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1、閱讀理解 議論文 精選大題 A 【2018·全國(guó)II】We’ve all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by people who are, like us, deeply focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the uncomfortable silence. What’s the problem? It’s possible that we all have compromis

2、ed conversational intelligence. It’s more likely that none of us start a conversation because it’s awkward and challenging, or we think it’s annoying and unnecessary. But the next time you find yourself among strangers, consider that small talk is worth the trouble. Experts say it’s an invaluable so

3、cial practice that results in big benefits. Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can’t forget that deep relationships wouldn’t even exist if it weren’t for casual conversation. Small talk is the grease(潤(rùn)滑劑) for social communication, says Bernardo Carducci, director of the Shyness R

4、esearch Institute at Indiana University Southeast. “Almost every great love story and each big business deal begins with small talk,” he explains. “The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them.” In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, associate pr

5、ofessor of psychology at UBC, invited people on their way into a coffee shop. One group was asked to seek out an interaction(互動(dòng)) with its waiter; the other, to speak only when necessary. The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive feelings and a

6、 better coffee shop experience. “It’s not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband,” says Dunn. “But interactions with peripheral(邊緣的) members of our social network matter for our well-being also.” Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly gr

7、eater sense of belonging, a bond with others. Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts with small talk. “Small talk is the basis of good manners,” he says. 1. What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph? A. Addiction to smartphones. B. Inappropriate behaviours in publ

8、ic places. C. Absence of communication between strangers. D. Impatience with slow service. 2. What is important for successful small talk according to Carducci? A. Showing good manners. B. Relating to other people. C. Focusing on a topic. D. Making business deals. 3. What does the coffee

9、-shop study suggest about small talk? A. It improves family relationships. B. It raises people’s confidence. C. It matters as much as a formal talk. D. It makes people feel good. 4. What is the best title for the text? A. Conversation Counts B. Ways of Making Small Talk C. Benefits of Small

10、 Talk D. Uncomfortable Silence 【答案】1-4 CBDC 【解析】這是一篇議論文。在當(dāng)今社會(huì)，人們?cè)诠矆?chǎng)合或沉迷于智能手機(jī)，或與不舒服的沉默抗?fàn)帲吧酥g缺乏溝通。但人與人之間是需要適當(dāng)?shù)慕徽勯e聊的，閑聊是人際關(guān)系社會(huì)交往必不可少的部分，而且也有很多好處。 1.C主旨大意題。題干問(wèn)的是：第一段描述了什么現(xiàn)象。在公共場(chǎng)合（比如在電梯里，在銀行排隊(duì)，或在飛機(jī)上）人們深深地專注于他們的智能手機(jī)，或者更糟糕的是，與不舒服的沉默抗?fàn)?。由此可知，陌生人之間缺乏溝通。A項(xiàng)意為：沉迷于智能手機(jī)。B項(xiàng)意為：在公共場(chǎng)所不適當(dāng)?shù)男袨?。C項(xiàng)意為：陌生人之間缺乏溝通。D項(xiàng)意

11、為：對(duì)緩慢的服務(wù)不耐煩。故選C項(xiàng)。 2.B推理判斷題。題干問(wèn)得是對(duì)于Carducci來(lái)說(shuō)，成功的閑聊中重要的是什么。根據(jù)第三段最后一句“The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them”（成功閑聊的關(guān)鍵是學(xué)習(xí)如何與他們交流，而不僅僅是與他們溝通。）由此推斷B符合題意。A項(xiàng)意為：表現(xiàn)出良好的禮貌。B項(xiàng)意為：與他人有關(guān)的。C項(xiàng)意為：專注于一個(gè)話題。D項(xiàng)意為：做商業(yè)交易。故選B項(xiàng)。 3.D推理判斷題。題干問(wèn)的是：咖啡店的研究對(duì)閑聊有什么建議

