 利用語(yǔ)境暗示分析法解題上下文語(yǔ)境具體體現(xiàn)為：全文的中心主線和主題、作者的態(tài)度傾向和評(píng)價(jià)、上下文語(yǔ)篇銜接、句際和段際關(guān)系。在句內(nèi)層次題中，我們通?？梢酝ㄟ^(guò)上下文語(yǔ)境暗示，即根據(jù)已知信息，推導(dǎo)出正確答案。典例(2018·全國(guó)卷)The instructors called for an ambulance. _55_， after a brief stay in hospital, Ben was well enough to be allowed to _56_ and later the family met up for dinner.55A.Fortunately BFranklyCSadly DSuddenly56A.return BrelaxCspeak Dleave分析55.選A56.選D這兩道題可以利用語(yǔ)境暗示分析法解題。根據(jù)下文的“after a brief stay in hospital”，“well enough”和“l(fā)ater the family met up for dinner” 這些暗示中我們可知Ben“很幸運(yùn)”，“被允許出院”。句組層次題是比句內(nèi)層次題稍難一級(jí)的題目，其解題信息分布在空格前后的一組意群之中，解題時(shí)需前瞻后顧，綜合意群信息解答。即本句信息不足填，空格前后再找信息源。方法1 利用語(yǔ)義復(fù)現(xiàn)解題復(fù)現(xiàn)是一種語(yǔ)義銜接手段，它通過(guò)原詞、同義詞或近義詞、反義詞、上義詞、下義詞、同源詞或同根詞等重復(fù)出現(xiàn)來(lái)表達(dá)某一概念，使整篇文章上下連貫，有機(jī)地銜接在一起。因此，考生可根據(jù)文章的具體情況，理解文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和語(yǔ)境，利用文章中的語(yǔ)義復(fù)現(xiàn)來(lái)選擇正確的答案。典例1(2018·全國(guó)卷)When most of us get a text message on our cell phone from an unknown person, we usually say “sorry, 41.wrong number！” and move on. But when Dennis Williams _42_ a text that clearly wasn't intended for him, he did something 43.special.42A.receivedBtranslatedCcopied Dprinted分析選A本題可以利用語(yǔ)義復(fù)現(xiàn)解題。第42空是上文“get”的同義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)，故選A項(xiàng)。典例2(2017·全國(guó)卷)While high school does not generally encourage students to explore new aspects of life, college sets the stage for that exploration.I myself went through this _41_ process and found something that has changed my 42.experience at college for the better: I discovered ASL American Sign Language (美式手語(yǔ))41A.searching BplanningCnatural Dformal分析選A本題可以利用語(yǔ)義復(fù)現(xiàn)解題。第41空是上文“explore”的近義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)，故選A項(xiàng)。方法2 利用作者態(tài)度或感情色彩關(guān)聯(lián)解題在高考完形填空文章中，我們一定要在快速閱讀文章的過(guò)程中，仔細(xì)找出能夠反映作者態(tài)度和感情色彩的重要詞匯，它們往往是名詞、形容詞、副詞或動(dòng)詞。這些詞匯通常是我們做題時(shí)重要的參照線索，可以幫助我們快速確定某些題目的正確答案。典例(2018·全國(guó)卷)Two weeks earlier, my son, Ben, had got in touch. He'd moved to England with his mum when he was three and it had been 13 years since I'd 41.last seen him. So imagine my _42_ when he emailed me saying he wanted to come to visit me.42A.delight BreliefCanger Dworry分析選A本題可以利用作者態(tài)度或感情色彩關(guān)聯(lián)解題。前文提到作者已經(jīng)13年沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)自己的兒子了，因此當(dāng)兒子發(fā)來(lái)郵件說(shuō)他想來(lái)看望作者時(shí)，作者應(yīng)該是感到高興(delight)，故A項(xiàng)符合語(yǔ)境。方法3 利用邏輯關(guān)系解題在句組層次題中，利用邏輯關(guān)系解題同樣是一種重要的方法。