考點(diǎn)十八科普研究類A限時(shí)8分鐘Could the device, smartphone or PC, which you're using affect the moral decisions you make when using it? To test it, researchers presented multiple dilemmas to a sample set of 1,010 people The participants were assigned a device at randomOne case of the questions participants were asked is the classic “trolley (有軌電車(chē)) problem”： A runaway trolley is headed towards five people tied up on a set of train tracks You can do nothing, resulting in the deaths of five people, or push a man off a bridge, which will stop the trolley The practical response is to kill one man to save five lives, which 335 percent of smartphone users chose, compared to 223 percent of PC users“What we found in our study is that when people used a smartphone to view classic moral problems, they were more likely to make more unemotional, reasonable decisions when presented with a highly emotional dilemma，” Dr Albert BarqueDuran, the lead author of the study, told City University of London “This could be due to the increased time pressure often present with smartphones and also the increased psychological distance which can occur when we use such devices compared to PCs”As for why the researchers started this study, Dr BarqueDuran noted, “Due to the fact that our social lives, work and even shopping take place online, it is important to think about how the contexts where we typically face moral decisions and are asked to engage in moral behavior have changed, and the impact this could have on the hundreds of millions of people who use such devices daily” It's clear that we need more research on how our devices affect our moral decisionmaking because we're using screens at an everincreasing rate1Why did the author mention the trolley problem?ATo introduce a difficult problem to readersBTo introduce the aim of carrying out the studyCTo show an example of the questions in the studyDTo show the difficulty in dealing with dilemmas答案：C推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段中的“One case of the questions participants were asked is the classic trolley (有軌電車(chē)) problem”可以推斷出，作者提及到電車(chē)問(wèn)題，只是展示了研究的問(wèn)題中的一個(gè)例子。故選C。2How do the smartphone users of the study behave in dealing with emotional dilemmas?ACalmly BCruellyCHesitantly DEnthusiastically答案：A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段中的“What we found in our study is that when people used a smartphone to view classic moral problems, they were more likely to make more unemotional, reasonable decisions when presented with a highly emotional dilemma”可知，對(duì)于情感困境，手機(jī)使用者更能夠鎮(zhèn)定地處理。故選A。3Dr Albert believes that compared with PCs, smartphones _Ahelp people bear more pressureBhelp people make decisions quickerCmake people feel more mentally distantDmake people stay happier to solve problems答案：C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段最后一句可知，與電腦相比較，手機(jī)更使人感到心理上的疏遠(yuǎn)。故選C。4What can we infer from the text?AShopping online has a great effect on making moral decisionsBThe people using smartphones are more than those using PCsCPeople who often use smartphones or PCs always meet with dilemmasDIt is common for people to be involved in making moral decisions in daily life答案：D推理判斷題。通讀全文，尤其是最后一段可知，研究者進(jìn)行研究的目的是為了證明這些設(shè)備是否影響道德決策，而且全文最后一句指出還須進(jìn)行更多的研究，故排除A；文中未提出使用手機(jī)的人比使用電腦的人多，故排除B；由全文內(nèi)容，尤其是第一段第一句可知，道德決策不僅存在于手機(jī)用戶和電腦用戶之間，只不過(guò)本文是在研究使用這些設(shè)備是否對(duì)道德決策有影響，故排除C。B限時(shí)8分鐘Most Americans are worried about new technology They are concerned that machines, including robots, will take over work now done by humans These findings come from a new report by the Pew Research Center of Washington D CAbout 75 percent of Americans questioned by Pew said automation will increase income inequality between the rich and the middle class and poor And 64 percent of people expect automation to be so common in America that people will face difficulty finding things to do with their livesSome of the concerns about technology come from a distrust about whether machines will always make the right decision Many Americans believe humans have better judgement in dealing with complex matters One example is selecting a person for a job Threequarters of Americans