第2節(jié) 四種題型解讀題型一細節(jié)理解題事實認定數(shù)字確定順序排列通過閱讀，認定文中出現(xiàn)的who，what，when，where，which，how等具體事實信息。對文中所涉及的年代、年齡、數(shù)量、錢款等進行規(guī)整、計算、換算，得出試題所要求的答案。對文中所列舉的事實、事項、事件等按照時間、空間或邏輯順序進行恰當排序。解題技巧1.略讀、跳讀，鎖定與問題相關(guān)的信息范圍，定位相關(guān)的詞語或句子。2讀選項，理解各選項的意義，比較各選項的意義差別。3通過直接信息認定、同義替換對應(yīng)，篩選出正確答案。4重點關(guān)注給出的例證、類比、順序等重要信息點。(2018·全國卷，A)Washington，D.C.Bicycle ToursCherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington，D.C.Duration：3 hoursThis small group bike tour is a fantastic way to see the world­famous cherry trees with beautiful flowers of Washington，D.C.Your guide will provide a history lesson about the trees and the famous monuments where they blossom.Reserve your spot before availabilityand the cherry blossomsdisappear!Washington Capital Monuments Bicycle TourDuration：3 hours(4 miles)Join a guided bike tour and view some of the most popular monuments in Washington，D.C.Explore the monuments and memorials on the National Mall as your guide shares unique facts and history at each stop.Guided tour includes bike，helmet，cookies and bottled water.Capital City Bike Tour in Washington，D.C.Duration：3 hoursMorning or Afternoon，this bike tour is the perfect tour for DC.newcomers and locals looking to experience Washington，D.C.in a healthy way with minimum effort.Knowledgeable guides will entertain you with the most interesting stories about Presidents，Congress，memorials，and parks.Comfortable bikes and a smooth tour route(路線)make cycling between the sites fun and relaxing.Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle TourDuration：3 hours(7 miles)Join a small group bike tour for an evening of exploration in the heart of Washington，D.C.Get up close to the monuments and memorials as you bike the sites of Capitol Hill and the National Mall.Frequent stops are made for photo taking as your guide offers unique facts and history.Tour includes bike，helmet，and bottled water.All riders are equipped with reflective vests and safety lights.21Which tour do you need to book in advance?ACherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington，D.C.BWashington Capital Monuments Bicycle Tour.CCapital City Bike Tour in Washington，D.C.DWashington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour.解題指導考查細節(jié)理解題之事實認定。根據(jù)第一部分中的“Reserve your spot before availability and the cherry blossomsdisappear！”可知，這個騎自行車旅游需要提前預定。故選 A 項。22What will you do on the Capital City Bike Tour? AMeet famous people.BGo to a national park.CVisit well-known museums.DEnjoy interesting stories.解題指導考查細節(jié)理解題之事實認定。根據(jù)第三部分中的“Knowledgeable guides will entertain you with the most，interesting stories about Presidents，Congress，memorials，and parks.”可知，在這個活動中，你可以欣賞到有趣的故事。故選 D 項。23Which of the following does the bicycle tour at night provide?ACity maps.BCameras.CMeals.DSafety lights.解題指導考查細節(jié)理解題之事實認定。根據(jù)最后一部分中的“All riders are equipped with reflective vests and safety lights.”可知，所有騎車人都配備了反光背心和安全燈。故選 D 項。(2018·全國卷，A·節(jié)選)Welcome to Holker Hall & GardensVisitor InformationHow to Get to HolkerBy Car: Follow brown signs on A590 from JB6，M6.Approximate travel times: Windermere20 minutes，Kendal25 minutes，Lancaster45 minutes，Manchester1 hour 30 minutes.By Rail: The nearest station is Cark-in-Cartmel with trains to Carnforth，Lancaster and Preston for connections to major cities & airports.Opening TimesSundayFriday (closed on Saturday)11：00 am.4：00p.m.,30th March2nd November.Admission ChargesHall & GardensGardensAdults: 12.00 8.00Groups: 9.00 5.5021How long does it probably take a tourist to drive to Holker from Manchester?A20 minutes.B25 minutes.C45 minutes.D90 minutes.