十三、主旨大意段落大意題(2018·江蘇，B)In the 1760s，Mathurin Roze opened a series of shops that boasted(享有) a special meat soup called consommé.Although the main attraction was the soup，Rozes chain shops also set a new standard for dining out，which helped to establish Roze as the inventor of the modern restaurant.Today，scholars have generated large amounts of instructive research about restaurants.Take visual hints that influence what we eat：diners served themselves about 20 percent more pasta(意大利面食) when their plates matched their food.When a dark-colored cake was served on a black plate rather than a white one，customers recognized it as sweeter and more tasty.Lighting matters，too.When Berlin restaurant customers ate in darkness，they couldnt tell how much theyd had：those given extra-large shares ate more than everyone else，but were none the wiserthey didnt feel fuller，and they were just as ready for dessert.Time is money，but that principle means different things for different types of restaurants.Unlike fast-food places，fine dining shops prefer customers to stay longer and spend.One way to encourage customers to stay and order that extra round：put on some Mozart(莫扎特).When classical，rather than pop，music was playing，diners spent more.Fast music hurried diners out.Particular scents also have an effect：diners who got the scent of lavender(薰衣草) stayed longer and spent more than those who smelled lemon，or no scent.Meanwhile，things that you might expect to discourage spending“bad” tables，crowding，high pricesdont necessarily.Diners at bad tablesnext to the kitchen door，sayspent nearly as much as others but soon fled.It can be concluded that restaurant keepers need not “be overly concerned about bad tables，” given that theyre profitable.As for crowds，a Hong Kong study found that they increased a restaurants reputation，suggesting great food at fair prices.And doubling a buffets price led customers to say that its pizza was 11 percent tastier.語篇解讀本文是一篇說明文，主要通過引入現(xiàn)代餐館的鼻祖馬蒂蘭·羅茲制訂的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以及學(xué)者對于餐館的研究來介紹現(xiàn)代餐館在經(jīng)營中影響食客消費的幾個要素：視覺要素(餐具、燈光)、聽覺要素(音樂)、嗅覺要素(氣味)、其他要素(桌位、擁擠程度和價格)。本文旨在通過現(xiàn)代餐館的經(jīng)營理念，讓考生了解西方現(xiàn)代餐館的經(jīng)營之道。58.The underlined phrase “none the wiser” in Paragraph 3 most probably implies that the customers were .A.not aware of eating more than usual B.not willing to share food with othersC.not conscious of the food quality D.not fond of the food provided答案A解析詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第三段中的“.those given extra-large shares ate more than everyone else，but were none the wiserthey didnt feel fuller.”可知，那些被給以大份飯菜的食客比其他人吃得多，但他們沒覺得更飽，這說明在黑暗的就餐環(huán)境下，食客并不清楚自己多吃了多少，所以此處的none the wiser是“不清楚，不知道”之意。故選A項。59.How could a fine dining shop make more profit?A.Playing classical music.B.Introducing lemon scent.C.Making the light brighter.D.Using plates of larger size.答案A解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中的“When classical，rather than pop，music was playing，diners spent more.”可知，當(dāng)演奏古典音樂而不是流行音樂的時候，食客們會花更多的錢。spent more就是對題干中make more profit的語意轉(zhuǎn)化。故選A項。60.What does the last paragraph talk about?A.Tips to attract more customers.B.Problems restaurants are faced with.C.Ways to improve restaurants reputation.D.Common misunderstandings about restaurants.答案D解析段落大意題。根據(jù)最后一段首句中的“things that you might expect to discourage spendingbadtables，crowding，high pricesdont necessarily”可知，你可能認(rèn)為會打消你消費的念頭的東西位置“不好”的桌位、擁擠和價格高未必如此(指在某些人看來，這些不利因素未必不會帶來利潤的增加)。由此可知，作者認(rèn)為這些對于餐館的常見觀點是一種誤解，故選D項。一、題型解讀段落大意類題型多在說明文和議論文中進(jìn)行考查，這類文章涉及多種話題如社會文化類、科普說明類等。設(shè)問形式常有：(1)What does the last paragraph talk about?(2)The main idea of the second paragraph probably is .(3)What is the main idea of the first paragraph?(4)The first paragraph is mainly about .二、解題技巧“首尾兼顧”知段意(1)段首：說明文和議論文中的主題句常在段首句(2)段尾：先表述細(xì)節(jié)，后歸納概括，段落中心在段尾(3)段中間：先用一句或幾句話引出要表達(dá)的主題，再陳述主題，再論述細(xì)節(jié)，即引出主題段落中心再論述(4)沒有明顯段落中心時，需概括段落內(nèi)容，總結(jié)段落中心例如：【真題感悟】 中第60題，根據(jù)文章最后一段第一句“Meanwhile，things that you might expect to discourage spendingbad tables，crowding，high pricesdont necessarily.”