said they would not want to apply for a job that uses a computer program to choose the most qualified person“Most Americans want the government to limit automation For example, 87 percent support a requirement that all driverless vehicles have a human in the driver's seat who can take control when an emergency occurs And 85 percent want to limit machines to mostly doing jobs that are dangerous or unhealthy for humans And only 25 percent expect more jobs to come from automation，” Pew saidMark Zuckerberg, the cofounder of , spoke last May to graduating seniors from Harvard University in Massachusetts His talk centered on the uncertain future facing young people “Our generation will have to deal with tens of millions of jobs replaced by automation like selfdriving cars and trucks” Zuckerherg told the graduatesZuckerberg said young people had better launch (發(fā)起) projects that would bring both jobs and direct benefits to the people of the world He said in his speech that 30,000 people worked to put a man on the moon, and millions of people built the Hoover Dam as well as other great projects over the last 100 years5What do many Americans think of technology according to Paragraph 3?AUseful BEffectiveCDangerous DUndependable答案：D推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段內(nèi)容，尤其是該段的第一句可知，與人類處理復(fù)雜問(wèn)題的能力相比，科技的可靠性令很多美國(guó)人擔(dān)憂。故選D。6Why do Americans want a human in driverless vehicles?ATo test the new technologyBTo make a driverCTo ensure personal safetyDTo entertain the passengers答案：C推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段第二句可知，87%的美國(guó)人支持在一輛無(wú)人駕駛的汽車(chē)?yán)锱鋫湟粋€(gè)人來(lái)確保人身安全。故選C。7What did Zuckerberg encourage the students to do?ARefuse selfdriving vehiclesBCreate new job chancesCFocus on small projectsDFight against robots答案：B推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段第一句“Zuckerberg said young people had better launch (發(fā)起) projects that would bring both jobs and direct benefits to the people of the world”可知，Zuckerberg鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生創(chuàng)造新的工作機(jī)會(huì)。故選B。8Which of the following would be the best title for the text?ANew Technology Creates More JobsBNew Technology Brings More FairnessCAmericans Worry Machines Will Take JobsDRobots Make Work Easy to Do for Workers答案：C標(biāo)題判斷題。通讀全文，尤其是第一段第一、二句可知，本文講述的是美國(guó)人擔(dān)憂機(jī)器將接管現(xiàn)在由人做的工作。C限時(shí)8分鐘Scientists in Britain have managed to teach bumblebees (大黃蜂) to pull strings to get to food and then pass on what they have learned to others in their colony (群體)showing a high level of intelligence despite their tiny brainsResearchers at Queen Mary University of London said the experiments, often used to test the intelligence of apes (猿) and birds, showed for the first time that some insects are up to the task, and can also pass skills on through several generationsThe findings add to the evidence suggesting the ability for “culture spread”the ability to learn and pass on knowledge and skillsmay not be exclusive to humansIn the research, published in the journal PLOS Biology on Tuesday, the scientists were able to train 23 out of a group of 40 bees to pull strings with their legs and feetThe strings were attached to discsor artificial “flowers”containing food at their center but placed under a transparent screen The bees, spotting the food beneath the screen, learned to pull the “flowers” out by pulling the string with their legs and feet to be able to get to itFrom another group of bees given the chance to solve the task without any training, only two of 110 were successfulAnother group of bees were then allowed to observe the trained bees pulling the strings, and 60 percent of them successfully learned the skill Finally, trained bees were put in colonies, and the scientists found the technique spread successfully to a majority of the colony's worker beesLars Chittka, a Queen Mary University professor who guided the project, said the team is interested in figuring out the brain processes behind the bees' learning and teaching skills9What does the underlined word “exclusive” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? AUnique BOrdinaryCWidespread DBeneficial答案：A詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第二段中的“showed for the first time that some insects are up to the task, and can also pass skills on through several generations”可知，大黃蜂也具有學(xué)習(xí)并傳播所學(xué)技能的能力，結(jié)合第三段可知，調(diào)查結(jié)果增加了證據(jù)表明大黃蜂所具有的“文化傳播”的能力，并非人類獨(dú)有。