專題二 完形填空 第一節(jié) 技法點撥 把脈近三年天津卷考向分布年份 體裁個數(shù)題型2018201720166月3月6月3月6月記敘文記敘文記敘文記敘文記敘文句內(nèi)層次(較易)91091010句組層次(中等)87888語篇層次(較難)33322 分析近3年的天津卷高考試題，我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，完形填空的文章體裁主要是記敘文。內(nèi)容主要是傳播知識，傳遞正能量，可讀性較強。題型分為句內(nèi)層次、句組層次、語篇層次等三個層次，以句內(nèi)層次和句組層次題為主，語篇層次題為輔，較難的語篇層次題僅有3道左右。這就要求考生在做完形填空題時，心中始終有這三個層次，認(rèn)真甄別每道題是屬于哪種層次，然后再確定用何種方法來解題，從而做到萬無一失。 一、解題步驟1.通讀全文，把握主旨。 在速讀全文的過程中要重視首句、首段的信息，注意找出文章的關(guān)鍵詞、中心詞，畫出某些代表人物和情節(jié)的詞句，理清“情節(jié)線”和“情感線”，形成對整篇文章概貌的理解。2.上下求索，先易后難。 完形填空設(shè)題通常分為句內(nèi)、句組和語篇三個層次，做題時先易后難，遇到?jīng)]有把握的題目時，可暫時跳過空格，順著原來的思路推進(jìn)，等到大部分空格選出答案后，借助已補全的信息，回頭掃除“最牛釘子戶”。3.復(fù)讀全文，微調(diào)答案。 做完題后，把填好的短文通讀一遍，看看有沒有明顯的語法錯誤和邏輯沖突，必要時加以改正。二、解題策略完形填空題的解答實際上就是通過已知信息去破解未知信息。這需要考生從完形填空文章所包含的龐雜的已知信息體系中分析、查找、排查無關(guān)的已知信息，定位和查找出與每處具體的填空相關(guān)聯(lián)的已知信息，再根據(jù)這些信息最終得出正確答案。下面我們將介紹句內(nèi)、句組和語篇三種層次題的常用解題技巧，看看應(yīng)如何利用已知信息來確定未知信息。(一)句內(nèi)層次題1.利用習(xí)慣搭配及固定結(jié)構(gòu)解題完形填空中經(jīng)常會考查一些習(xí)慣搭配和固定結(jié)構(gòu)，這時考生就需要運用習(xí)慣搭配及固定結(jié)構(gòu)來解題。例題 (2017·6月天津)This combination of healing myself and healing the world 26 me as the perfect solution.A.scared B.consideredC.confused D.struck分析 本題可以利用固定搭配解題。strike sb. as sth. 給某人以某種印象，讓某人覺得。故選D。2.利用生活常識和文化背景解題完形填空文章中往往滲透著諸如文化科學(xué)、歷史地理、風(fēng)俗民情等方面的知識?？忌谧鲱}時，若能積極地調(diào)動自己的文化背景知識和生活常識，巧妙地加以運用，特別是注意中西文化的差異，將會大大簡化復(fù)雜的分析與判斷過程，節(jié)省寶貴的時間，順利地沿作者的思路閱讀下去。例題 (2018·6月天津)No one is born a winner. People make themselves into winners by their own 16 .A.luck B.testsC.efforts D.nature分析 本題可以利用生活常識和文化背景解題。根據(jù)常識可知，只有依靠自己的努力才能成為贏家。luck幸運；test測試；effort努力；nature自然。根據(jù)前一句“No one is born a winner.”(沒有人天生就是贏家)，可知選C。3.利用對應(yīng)成分分析法解題完形填空文章的上下文之間以及句子內(nèi)部之間往往有著一定的邏輯關(guān)系，它使句子的各個成分之間形成一定的對應(yīng)關(guān)系?？忌梢愿鶕?jù)這種邏輯關(guān)系找出與未知填空相對應(yīng)的已知成分，將它作為線索，通過它推斷出未知填空的答案。例題 (2017·全國)Before the school year 47.ended，I gave the kids a special 48.gift，T-shirts with the words “Verbs Are Your 49.Friends” on them.I had advised the kids that while verbs(動詞) may seem dull，most of the 50 things they do throughout their lives will be verbs.50.A.simple B.uniqueC.fun D.clever分析 本題可以利用對應(yīng)成分分析法解題。 從上述分析可看出，while是從屬連詞，連接讓步狀語從句，意為“雖然”。故50空填的詞應(yīng)為dull“單調(diào)的”的反義詞，故C項fun“有趣的”正確。4.利用邏輯關(guān)系解題此方法是通過分析未知填空前后文已知信息之間的邏輯關(guān)系來確定答案，主要應(yīng)用于完形填空的兩類題型：一是考查連接詞和起連接詞作用的短語；二是考查上下文的邏輯關(guān)系。例題 (2018·6月天津)It was a tradition for the schools old team to play against the 19 team at the end of spring practice.A.successful B.excellentC.strong D.new分析 本題可以利用邏輯關(guān)系解題。根據(jù)前半句“It was a tradition for the schools old team”中的old team提示可知，春季訓(xùn)練結(jié)束時，學(xué)校新老隊伍對抗是一個傳統(tǒng)。故選D。5.利用語境暗示分析法解題上下文語境具體體現(xiàn)為：全文的中心主線和主題、作者的態(tài)度傾向和評價、上下文語篇銜接、句際和段際關(guān)系。在句內(nèi)層次中，我們通?？梢酝ㄟ^上下文語境，即根據(jù)已知信息，推導(dǎo)出正確答案。