可知，你認(rèn)為可能會影響人們消費的因素如：不好的桌子、擁擠以及高價等不一定會影響人們的消費，然后依次舉例進(jìn)行了證明，所以本段主要講的是人們對于飯店的幾個誤解，故選D。A“Its expensive to be poor.” I heard the last words of my interview with CNNs Don Lemon as if someone else were speaking them.July 9,2014 was my 32nd birthday.I was supposed to be out with friends，having found the rare babysitter for my twins.Instead，I was on national television.It wasnt right；it wasnt me.I was the mommy blogger who sometimes did funny things that attained a few thousand hits to my blog or page.Now I had television and literary agents calling me.People were thinking this thing was worth money.When my essay about driving to a food bank in my husbands Mercedes went famous，people immediately started heralding(宣稱) me as an “overnight success”.It was true in its way.The success itself was overnight.What people dont realize is that the luck of going famous was based on a mountain of hard work，on years of effort.Theres a frustrating truth to success in the Internet age：In order for your work to reach an audience，someone with power has to give it a chance，and in order for someone with power to give it a chance，it has to have an audience.And before any of that can happen，you have to believe in yourself enough to keep going even when all you get in return is rejection.Just as I was about to give up：Boom! Suddenly，one piece out of thousands finally hit.But even with the Mercedes food bank essay，it wasnt an easy sell.Id written that piece months before and sent it to every place I could think of.Radio silence，The Washington Post itself rejected me.Eventually The Post sent it along to its new online section PostEverything.And it got noticed.Within hours of hitting the site，it became PostEverythings top story.The Washington Post moved it to the main page，where it became the No.1 story of the day，then of the month，then of the year.It now stands as The Posts most read story in its history，according to my editor there.I just keep reminding myself that the way of the Internet success is：belief in yourself，someone in power giving you a chance，and audience participation.Now，a month after the original post，I have redoubled my writing efforts，using my 15-minute fame to get my essay seen by larger publications.1.What can we learn from the passage?A.CNN is the first media that found the authors essay.B.The author who was born in 1982 must be good at writing.C.People think what the author writes is the thing that they want in their life.D.The author asked others to look after her twins to take part in a birthday party.答案B解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中的“July 9,2014 was my 32nd birthday.”及下文“When my essay about driving to a food bank in my husbands Mercedes went famous，people immediately started heralding(宣稱) me as an overnight success.”可以判斷作者出生于1982年，由于自己寫的一篇文章而出名，故可推斷出作者擅長寫作。2.Whats the basic element in getting success in the authors opinion?A.A good quantity of great efforts.B.A great amount of good luck.C.Topics suitable for the public.D.Modern Internet technique.答案A解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“What people dont realize is that the luck of going famous was based on a mountain of hard work，on years of effort.”可知人們不知道的是，成名的運氣是建立在艱苦奮斗的基礎(chǔ)上的，作者認(rèn)為成名需要大量的努力和付出。3.It can be inferred that the Mercedes food bank essay .A.was the authors first essayB.was first recognized by RadioC.appeared on The Washington Post easilyD.also received many rejections答案D解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段內(nèi)容可以判斷在這篇文章出名前遭到了許多的拒絕。4.Whats the main idea of Paragraph 5?A.Why the authors essay got No.1 in The Washington Post history.B.How the authors essay got No.1 in The Washington Post history.C.What edition the authors essay appeared on The Washington Post.D.Where the authors essay first appeared.答案B解析段落大意題。根據(jù)第五段的內(nèi)容可知本段主要描述的是作者在華盛頓郵報史上的第一篇文章是如何成為No.1的。