10What did the researchers find about bees? ABees are as clever as birdsBBees learn best in insectsCBees can be trained to learn skillsDBees are born good learners答案：C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中的“the scientists were able to train 23 out of a group of 40 bees to pull strings with their legs and feet”和第五段第二句中的“l(fā)earned to pull the flowers out by pulling the string with their legs and feet to be able to get to it”可知，蜜蜂可以通過(guò)訓(xùn)練學(xué)習(xí)技能。11What may the research team focus on next? AWhere bees learn skills BWhat else bees can doCHow bees' brain works DHow bees teach others答案：C推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一句中的“the team is interested in figuring out the brain processes behind the bees' learning and teaching skills”可知，該小組感興趣的是弄清楚蜜蜂學(xué)習(xí)和教學(xué)技能背后的大腦活動(dòng)過(guò)程，所以研究小組下一步可能關(guān)注蜜蜂的大腦是如何工作的。12What may be the best title for the text? ABees Can Learn and TeachBSmall Bees, Great AbilitiesCLet Bees LearnDBees Are Smarter答案：A標(biāo)題判斷題。結(jié)合全文尤其是第一段可知，文章主要介紹一項(xiàng)科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)，大黃蜂經(jīng)過(guò)訓(xùn)練可以學(xué)習(xí)并傳播所學(xué)技能。D限時(shí)7分鐘“Have you ever been out on a boat and felt it lifted up by a wave? Or have you jumped in the water and felt the rush of energy as waves came over you？” asked Jamie Taylor of the Wave Energy Group at University of Edinburgh “There is certainly a lot of energy in waves，” he said Scientists are working to use that energy to make electricity Most waves are created when winds blow across the ocean “The wind starts out by making little ripples (漣漪), but if they keep on blowing, those ripples get bigger and bigger and turn into waves，” Taylor said “Waves are one of nature's ways of picking_up energy and then sending it off on a journey” When waves come toward the shore, people can set up dams to block the water and send it through a large wheel called a turbine (渦輪機(jī)) The turbine can then power an electrical generator to produce electricity“The resource is huge，” said Janet Swain of the Worldwatch Institute “We will never run out of wave power” Besides, wave energy does not create the same pollution as other energy sources, such as oil or coal Oceans cover three quarters of the Earth's surfacethat would make wave power seem ideal for creating energy throughout the world, though there are some weak points yet to overcomeSwain said that wave power still costs too much money She also said that its effects on sea animals are still unknown What is more, wave power could affect fishing and boat traffic Traditional sources of energy like oil and gas may someday run out “Demand for energy to power our TVs and computers, drive our cars, and heat and cool our homes is rising rapidly throughout the world，” Swain said In the future when you turn on a light, an ocean wave could be providing the electricity!13The writer uses the two questions at the beginning of the passage to _Atest the readers' knowledge about wavesBdraw the readers' attention to the topicCshow Jamie Taylor's importanceDinvite the readers to answer them答案：B推理判斷題。作者在問(wèn)題后談到了波浪能源的相關(guān)內(nèi)容，所以文章開(kāi)頭的兩個(gè)問(wèn)句是為了引起讀者的注意，從而引出文章主題。故選B。14The underlined phrase “picking up” is closest in meaning to “_”Astarting again Bspeeding upCimproving Dgathering答案：D詞義猜測(cè)題。本句中的“and then sending it off on a journey”是關(guān)鍵信息，it指代energy, send off意為“把發(fā)散出去”，由此可知，前一動(dòng)作是收集能源的過(guò)程。故picking up在此意為“收集”，與gathering同義。故選D。15It can be inferred that someday we might not worry about _ Aour power supply Bour boat traffic Cair pollution Dour supply of sea fish答案：A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第二段前兩句可知，資源很龐大，所以將來(lái)終有一天我們不必再為電力供應(yīng)擔(dān)憂。never run out of “永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)用完”是關(guān)鍵信息。故選A。