解題指導考查細節(jié)理解題之數(shù)字確定。根據(jù)Visitor Information部分“How to Get to Holker”中的“Manchester1 hour 30 minutes”可知，從Manchester到Holker要用1 hour 30 minutes，即90分鐘，故選 D 項。22How much should a member of a tour group pay to visit Hall & Gardens?A12.00.B9.00.C8.00.D5.50.解題指導考查細節(jié)理解題之數(shù)字確定。根據(jù)Admission Charges中的內(nèi)容可知，參觀Hall & Gardens時，購買團體票(Groups)的價格為9英鎊，故選 B 項。題型二推理判斷題隱含信息、言外之意作者的觀點、看法、情感態(tài)度文章出處、讀者對象預測后文通過歸納、演繹、類比等方式從已知信息中推出未知信息，由已言之意，推未言之意。通過對事件、景物、話語的深入分析推出作者含蓄、隱晦地表達出的觀點或看法；體會作者在字里行間中流露出的情感態(tài)度。通過對格式、結(jié)構(gòu)、內(nèi)容的分析，推出文章的出處、題材范圍和閱讀此文章的主要讀者群。通過對上文情節(jié)、事理的敘述的理解，結(jié)合行文邏輯分析，推出文章后文要講述的內(nèi)容。解題技巧1.推理判斷要符合邏輯，在文中要有事實依據(jù)。2學會read between the lines和read beyond the lines，透過字里行間，去推斷隱含意義。3利用歸納法、演繹法、類比法對文中的論據(jù)進行分析，從而推出論點和結(jié)論。4整合信息，由因推果，由果推因；由一般推特殊，由特殊推一般；由具體推抽象，由抽象推具體。5抓住文中的褒貶性詞匯或語句，尤其是形容詞和副詞，可推斷作者的情感態(tài)度；依據(jù)文章最后的“結(jié)論”可推斷作者是贊成還是反對。Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years，but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going.When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers，small，tightly knit(聯(lián)系)groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other.Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago，when the world had just five to ten million people，they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.28What can we infer about languages in hunter-gatherer times?AThey developed very fast.BThey were large in number.CThey had similar patterns.DThey were closely connected.解題指導考查推理判斷題之隱含信息、言外之意。根據(jù)本段中最后一句“Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago，when the world had just five to ten million people，they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.”可知，在狩獵時代，人口少，語言卻很豐富，故選 B 項。干擾項分析有些考生會錯選C項，原因是他們看到句中的單詞patterns，但顯然C項與 their own patterns of speech independent of each other含義是不同的，所以不能受patterns的影響而斷章取義。We may think we're a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices(裝置) well after they go out of style. That's bad news for the environment and our wallets as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.32What does the author think of new devices?AThey are environment-friendly.BThey are no better than the old.CThey cost more to use at home.DThey go out of style quickly.解題指導考查推理判斷題之隱含信息、言外之意。根據(jù)對第一段的整體理解可知，與新的電子設(shè)備相比，舊的電子設(shè)備不僅耗能高，而且危害環(huán)境，所以可推斷出，新的電子設(shè)備是環(huán)保的。故選 A 項。Many of us love July because it's the month when nature's berries and stone fruits are in abundance.These colourful and sweet jewels from British Columbia's fields are little powerhouses of nutritional protection.Of the common berries，strawberries are highest in vitamin C，although，because of their seeds，raspberries contain a little more protein(蛋白質(zhì))，iron and zinc (not that fruits have much protein)Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants(抗氧化物質(zhì))The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are antioxidants.As for cherries(櫻桃)，they are so delicious who cares? However，they are rich in vitamin C.When combined with berries or slices of other fruits，frozen bananas make an excellent base for thick，cooling fruit shakes and low fat “ice cream”For this purpose，select ripe bananas for freezing as they are much sweeter.Remove the skin and place them in plastic bags or containers and freeze.If you like，a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown.Frozen bananas will last several weeks，depending on their ripeness and the temperature of the freezer.If you have a juicer，you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit.Out comes a “soft-serve” creamy dessert，to be eaten right away.This makes a fun activity for a children's party; they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below.27From which is the text probably taken?AA biology textbook.BA health magazine.CA research paper.DA travel brochure.