12、。根據(jù)第四段的調(diào)查結(jié)果可知，那些與服務(wù)員聊天的人，有顯著的積極情緒和更好的咖啡店體驗(yàn)。由此可知，D項(xiàng)符合題意。A項(xiàng)意為：閑聊改善了家庭關(guān)系。B項(xiàng)意為：閑聊提高了人們的信心。C項(xiàng)意為：閑聊和正式談話一樣重要。D項(xiàng)意為：閑聊讓人感覺(jué)很好。故選D項(xiàng)。 4.C主旨大意題。整篇文章剛開(kāi)始介紹了社會(huì)的現(xiàn)象（公共場(chǎng)合人們沉迷于智能手機(jī)，陌生人之間缺乏溝通交流），接著分析了這一問(wèn)題的原因，接下來(lái)有專家對(duì)閑聊進(jìn)行了研究，最后得出結(jié)論，閑聊都有什么樣的好處。A項(xiàng)意為：談話很重要。B項(xiàng)意為：閑聊的方法。C項(xiàng)意為：閑聊的好處。D項(xiàng)意為：不舒服的沉默。故選C項(xiàng)。 B 【2018·江蘇】In the 1760s,

13、MathurinRoze opened a series of shops that boasted(享有）a special meat soup called consomme. Although the main attraction was the soup, Roze’s chain shops also set a new standard for dining out, which helped to establish Roze as the inventor of the modern restaurant. Today, scholars have generated la

14、rge amounts of instructive research about restaurants. Takevisual hints that influence what we eat: diners served themselves about 20 percent more pasta(意大利面食) when their plates matched their food. When a dark-colored cake was served on a black plate rather than a white one, customers recognized it

15、as sweeter and tastier. Lighting matters, too. When Berlin restaurant customers ate in darkness, they couldn’t tell how much they’d had: those given extra-large shares ate more than everyone else, but were none the wiser—they didn’t feel fuller, and they were just as ready for dessert. Time is mon

16、ey, but that principle means different things for different types of restaurants. Unlike fast-food places. fine dining shops prefer customers to stay longer and spend. One way toencourage customers to stay and order that extra round: put on some Mozart(莫扎特).Whenclassical, rather than pop, music was

17、playing, diners spent more. Fast music hurried diners out.Particular scents also have an effect: diners who got the scent of lavender(薰衣草) stayed longerand spent more than those who smelled lemon, or no scent. Meanwhile, things that you might expect to discourage spending—"bad" tables, crowding,hig

18、h prices — don’t necessarily. Diners at bad tables — next to the kitchen door, say — spent nearly as much as others but soon fled. It can be concluded that restaurant keepers need not "be overly concerned about ‘bad tables,’ given that they’re profitable. As for crowds, a Hong Kong study found that

19、they increased a restaurant’s reputation, suggesting great food at fair prices. And doubling a buffet’s price led customers to say that its pizza was 11 percent tastier. 5. The underlined phrase “none the wiser” in paragraph 3 most probably implies that the customers were . A. not aware of eating

20、more than usual B. not willing to share food with others C. not conscious of the food quality D. not fond of the food provided 6. How could a fine dining shop make more profit? A. Playing classical music. B. Introducing lemon scent. C. Making the light brighter, D. Using plates of larger s

21、ize. 7. What does the last paragraph talk about? A. Tips to attract more customers. B. Problems restaurants are faced with. C. Ways to improve restaurants' reputation. D. Common misunderstandings about restaurants. 【答案】5-7 AAD 【解析】本文是一篇議論文。論述了現(xiàn)代餐館面臨的經(jīng)營(yíng)困境和解決方案，通過(guò)對(duì)比快餐店和正規(guī)餐館提出，現(xiàn)代餐飲業(yè)可以通過(guò)味道（比如薰衣草相