16We can make better use of wave energy if we _ Ashorten its journey to thousands of homes Bbuild more small power stations on the oceans Creduce the cost of turning it into electric power Dquicken the steps of producing electricity答案：C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第一句“Swain said that wave power still costs too much money”可知，波浪能源仍耗資很多。由此可知，如果我們能降低波浪能源的發(fā)電成本，我們將會(huì)更好地利用波浪能源。故選C。A限時(shí)8分鐘(2019·成都市高中畢業(yè)班摸底測(cè)試)As evolution tends to remove waste，how come we evolved such large, energyconsuming brains? The dominant hypothesis (假設(shè)) suggests that tough social interactions are the driving force But our new study done in an unusual way shows that human brain expansion is likely driven by ecology (生態(tài)) Scientists have tested the ecological and social hypotheses before The common approach is to look at many species and investigate whether large brains are associated with specific problems For example, do primates or other animals with large brains have a diet that is challenging to find but nutritionally rewarding? This would indicate an ecological origin Or do they live in large groups where they face lots of social problems? While many studies have found such associations, there is a problem It cannot tell whether large brains evolved to solve the difficult problems or whether they evolved for other reasons and then enabled their bearers to deal with the hard problemsTo find out the causes of brain expansion, we recreated the scenarios (可能出現(xiàn)的情況) of the two hypotheses using a mathematical model We found that a combination of ecological and social challenges do produce the brain size we see in humans But it was ecological challenges that expanded brains In contrast to the dominant view and our own expectation, we found that social challenges contributed by decreasing brain size But you need both factors to get the brain size we see todayif there were no social challenges our brains would have been even larger but likely poorly suited to social life Bigger isn't necessarily betterBut many animals face hard ecological problems Why don't they all have large brains? We found that ecological problems only lead to humansized brains when individuals can keep learning hard skills as they grow So our results and those of others' suggest that hard ecology and the accumulation of cultural knowledge could act together to produce a humansized brainWill the human brain expand further? The complexity of the systems involved makes it impossible to say much with certainty at present1In most people's view, what makes human evolve large brains?ASocial challengesBSocial and ecological challengesCEcological challengesDCompetition with other large animals答案：A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段第二句“The dominant hypothesis (假設(shè)) suggests that tough social interactions are the driving force”并結(jié)合第一段內(nèi)容可知，大部分人認(rèn)為棘手的社會(huì)交往活動(dòng)是人類大腦進(jìn)化的動(dòng)力，故A項(xiàng)正確。2What's the problem of the common approach?AIts model is not reliable enoughBIt doesn't tell the cause and effect clearlyCIts hypothesis cannot be proved effectivelyDIt doesn't find brain size is connected with problems答案：B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第二句“It cannot tell whether large brains evolved to solve the difficult problems or whether they evolved for other reasons and then enabled their bearers to deal with the hard problems”可知，傳統(tǒng)的研究方法無(wú)法解釋清楚大腦進(jìn)化的原因和影響，故B項(xiàng)正確。3Why don't many animals have large brains?AThey don't learn from each otherBThey don't face hard ecological problemsCThey don't need to cooperate with each otherDThey don't keep learning tough skills as they grow答案：D推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段第二、三句“Why don't they all have large brains? We found that ecological problems only lead to humansized brains when individuals can keep learning hard skills as they grow”可知，只有當(dāng)個(gè)體在成長(zhǎng)過(guò)程中不斷學(xué)習(xí)艱難的技能時(shí)，生態(tài)環(huán)境才會(huì)導(dǎo)致人類特定大小的大腦。據(jù)此可以判斷，動(dòng)物在成長(zhǎng)過(guò)程中并沒(méi)有持續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)艱難的技能，所以動(dòng)物沒(méi)有大的大腦，故D項(xiàng)正確。