解題指導考查推理判斷題之文章出處。全文主要介紹了一些七月成熟的果實以及這些果實的營養(yǎng)成分等，這當然與健康飲食有關(guān)，這類文章應(yīng)該是刊載在健康雜志上。故選 B 項。干擾項分析考生很容易誤選C項，這是受到了第二段對營養(yǎng)成分介紹的干擾，因此誤以為本文摘自研究性論文。題型三主旨大意題確定文章標題概括全文主題概括段落大意標題是文章的題目，它不是主題，但限定主題的范圍，可表達主題，是對主題的提煉和濃縮，表現(xiàn)形式多為短語，尤其是名詞短語。主題是文章的中心思想，是作者所要表達的中心意思，有的直接出現(xiàn)在文中，有的需要通過綜合全文的內(nèi)容概括歸納得出。段落大意是指段落的中心意思。文章常由多個段落組成，共同支撐全文主題，但每段又分述不同的意思，可通過歸納、演繹等方法概括得出。解題技巧1.細讀文章或段落的首句、中間句和尾句，主題往往就在這些地方出現(xiàn)。2特別關(guān)注however，but等表示轉(zhuǎn)折的信息詞，主題很可能就在這類詞的后面出現(xiàn)。3表示結(jié)論性的信息詞如so，thus，therefore等后面通常會出現(xiàn)主題句。4對記敘文要會根據(jù)所述事件進行歸納概括，領(lǐng)會其寓意，總結(jié)出文章的主題。5標題是對主題句的高度概括，用詞更少，簡明扼要，有時會用形象化的語句。(2018·全國卷，D)We've all been there: in a lift，in line at the bank or on an airplane，surrounded by people who are，like us，deeply focused on their smartphones or，worse，struggling with the uncomfortable silence. What's the problem? It's possible that we all have compromised conversational intelligence.It's more likely that none of us start a conversation because it's awkward and challenging，or we think it's annoying and unnecessary.But the next time you find yourself among strangers，consider that small talk is worth the trouble.Experts say it's an invaluable social practice that results in big benefits. Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy，but we can't forget that deep relationships wouldn't even exist if it weren't for casual conversation.Small talk is the grease(潤滑劑)for social communication，says Bernardo Carducci，director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast.“Almost every great love story and each big business deal begins with small talk，”he explains.“The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others，not just communicate with them.”In a 2014 study，Elizabeth Dunn，associate professor of psychology at UBC，invited people on their way into a coffee shop.One group was asked to seek out an interaction(互動)with its waiter; the other，to speak only when necessary.The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience.“It's not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband，”says Dunn.“But interactions with peripheral(邊緣的)members of our social network matter for our well-being also.”Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of belonging，a bond with others.Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts with small talk.“Small talk is the basis of good manners，”he says.35What is the best title for the text?AConversation CountsBWays of Making Small TalkCBenefits of Small Talk DUncomfortable Silence解題指導考查主旨大意題之確定標題。文章主要討論了閑聊在人際交往中的重要作用，故選 C 項。干擾項分析有些考生會誤選B項，但B項是片面的，文章的主旨并不是介紹如何進行閑聊。因此B項犯了以偏概全的錯誤。(2018·全國卷，B)Cities usually have a good reason for being where they are，like a nearby port or river.People settle in these places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to communications and trade.New York City，for example，is near a large harbour at the mouth of the Hudson River.Over 300 years its population grew gradually from 800 people to 8 million.But not all cities develop slowly over a long period of time.Boom towns grow from nothing almost overnight.In 1896，Dawson，Canada，was unmapped wilderness(荒野)But gold was discovered there in 1897，and two years later，it was one of the largest cities in the West，with a population of 