5.What kind of person does the author belong to?A.A person with luck and courage.B.A person with good communication technique.C.A person with confidence and effort.D.A person with effort and wealth.答案C解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)作者的成名之路及最后一段的描述“belief in yourself，someone in power giving you a chance，and audience participation.Now，a month after the original post，I have redoubled my writing efforts，using my 15-minute fame to get my essay seen by larger publications.”可知作者是一名非常自信并非常勤奮和努力的作家。BHow frustrating is it when a pipe bursts，and you have to wait hours for a worker to come and replace or repair it？How about standing helplessly on the side of the road with a flat tire？Or when your little kids plastic train breaks apart?Researchers at the CIDETECCentre for Electrochemical Technologies in San Sebastian，Spain，may have just created a quick fix for all of these headaches.They created a polymer called “Terminator”，which can bind itself back together even after being sliced.Natural polymers are everywhere.They make up the shells that protect small sea creatures such as lobsters and shrimps.Theyre in the silk blouse your grandmother so loves and the DNA that makes you.In nature，many polymers heal themselves when broken or sliced.Think of your skin when you have a small cutas the two sides of the cut bind back together，you can see a self-healing polymer in action.Synthetic，or man-made，polymers are just as common.Scientists started creating nylon and synthetic rubber to make up for the shortage of silk and rubber during World War . PVC，polyester and many forms of plastic soon followed.As much as synthetic polymers imitate natural polymers，theyve always lacked one important feature，the ability to heal themselvesuntil now.“Terminator is the first man-made self-healing polymer，” the Spanish scientists reported in the Sept.13 issue of the journal Materials Horizons.In the research lab，the researchers cut the polymer in half with a knife.Then they made the two halves touch each other and allowed them to stand at room temperature，without applying any pressure.“Terminator” started self-healing within an hour.It was ninety-seven percent healed within two hours，and completely joined together after twenty-two hours.Once it had repaired itself，the scientists were able to pull it by hand，with no breaks or tears.The researchers say this breakthrough will allow them to create stronger sealants，paints，adhesives and more.This could eventually lead to self-repairing pipes，bicycle tires and Barbie dolls，among a million other possibilities.語篇解讀本文是一篇說明文。文章主要講述了西班牙科學(xué)家研制出的一種能夠自我修復(fù)的材料“終結(jié)者”。6.By asking a series of questions in Paragraph 1，the author mainly intends to show .A.the difficulties of repairing household itemsB.the unpleasant experiences in everyday lifeC.the shortcomings of man-made polymersD.the poor quality of plastic products答案C解析推理判斷題。文章在第一段提到的a pipe bursts，a flat tire和your little kids plastic train breaks apart三件煩心事都是關(guān)于合成聚合物的缺陷：破裂之后不能自我修復(fù)。故正確答案為C。7.Which of the following is TRUE of polymers?A.All natural polymers can heal themselves.B.Natural polymers can be found in silk and skin.C.Synthetic polymers Are used only in a limited way.D.Synthetic polymers are made from natural polymers.答案B解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第三段中的“Theyre in the silk blouse your grandmother so loves”和“Think of your skin.polymer in action”可知，蠶絲和皮膚中都含有天然聚合物。故正確答案為B。8.What do we know about “Terminator”？A.It is made up of two parts.B.It heals itself completely in several hours.C.It can repair itself under normal conditions.D.It must be pulled apart soon after self-healing.答案C解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由倒數(shù)第三段中的“.allowed them to stand at room temperature，without applying any pressure.”可知，“終結(jié)者”能夠在常規(guī)條件下進(jìn)行自我修復(fù)。故正確答案為C。