4Which of the following do the researchers find most surprising?AAnimals don't have large brainsBSocial challenges decrease brain sizeCEcological challenges increase brain sizeDIt's unclear whether human brains will expand further答案：B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段第四句“In contrast to the dominant view and our own expectation, we found that social challenges contributed by decreasing brain size”可知，與主流觀點(diǎn)及我們自己的預(yù)期相反，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)社會(huì)挑戰(zhàn)導(dǎo)致大腦變小。據(jù)此可知，社會(huì)挑戰(zhàn)導(dǎo)致大腦變小是令人驚訝的發(fā)現(xiàn)，故B項(xiàng)正確。B限時(shí)8分鐘調(diào)題庫(kù)4D篇，序號(hào)與A篇順排(2019·合肥市高三調(diào)研性測(cè)試)Babies teach their older brothers and sisters empathy (共鳴), according to a new study Empathy means understanding and entering others' feelings Until now, younger kids have generally been regarded to learn plenty from their older brothers or sisters but don't give back much But this study, published in Child Development confirms that younger siblings (兄弟姐妹) ensure their big brothers and sisters don't grow into disgusting peopleno easy task“Although it's assumed that older siblings and parents are the primary socializing influences on younger siblings' development, we found that both younger and older siblings positively contributed to each other's empathy over time，” study coauthor Marc Jambon said in a statement Prior sibling studies have focused on the influence of older brothers and sisters, probably because their impacts are most obvious As one review of literature notes, studies have shown that older siblings influence everything from their younger siblings' motor development to their risk of smoking later in life And although separate studies have tried to pin_down effects that younger siblings have on their older siblings, the specific influence of baby brothers and sisters remains unclearFor this new study, Jambon and his colleagues recruited (招募) a diverse group of 452 Canadian sibling pairs between the ages of 18 months and four years At the start of the study, individual researchers assessed children's baseline empathy levels by visiting the kids at home and then pretending to hurt themselves or break a valuable item Eighteen months later, they found small but significant increases in empathyOne unexpected exceptionolder sisters did not appear to experience increased empathy after 18 months living with their little brothers, specifically The researchers aren't sure why this exception appeared, and they recommend that future studies dive into more complex phenomena5What has been found in the new study?AYoung kids could show more sympathy on othersBYoung siblings know more about empathy than the olderCYounger siblings could contribute to their older ones' empathyDYounger kids can learn a lot from their older brothers or sisters答案：C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段第一句“Babies teach their older brothers and sisters empathy (共鳴), according to a new study”可知，新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)嬰兒會(huì)對(duì)他們的哥哥和姐姐的共鳴產(chǎn)生影響，故選C。6What does Marc Jambon say about kids' empathy development?ASiblings influence each other in a positive wayBParents play a more important role than teachersCOlder siblings have far more obvious influencesDYounger siblings make much smaller contributions答案：A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第一句中的“Although it's assumed that older siblings and parents are the primary socializing influences on younger siblings' development, we found that both younger and older siblings positively contributed to each other's empathy over time”可知，Marc Jambon認(rèn)為在共鳴方面兄弟姐妹之間是以積極的方式互相影響、互相促進(jìn)的，故選A。7What do the underlined words “pin down” in Paragraph 2 mean?AAssess BLimit CConfirm DReduce答案：C詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境中的although，并結(jié)合該句中的“the specific influence of baby brothers and sisters remains unclear”可知，盡管不同的研究已經(jīng)確定了這種影響，但具體影響還不確定，由此可推知，pin down和confirm “確認(rèn)”含義相近，故選C。8What can we infer about the study from the last paragraph?AIt offers no exceptionsBIt appears to be under controlCIt is recognized to be scientificDIt needs to be carried out further答案：D推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段最后一句“The researchers aren't sure why this exception appeared, and they recommend that future studies dive into more complex phenomena”可推知，這種例外產(chǎn)生的原因還不能確定，有待進(jìn)一