30,000.Dawson did not have any of the natural conveniences of cities like London or Paris.People went there for gold.They travelled over snow-covered mountains and sailed hundreds of miles up icy rivers.The path to Dawson was covered with thirty feet of wet snow that could fall without warming.An avalanche(雪崩)once closed the path，killing 63 people.For many who made it to Dawson，however，the rewards were worth the difficult trip.Of the first 20,000 people who dug for gold,4,000 got rich.About 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives.But no matter how rich they were，Dawson was never comfortable.Necessities like food and wood were very expensive.But soon，the gold that Dawson depended on had all been found.The city was crowded with disappointed people with no interest in settling down，and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska，they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come.Today，people still come and go to see where the Canadian gold rush happened.Tourism is now the chief industry of Dawson City its present population is 762.27What is the text mainly about?AThe rise and fall of a city.BThe gold rush in Canada.CJourneys into the wilderness.DTourism in Dawson.解題指導考查主旨大意題之概括全文主題。第一段簡要介紹城市發(fā)展的原因，從而引出Dawson這一城市的興起；第二段介紹了該城市興起的原因；第三段介紹人們選擇離開該城市的原因及現(xiàn)在的狀況，所以全文是圍繞Dawson這個城市的起起伏伏而進行的，故選 A 項。題型四詞義猜測題猜測詞義代詞指代猜測句意根據(jù)上下文猜測單詞或短語的含義。根據(jù)上下文猜測代詞it，they，that，these，those等代指的人或物。根據(jù)上下文猜測某個句子的含義。解題技巧1.利用針對性的解釋，如定義、同位語、定語從句、重述等。2利用標點符號，如破折號、冒號、分號、引號后面的內(nèi)容或括號中的內(nèi)容。3利用文中列舉的例子或給出的同義詞、反義詞等。4根據(jù)內(nèi)文邏輯關(guān)系，如并列、對比、因果關(guān)系等。5根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法，如前綴、后綴、復合詞等。Soon afterwards，many of those people started settling down to become farmers，and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number.In recent centuries，trade，industrialisation，the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education，especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades，all have caused many languages to disappear，and dominant languages such as English，Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.29Which of the following best explains“dominant” underlined in Paragraph 2?AComplex.BAdvanced.CPowerful.DModern.解題指導考查詞義猜測題之猜測詞義。根據(jù)本段的“.all have caused many languages to disappear，and dominant languages such as English，Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.”可知，所有這些導致了很多語言的消失，英語、西班牙語和漢語逐漸占主導地位，故選 C 項。Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away.But others do double duty.They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers.Once they arrive，the tables are turned.The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.33What does the author mean by “the tables are turned” in Paragraph 3?A. The attackers get attacked.B. The insects gather under the table.C. The plants get ready to fight back.D. The perfumes attract natural enemies.解題指導考查詞義猜測題之猜測句意。根據(jù)第三段中的“The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.”可知，正吃午餐的襲擊者變成了午餐，也就是襲擊者被攻擊了。故選 A 項。It's Jason Moran's job to help change that. As the Kennedy Center's artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture.29What does the underlined word “that” in Paragraph 3 refer to?A. Jazz becoming more accessible.B. The production of jazz growing faster.C. Jazz being less popular with the young.D. The jazz audience becoming larger. 解題指導考查詞義猜測題之代詞指代。根據(jù)語境可知，畫線詞that指代上段“Despite the celebrations, though, in the US. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.”的內(nèi)容，即爵士樂聽眾的數(shù)量減少并且趨于老齡化，不受年輕人喜歡的現(xiàn)狀。故選 C 項。9