9.The last paragraph mainly discusses .A.the safety of “Terminator”B.the various uses of “Terminator”C.the raw materials of “Terminator”D.the characteristics of “Terminator”答案B解析段落大意題。最后一段主要講述了“終結(jié)者”的多種用途。故選B。10.Which of the following can be the best title of this passage?A.Uses of Synthetic Polymers are RediscoveredB.Natural Polymers Are Not Easy to ImitateC.The First Self-healing Polymer Was Created in a Spanish LabD.“Terminator” May Be a New Treatment for Headaches答案C解析標(biāo)題歸納題。西班牙科學(xué)家研制了一種能夠自我修復(fù)的合成聚合物“終結(jié)者”，它被切斷之后能夠很快恢復(fù)原狀。故C項作本文標(biāo)題最佳。題型組合練(十六).單項填空1.This toy，which is intended to help develop childrens ，is very popular with children and their parents.A.identity B.similarityC.creativity D.anxiety答案C解析句意為：這種玩具非常受孩子和父母的歡迎，它旨在幫助提高孩子的創(chuàng)造力。identity身份；similarity相似性；creativity創(chuàng)造性；anxiety憂慮。根據(jù)句意可知選C。2.As an environmentalist，he has been making a(n) study of ecology for decades.A.automatic B.dynamicC.romantic D.systematic答案D解析句意為：作為一名環(huán)保主義者，他已經(jīng)對生態(tài)學(xué)進(jìn)行了二十幾年系統(tǒng)性的研究。make a systematic study of對進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)性研究。故選D。3.On the first day of school，the headmaster usually all the students at the assembly，encouraging them to live their dreams.A.announces B.addressesC.delivers D.advocates答案B解析address sb. 向致辭，演講。故選B。4.Being overweight can also give rise to a lot of psychological problems， those of physical health.A.apart from B.rather thanC.regardless of D.thanks to答案A解析句意為：除了那些身體健康方面的問題，超重也可能引起很多的生理問題。apart from除之外；rather than而不是；regardless of不顧；thanks to多虧。根據(jù)句意選A。5.The Chinese Womens Volleyball Team won the championship again in the 2016 Rio Olympic Games after an interval of twelve years， all the Chinese of the everlasting “Womens Volleyball Spirit”.A.reminded B.to be remindedC.reminding D.having reminded答案C解析remind sb. of sth. 使某人想起某事。該處用現(xiàn)在分詞短語作結(jié)果狀語。故選C。6.The sustainable development is a simple idea，but that is difficult to put into practice.A.it B.that C.one D.this答案C解析one此處作為不定代詞，替代單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。onean idea。7.The Beijing opera，one of the great treasures of the Chinese culture，is popular with the old Chinese，but it doesnt the younger generation.A.correspond to B.cater toC.subscribe to D.submit to答案B解析cater to sb. /sth. 迎合某人/某物的需要。迎合年輕一代的需要。故選B。8.It never occurred to me he put forward at the conference could be approved by the government.A.that how B.which whatC.that what D.what that答案C解析It never occurred to sb. that.為固定句型，it是形式主語，that引導(dǎo)真正的主語從句。 he put forward at the.也是一個主語從句，連接詞引導(dǎo)主語從句并且在從句中作賓語，故用what。9.Whats wrong，Jane？You seem to be worn out.Yeah.I to meet the deadline for my term paper recently.I want to sleep for a hundred years now.A.have tried B.triedC.had tried D.have been trying答案D解析由句末的recently提示，可知用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時，強調(diào)動作的持續(xù)性。10.Parkour(跑酷) is a very popular sport among the youngsters in cities， the only equipment required is a good pair of shoes.A.which B.thatC.where D.what答案C解析先行詞sport為抽象化地點，從句中缺少地點狀語，故用where引導(dǎo)定語從句。.完形填空(2018·黑龍江齊齊哈爾二模)My daughter brought her four dogs over to my house though I keep two of my own.For a few hours then the house was full of 11 .There was running，barking and growling.Toys were chased after，laps were 12 on and faces were licked.Now that they have thoroughly 13 themselves out，all six dogs are napping 14 and the cat finally came out of hiding again.I have had dogs as my 15 for almost all of my life here.They have given me a 16 and friendship that no amount of money could ever 17 .Of course，they have had their flaws too.Their breath hasnt 18 been the best.Nor has their body 19 .They sometimes have defecated(排便) on my floor and thrown themselves up on my 20 .They have woken me up far too 21 ，far too often.Their sudden barking has made my 22 ring and my heart rate jump.They have stolen my covers and 23 on my pillows.They have covered my clothes and carpets in 24 .What is worse，they have 25 my shoes and sometimes my furniture.And I have seen them eat things that I wont dare 26 here.Still，I have loved them all unconditionally 27 they have all loved me unconditionally.In this 28 moment with them all napping around me，I cant help but think what this world would be like 29 we all loved each other as unconditionally as our dogs love us.Would there be a(n) 30 to war，hunger，hate，and fear? I expect that we will be able to create a peaceful world for all the people on it.