22、比檸檬更能刺激消費(fèi)者的食欲）、燈光的明暗（比如暗的燈光更能夠刺激顧客食欲）等吸引顧客。 5. A詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)該句中“…they didn’t feel fuller, and they were just as ready for dessert”可知，他們沒(méi)有感覺(jué)更飽，想要再吃一點(diǎn)甜點(diǎn)；據(jù)此可以判斷，劃線詞表示“他們沒(méi)有意識(shí)到比平時(shí)吃得多”，故選A項(xiàng)。 6. A 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段第三、四句“One way to encourage customers to stay and order that extra round: put on some Mozart (莫扎特). Wh

23、en classical, rather than pop, music was playing, diners spent more.”可知，在餐館播放古典音樂(lè)能延長(zhǎng)顧客在餐館的時(shí)間，從而促進(jìn)餐館贏得更多的利潤(rùn)，故選A項(xiàng)。 7.D 主旨大意題。通讀尾段可知，該段第一句“Meanwhile, things that you might expect to discourage spending — “bad tables, crowding, high prices — don’t necessarily”為該段的主題段；結(jié)合全段內(nèi)容可知，該段主要論述了人們對(duì)餐館的常見(jiàn)誤解，故選D項(xiàng)。

24、 模擬精做 A 【中原名校2018-2019學(xué)年高三第四次質(zhì)量考評(píng)英語(yǔ)試題】I have an entrepreneur friend, Arthur, who always wears a suit. I take the mick that I’ve never seen him in casual clothes and his response is: “The suit is the uniform of business.” But in my business, the uniform has often been torn jeans and glitter or

25、computer programmer T-shirts. Either way, work clothing can be flexible, as long as it’s appropriate. At WAH Nails, many of the team say that one of the special benefits is that they don’t have to suppress(抑制) their identity at work. But when we opened in a new location, I thought we needed a unifor

26、m to make the nail artists easily identifiable. In the team meeting showing potential branded T-shirts, one of the artists, Holli, said sheepishly: “But when I’m wearing a plain black logo T-shirt, I just don’t feel my ‘Stylebrat’ self.” (Stylebrat is her name.) She was right. We hired women with u

27、nique taste, so why was I trying to turn them into a homogenous(同類的) worker army? We got rid of the shirts and everyone was relieved. On the other hand, without a uniform or loose dress code, I personally struggle to keep the style bar high every day. I love going into offices where I see that the

28、founder has a distinct style that has moved slowly down to the team. In the fashion industry especially, this appropriation of crew style shows harmonious, which is essential for business success. Work clothing can unite you in your goals. It also removes distraction. I have no hesitation wearing t

29、he same(clean) outfit two days in a row. I’d say my look is Busy Working Style Mom, mixing sportswear with suiting. I have 10 black jackets that I pair with one of 20 blue Zara jeans. Sometimes you’re just there to get the job done, not to worry a lot about your appearance. 8.What is the clothing s

30、tyle of the staff at WAH Nails? A.It is formal. B.It is fashionable. C.It is characteristic. D.It is traditional. 9.What does the paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A.A style loved by all workers in a company. B.The benefits of wearing a uniform in work. C.The importance of the founders’ ta

31、ste in fashion. D.The importance of a friendly atmosphere in business. 10.What does the author suggest people do in the last paragraph? A.Women should have their own style. B.Workers can wear jeans instead of dresses. C.People can wear the same clothes for several days. D.People should not car

32、e too much about their appearance. 11.Who may the text be intended for? A.Artists. B.Computer programmers. C.Working staff. D.Women teachers. 【答案】8-11CBDC 【解析】本文是一篇夾敘夾議文，作者就上班時(shí)人們究竟該如何穿著這一話題給出了她自己的看法：不要過(guò)于在意自己的外表，把工作做好才是關(guān)鍵。 8.C推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中的“We hired women with unique taste, so why was I