典例(2016·全國(guó)卷) Hundreds of people have formed impressions of you through that little device (裝置) on your desk.And they've never actually 41.met you.Everything they know about you 42.came through this device, sometimes from hundreds of miles away._43_ they feel they can know you 44.just from the sound of your voice.That's how powerful the 45.telephone is.43A.Thus BYetCThen DIndeed分析選B本題是典型的考查上下文邏輯關(guān)系的題目，可以利用邏輯關(guān)系解題。通過(guò)上述對(duì)本空前后文已知信息的分析，能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)上下文之間是明顯的轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，因此答案可以確定為選項(xiàng)B.Yet。thus“因此”；then“隨后”；indeed“的確，確實(shí)”。方法4 利用語(yǔ)境暗示分析法解題在句組層次題中，有些題目我們往往也需要通過(guò)上下文的語(yǔ)境暗示來(lái)解題，即根據(jù)已知信息，推導(dǎo)出正確答案。典例(2018·全國(guó)卷)On March 19, Dennis got a group text 44.informing him that a couple he didn't know were at the hospital, waiting for the _45_ of a baby.“Congratulations! But I think someone was mistaken，” Dennis 46.responded. The baby was born and update texts were ing_in quickly from the overjoyed grandmother, Teresa.45A.wake­up BrecoveryCgrowth Darrival分析選D本題可以利用語(yǔ)境暗示分析法解題。根據(jù)下文“The baby was born”這一暗示信息可知，一對(duì)夫婦正在等待寶貝的降臨，因此選arrival“到來(lái)，降臨”。課堂應(yīng)用體驗(yàn) Most people say “I'm sorry” many times a day for a host of trivial (瑣碎的) things.These apologies are easy and usually readily _1_， often with a response like, “No problem.” _2_， when “I'm sorry” are the words needed to right truly hurtful words or acts, they can be the hardest ones to _3_.And even when an apology is offered with the best of intentions, it can be seriously _4_ by the way in which it is worded.A poorly worded apology can _5_ lasting anger and _6_ an important relationship.I admit to a lifetime of challenges when it comes to _7_， especially when I thought I was right or _8_.But I recently _9_ that the need for an apology is less about me than the person who is _10_ by something I said or did or failed to do.I also learned that a sincere apology can be extremely _11_ for the recipient (接受者) as well as the _12_.After learning that a neighbour who seemed _13_ due to my small errors, I wrote a _14_ and apologized for my _15_.I said I wasn't asking for _16_， merely hoping that we could have a harmonious _17_， and then delivered the letter with a jar of my homemade jam.Expecting nothing _18_， I was greatly relieved when my doorbell rang and the neighbour _19_ me for what I had said and done.I felt as if I'd not only got rid of a(n) _20_ but made a new friend, which is indeed how it played out in the days that followed.語(yǔ)篇解讀：本文是一篇議論文。不找任何借口，帶著誠(chéng)意與尊重為自己的過(guò)失道歉，不僅會(huì)減少一個(gè)敵人，而且會(huì)多交一個(gè)朋友。1A.acceptedBfoundCproved Dremembered解析：選A根據(jù)該空后的“often with a response like, No problem.”可知，大多數(shù)人每天為各種微不足道的小事說(shuō)許多次“對(duì)不起”，這些道歉容易做到，通常也易于“接受(accepted)”。2A.Therefore BOtherwiseCHowever DBesides解析：選C根據(jù)上文中的“easy”與下文中的“hardest”的對(duì)比可知，該空前后兩個(gè)句子之間是語(yǔ)義上的轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，故However符合語(yǔ)境。