語篇解讀作者和自己的狗相處得很好，互相愛對方。文章啟示我們，“如果我們都像我們的狗愛我們一樣無條件地愛對方，這個世界將會是什么樣子。戰(zhàn)爭、饑餓、仇恨和恐懼會結(jié)束嗎？”11.A.hope B.noiseC.trust D.expectation答案B解析hope希望；noise噪音；trust信任；expectation期待。根據(jù)上句“My daughter brought her four dogs over to my house though I keep two of my own.”及下句“There was running，barking and growling.”可知，屋子里充滿了噪音。故選B。12.A.caught B.broughtC.jumped D.turned答案C解析catch抓??；bring帶來；jump跳躍；turn使變成。玩具被追趕，膝蓋被撲了上來，臉被舔了。jump on跳上，撲向。答案為C。13.A.taken B.carriedC.held D.worn答案D解析take帶走；carry搬運；hold握住，舉行；wear穿，磨損，wear oneself out把自己累垮。既然它們已經(jīng)把自己累垮了，這六只狗都在安靜地打盹，貓終于又出來了。故選D。14.A.peacefully B.anxiouslyC.possibly D.fully答案A解析peacefully平靜地；anxiously焦慮地；possibly可能地；fully充分地。句意參見上題解析。故選A。15.A.interest B.colleaguesC.guides D.companions答案D解析interest興趣；colleague同事；guide指南；companion同伴。在這里，“我”幾乎一生都把狗作為自己的伙伴。故選D。16.A.loyalty B.rewardC.cheat D.entertainment答案A解析loyalty忠誠；reward報酬；cheat欺騙；entertainment娛樂。它們給了“我”一份忠誠和友誼，這是用多少錢都買不到的。答案為A。17.A.suggest B.remindC.buy D.charge答案C解析suggest建議；remind提醒；buy買；charge收費。句意參見上題解析。答案為C。18.A.sometimes B.alwaysC.never D.still答案B解析sometimes有時候；always總是；never從來沒有；still仍然。當(dāng)然，它們也有自己的缺點。它們的呼吸并不總是最好的，它們的體味也不好。故選B。19.A.size B.heightC.length D.smell答案D解析size大??；height高度；length長度；smell氣味。句意參見上題解析。故選D。20.A.yard B.bathroomC.bed D.pool答案C解析yard院子；bathroom浴室；bed 床；pool水塘。它們有時在“我”的地板上大便，還跳到“我”的床上。故選C。21.A.soon B.earlyC.quickly D.late答案B解析soon不久；early提早；quickly迅速地；late晚。它們把“我”吵醒得太早了，太頻繁了。故選B。22.A.ears B.eyesC.bells D.phones答案A解析ear耳朵；eye眼睛；bell鈴聲；phone電話。它們的突然吠叫使“我”的耳朵嗡嗡地響，也使“我”的心跳加快。故選A。23.A.climbed B.readC.slept D.played答案C解析climb爬；read閱讀；sleep睡覺；play玩。它們偷了“我”的被子，睡在“我”的枕頭上。故選C。24.A.fur B.leavesC.dust D.water答案A解析fur皮毛；leaf樹葉；dust灰塵；water水?！拔摇钡囊路偷靥荷险碀M了它們的毛。故選A。25.A.swallowed down B.chewed upC.taken in D.brought out答案B解析swallow down吞下；chew up嚼碎，毀滅；take in吸收，明白；bring out生產(chǎn)，說出。更糟糕的是，它們把“我”的鞋子和“我”的家具都咬壞了。故選B。26.A.convey B.deliverC.promote D.describe答案D解析convey傳遞；deliver遞送；promote促進(jìn)，提升；describe描述?！拔摇笨吹剿鼈兂粤恕拔摇辈桓以谶@里描述的東西。故選D。27.A.when B.thoughC.because D.after答案C解析when當(dāng)時候；though盡管；because因為；after在之后。盡管如此，“我”還是無條件地愛它們，因為它們都無條件地愛“我”。此處是because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句。故選C。28.A.important B.quietC.boring D.lonely答案B解析important重要的；quiet安靜的；boring令人厭煩的；lonely孤獨的，寂寞的。在這個安靜的時刻，它們都在“我”身邊打盹。故選B。29.A.if B.asC.since D.for答案A解析if如果；as因為；since自從以來；for因為(并列連詞)?！拔摇鼻椴蛔越叵耄绻拔覀儭倍枷瘛拔覀儭钡墓窅邸拔覀儭币粯訜o條件地愛對方，這個世界將會是什么樣子。故選A。30.A.solution B.endC.support D.change答案B解析solution解決方案；end結(jié)束；support支持；change變化。戰(zhàn)爭、饑餓、仇恨和恐懼會結(jié)束嗎？故選B。.閱讀理解(2018·3月天津)With a satisfied smile，Keisha finished the last sentence of her English essay about one of her heroes，Rosa Parks，an important figure in the Civil Rights Movement.“Keisha，” her mother shouted from downstairs.“Its almost 415.”“Dont worry.I wont be late.” Keisha pulled down a storybook from her bookshelf, as she always read to the nursing homes residents.And on an impulse(一時心血來潮)，she added her English notebook as well.As Keisha came running in the door，the manager told her，“We have a new resident this week，Mrs Ruby Watson.Shes still adjusting to her new surroundings.Youll find her in Room 28.And by the way，Keisha，good luck.”Keisha walked down the hallway at a quick pace.As she entered Room 28，she met two sharp brown eyes staring at her doubtfully.“Im Keisha Jackson，a volunteer，” Keisha explained.“I come here to help pass the time with residents，or read to them，or，.” Keisha started stammering(結(jié)巴) as Mrs Watson continued to stare at her.“I didnt request anyone to keep me company，” Mrs.Watson