33、 trying to turn them into a homogenous(同類的) worker army?”可知，我們雇傭了有獨(dú)特品味的女性，所以我為什么要把她們變成同質(zhì)的工人大軍？由此可知，WAH Nails 的工裝風(fēng)格是有特色的，故C項(xiàng)正確。 9.B主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段內(nèi)容，特別是“Work clothing can unite you in your goals. It also removes distraction.”可知，工裝能讓你們?cè)谀繕?biāo)上團(tuán)結(jié)一致，還能消除干擾，由此可知，本段主要介紹了穿工裝的好處，故B項(xiàng)正確。 10.D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段“Sometimes

34、you’re just there to get the job done, not to worry a lot about your appearance.”可知，有時(shí)候你在那只是為了完成工作，而不是太在意自己的外表，由此可知作者建議人們不必太在意自己的外表，故D項(xiàng)正確。 11.C推理判斷題。通讀全文可知本文主要討論工作時(shí)應(yīng)該如何著裝的問(wèn)題，由此可知文章的目標(biāo)讀者應(yīng)該是是上班族，故C項(xiàng)正確。 B 【江蘇省南通泰州七市2019屆高三第一次調(diào)研考試】When a driver slams on the brakes to avoid hitting a pedestrian crossi

35、ng the road illegally, she is making a moral decision that shifts risk from the pedestrian to the people in the car. Self-driving cars might soon have to make such ethical (道德的)judgments on their own — but settling on a universal moral code for the vehicles could be a tough task, suggests a survey.

36、 The largest ever survey of machine ethics, called the Moral Machine, laid out 13 possible situations in which someone’s death was unavoidable. Respondents were asked to choose who to spare in situations that involved a mix of variables: young or old, rich or poor, more people or fewer. Within 18 mo

37、nths, the online quiz had recorded 40 million decisions made by people from 233 countries and territories. When the researchers analysed these answers, they found that the nations could be divided into three groups. One contains North America and several European nations where Christianity has been

38、 the dominant (占支配地位的)religion; another includes countries such as Japan, Indonesia and Pakistan, with strong Confucian or Islamic traditions. A third group consists of countries in Central and South America, such as Colombia and Brazil. The first group showed a stronger preference for sacrificing o

39、lder lives to save younger ones than did the second group, for example. The researchers also identified relationships between social and economic factors in a country. They found that people from relatively wealthy countries with strong institutions, such as Finland and Japan, more often chose to h

40、it people who stepped into traffic illegally than did respondents in nations with weaker institutions, such as Nigeria or Pakistan. People rarely face such moral dilemmas, and some cities question whether the possible situations posed in the online quiz are relevant to the ethical and practical que

41、stions surrounding driverless cars. But the researchers argue that the findings reveal cultural differences that governments and makers of self-driving cars must take into account if they want the vehicles to gain public acceptance. At least Barbara Wege, who heads a group working on autonomous-veh

42、icle ethics at Audi in Ingolstadt, Germany, says such studies are valuable. Wege argues that self-driving cars would cause fewer accidents, proportionally, than human drivers do each year—but that people might focus more on events involving robots. Surveys such as the Moral Machine can help to begi

43、n public discussions about these unavoidable accidents that might develop trust. “We need to come up with a social consensus,” she says, “about which risks we are willing to take.” 12．Why is it difficult to set universal moral rules for programming self-driving cars? A．Social values always change

44、with the times. B．Moral choices vary between different cultures. C．Drivers have a preference for sacrificing the weak. D．Car makers are faced with decisions of life or death. 13．The researchers conducted the study by_____. A．using a massive online quiz worldwide B．comparing different cultures

45、and customs C．dividing the respondents into three groups D．performing a series of controlled experiments 14．According to the study, in which country are drivers more likely to hit a pedestrian crossing the road illegally? A．Nigeria B．Colombia C．Finland D．Indonesia 15．Barbara Wege would p