3A.say BgainCforget Dcontrol解析：選A根據(jù)該空前的“to right truly hurtful words or acts”可知，但是當(dāng)“對(duì)不起”是為了彌補(bǔ)確實(shí)很傷人的話語(yǔ)或行為時(shí)，就會(huì)成為最難“說(shuō)(say)”出口的話。4A.described BweakenedCrecorded Dtrusted解析：選B根據(jù)下文中的“poorly worded”與選項(xiàng)中的“weakened”近義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)可知，即便你是本著最大的善意道歉，也有可能因?yàn)榇朕o不當(dāng)而被“削弱(weakened)”。5A.depend on Blook onCtake in Dresult in解析：選D根據(jù)上文內(nèi)容可知，措辭不當(dāng)?shù)牡狼笗?huì)“導(dǎo)致(result in)”持久的憤怒，也會(huì)“破壞(destroy)”一段重要的關(guān)系。6A.continue BmanageCjudge Ddestroy解析：選D參見(jiàn)上題解析。7A.lying BdreamingCapologizing Dpraising解析：選C根據(jù)空后“especially when I thought I was right”可知，作者承認(rèn)“道歉(apologizing)”是人生的一個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)，尤其是當(dāng)他認(rèn)為自己是對(duì)的，或被“誤解(misunderstood)”時(shí)。其中right與misunderstood是并列關(guān)系。8A.admired BworriedCmisunderstood Ddelighted解析：選C參見(jiàn)上題解析。9A.discovered BexpectedCpromised Dfeared解析：選A根據(jù)“But”提示和該空前后語(yǔ)境轉(zhuǎn)折可知，“that the need .failed to do”是作者最近“發(fā)現(xiàn)(discovered)”的道理。10A.moved BhurtCattracted Dcriticized解析：選B根據(jù)該空后的“by something I said or did or failed to do”可知，被自己所言、所行或未能做到的事“傷害(hurt)”到的人，更需要“我”的道歉。11A.simple BimpossibleCbeneficial Dinteresting解析：選C根據(jù)下一段的具體事例可知，真誠(chéng)的道歉不論對(duì)接受者還是“給予者(giver)”而言，都是非常“有好處的(beneficial)”。12A.quitter BgiverClover Drescuer解析：選B參見(jiàn)上題解析。上文“recipient”和選項(xiàng)中的“giver”之間是反義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)關(guān)系。13A.excited BpuzzledCembarrassed Dannoyed解析：選D根據(jù)該空后的“due to my small errors”以及“apologized for”語(yǔ)境暗示可知，鄰居因作者的一些小錯(cuò)誤而“感到惱火(annoyed)”。14A.letter BbookCstory Dpoem解析：選A根據(jù)第17空后的“delivered the letter”提示可知，作者寫(xiě)了一封“信(letter)”。此處為原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)。15A.jokes BmistakesCexcuses Ddecisions解析：選B根據(jù)第13空后的“small errors”和選項(xiàng)中的“mistakes”之間是同義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)關(guān)系，故作者為自己的“錯(cuò)誤(mistakes)”道歉。16A.introduction BsuggestionCforgiveness Dencouragement解析：選C根據(jù)該空后的“merely hoping that we could have a harmonious _17_”以及下一段中的“Expecting nothing”可知，作者并不請(qǐng)求“原諒(forgiveness)”。17A.occupation BrelationshipCcommunity Dsituation解析：選B根據(jù)上文可知，因作者的錯(cuò)誤破壞了他與鄰居之間的關(guān)系，那么作者道歉的初衷只是希望保持一種和諧的“關(guān)系(relationship)”。18A.in total Bin turnCin brief Din return解析：選D聯(lián)系上下文內(nèi)容可知，作者并不期待任何“回報(bào)(in return )”。19A.thanked BchangedCcomforted Dhelped解析：選A根據(jù)該空前的“greatly relieved”可知，鄰居“感謝(thanked)”作者所說(shuō)的話和所做的事。20A.worker BrelativeCneighbour Denemy解析：選D根據(jù)該空后的“but”轉(zhuǎn)折可知，該空與“a new friend”形成對(duì)比，故enemy符合語(yǔ)境。此處“friend”與“enemy”是反義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)關(guān)系。9