46、robably agree that _____. A．Self-driving cars will greatly improve the traffic environment B．Accidents caused by self-driving cars might receive more attention C．Problems involving self-driving cars might shake the public trust in society D．Car makers needn’t take the risk of solving self-drivin

47、g car ethical dilemmas 【答案】12-15BACB 【解析】這是一篇議論文。文章主要講了當(dāng)一名司機(jī)猛踩剎車以避免撞到非法穿越馬路的行人時(shí)，她是在做一個(gè)道德上的決定，將風(fēng)險(xiǎn)從行人轉(zhuǎn)移到車內(nèi)的人。自動(dòng)駕駛汽車可能很快就不得不做出這樣的道德的判斷了。 12．B推理判斷題。根據(jù)題目定位到第一段but settling on a universal moral code for the vehicles could be a tough task,suggests a survey. 看到下一段講了這個(gè)survey，第三段揭示了研究結(jié)果：nations could be di

48、vided into three groups，第四段also identified …in a country，通過(guò)nations，country可知實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果按照不同國(guó)家劃分，可見(jiàn)是文化差異different cultures，故選B。 13．A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段倒數(shù)第二行online quiz可知A正確；B選項(xiàng)作者只是展示不同文化的moral choices，未提及比較；C選項(xiàng)根據(jù)第三段開(kāi)頭analyzed these answers, they found that nations could be divided into three groups說(shuō)明divided是研究結(jié)果得出

49、的，而非conduct the study使用的方法；D選項(xiàng)文章未提及experiment，research是通過(guò)analyzed these answers得出的，故選A。 14．C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)題目定位到第四段第三行Finland and Japan, more often chose to hit people who stepped into traffic illegally可知根據(jù)這項(xiàng)研究，芬蘭的司機(jī)更有可能撞上非法穿越馬路的行人，故選C。 15．B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)人名定位到最后兩段，最后一段Surveys…can help to begin public discussio

50、ns about these unavoidable accidents可知Barbara Wege可能會(huì)同意無(wú)人駕駛汽車引發(fā)的事故可能會(huì)受到更多關(guān)注，B正確；A選項(xiàng)倒數(shù)第二段只提到cause fewer accidents, proportionally不等于greatlyimprove；C選項(xiàng)最后一段that might develop trust可知C錯(cuò)誤；D選項(xiàng)car makers needn’t take risk文章完全沒(méi)有提及，故選B。 C 【2017·江蘇卷】A new commodity brings about a highly profitable，fast-grow

51、ing industry, urging antitrust (反壟斷) regulators to step in to check those who control its flow. A century ago, the resource in question was oil. Now similar concerns are being raised by the giants (巨頭) that deal in data, the oil of the digital age. The most valuable firms are Google, Amazon, and Mi

52、crosoft. All look unstoppable. Such situations have led to calls for the tech giants to be broken up. But size alone is not a crime. The giants’ success has benefited consumers. Few want to live without search engines or a quick delivery. Far from charging consumers high prices, many of these servi

53、ces are free (users pay, in effect, by handing over yet more data). And the appearance of new-born giants suggests that newcomers can make waves, too. But there is cause for concern. The Internet has made data abundant, all-present and far more valuable, changing the nature of data and competition.

54、 Google initially used the data collected from users to target advertising better. But recently it has discovered that data can be turned into new services: translation and visual recognition, to be sold to other companies. Internet companies’ control of data gives them enormous power. So they have

55、a “God’s eye view” of activities in their own markets and beyond. This nature of data makes the antitrust measures of the past less useful. Breaking up firms like Google into five small ones would not stop remaking themselves: in time, one of them would become great again. A rethink is required—and

56、 as a new approach starts to become apparent, two ideas stand out. The first is that antitrust authorities need to move from the industrial age into the 21st century. When considering a merger (兼并)，for example, they have traditionally used size to determine when to step in. They now need to take in

57、to account the extent of firms’ data assets (資產(chǎn)) when assessing the impact of deals. The purchase price could also be a signal that an established company is buying a new-born threat. When this takes place, especially when a new-born company has no revenue to speak of, the regulators should raise re

58、d flags. The second principle is to loosen the control that providers of online services have over data and give more to those who supply them. Companies could be forced to reveal to consumers what information they hold and how much money they make from it. Governments could order the sharing of ce

59、rtain kinds of data, with users’ consent. Restarting antitrust for the information age will not be easy. But if governments don't want a data economy controlled by a few giants, they must act soon. 16.Why is there a call to break up giants? A.They have controlled the data market. B.They collect

60、 enormous private data. C.They no longer provide free services. D.They dismissed some new-born giants. 17.What does the technological innovation in Paragraph 3 indicate? A.Data giants’ technology is very expensive. B.Google’s idea is popular among data firms. C.Data can strengthen giants’ cont

61、rolling position. D.Data can be turned into new services or products. 18.By paying attention to firms’ data assets, antitrust regulators could ________. A.kill a new threat B.avoid the size trap C.favour bigger firms D.charge higher prices 19.What is the purpose of loosening the giants’ cont

62、rol of data? A.Big companies could relieve data security pressure. B.Governments could relieve their financial pressure. C.Consumers could better protect their privacy. D.Small companies could get more opportunities. 【答案】16-19 A C B D 【解析】本文是一篇議論文。文章主要論述了數(shù)據(jù)信息壟斷企業(yè)的發(fā)展導(dǎo)致的后果以及反壟斷的措施、對(duì)反對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)壟斷的未來(lái)展望。

63、 16. A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段第三句“Now similar concerns are being raised by the giants (巨頭) that deal in data, the oil of the digital age.”和第二段第一句“Such situations have led to calls for the tech giants to be broken up.”可知，人們呼吁打破壟斷的原因是數(shù)據(jù)信息壟斷機(jī)構(gòu)控制了數(shù)據(jù)市場(chǎng)，故選A項(xiàng)。注意B項(xiàng)中的private data，文中并沒(méi)有提到私人數(shù)據(jù)，此題易誤選B項(xiàng)。 17. C推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段第四、

64、五句“But recently it has discovered that data can be turned into new services:translation and visual recognition, to be sold to other companies.Internet companies control of data gives them enormous power.”可知，數(shù)據(jù)可以轉(zhuǎn)化為新的服務(wù)和商品，被賣給其他公司；因特網(wǎng)公司對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)的控制給了它們巨大的權(quán)力。據(jù)此可以判斷，數(shù)據(jù)可以增強(qiáng)壟斷公司的控制地位，故選C項(xiàng)。 18. B推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段第二、

65、三句“When considering a merger (兼并)，for example, they have traditionally used size to determine when to step in. They now need to take into account the extent of firms' data assets (資產(chǎn)) when assessing the impact of deals.”可知，傳統(tǒng)意義上的反壟斷組織用公司的大小來(lái)決定何時(shí)介入，而現(xiàn)在評(píng)估時(shí)則要考慮公司的數(shù)據(jù)資產(chǎn)規(guī)模。據(jù)此可知，關(guān)注數(shù)據(jù)評(píng)估，旨在避免陷入傳統(tǒng)的“以公司大小”評(píng)估的陷

66、阱，故選B項(xiàng)。 19. D推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段中的“The purchase price could also be a signal that an established company is buying a new-born threat. When this takes place, especially when a new-born company has no revenue to speak of, the regulators should raise red flags.”以及對(duì)第六段的理解可知，反壟斷部門應(yīng)該采取行動(dòng)，使幾大因特網(wǎng)巨頭放松對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)的控制，使新生的小公司得到更多的發(fā)展機(jī)會(huì)，故選D項(xiàng)。 D 【2017·天津卷】I read somewhere that we spend a full third of our lives waiting. But where are we doing all of this waiting, and what does it mean to an impatient socie