例題 Several years ago I 37 a letter from seventeen-year-old Kerry，who described herself as a world-class fault-finder，almost always 38.bothered by things.37.A.received B.answeredC.expected D.rejected分析 本題可以利用語境暗示分析法解題。根據(jù)下文語境“who described herself as.”可知，作者“收到”了一封信，信中一個十七歲的女孩凱里描述了自己是一個世界級的吹毛求疵的人。故選A。(二)句組層次題1.利用語義復(fù)現(xiàn)解題復(fù)現(xiàn)是一種語義銜接手段，它通過原詞、同義詞或近義詞、反義詞、上義詞、下義詞、同源詞或同根詞等重復(fù)出現(xiàn)來表達(dá)某一概念，使整篇文章上下連貫、有機(jī)地銜接在一起。因此，考生可根據(jù)文章的具體情況，理解文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和語境，利用文章中的語義復(fù)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)象來選擇正確的答案。例題 (2017·6月天津)That year，I 21.attended a seminar where we were asked to create a project that would touch the world.A seminar leader shared her 22.success storyshe had not only lost 125 pounds，but also raised 25,000 for homeless children.23.Influenced by her story，I created the As We Heal(痊愈)，the World Heals 24 .24.A.project B.businessC.system D.custom分析 本題可以利用語義復(fù)現(xiàn)解題。本題為原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)。根據(jù)上文中的“we were asked to create a project”可知，此處應(yīng)填project。project項目；business生意；system系統(tǒng)；custom風(fēng)俗。故選A。2.利用作者態(tài)度或感情色彩關(guān)聯(lián)解題在高考完形填空文章中，我們一定要在快速閱讀文章的過程中，仔細(xì)找出能夠反映作者態(tài)度和感情色彩的重要詞匯，它們往往是名詞、形容詞、副詞或動詞等。這些詞匯通常是我們做題時重要的參照線索，可以幫助我們快速確定某些題目的正確答案。例題 (2016·天津)She had a 26.firm intention within herself to be the best she could be. My ten-year-old was growing and changing right before my eyes，into this 27 human being with a passion and a mission.But that didnt stop her from trying.27.A.trusted B.determinedC.experienced D.embarrassed分析 本題可以利用作者態(tài)度或感情色彩關(guān)聯(lián)解題。聯(lián)系上文的“She had a firm intention”及下文的“But that didnt stop her from trying.”可以看出，她是一個意志堅定的(determined)人。故選B。3.利用邏輯關(guān)系解題在句組層次題中，利用邏輯關(guān)系解題同樣是一種重要的方法。例題 (2016·全國)Everything they know about you 42.came through this device，sometimes from hundreds of miles away. 43 they feel they can know you 44.just from the sound of your voice.43.A.Thus B.YetC.Then D.Indeed分析 本題可以利用邏輯關(guān)系解題。前文提到“他們對你的了解全部通過這臺裝置，有時來自數(shù)百英里遠(yuǎn)的地方”，本空用副詞yet表示轉(zhuǎn)折含義：可是他們覺得僅僅通過你的聲音他們就能夠了解你。故選B。4.利用語境暗示分析法解題在句組層次題中，有些題目我們往往也需要通過上下文語境，即根據(jù)已知信息，推導(dǎo)出正確答案。例題 (2016·全國)When I was 13 my only purpose was to become the star on our football team.That meant41.beating out Miller King，who was the best 42 at our school.42.A.coach B.studentC.teacher D.player 分析 本題可以利用語境暗示分析法解題。根據(jù)上文中的“my only purpose was to become the star on our football team”可知，此空與“球員，選手(player)”有關(guān)，而不是教練(coach)、學(xué)生(student)或老師(teacher)。故選D。(三)語篇層次題1.利用語義復(fù)現(xiàn)解題在語篇層次題中，我們同樣可以利用語義復(fù)現(xiàn)解題。例題 (2017·6月天津)27.As I began my own personal weight program，I was filled with the fear that I would 28.run into the same difficulties that beat me before.While the 29 hung over my head，there were also signs.29.A.excitement B.joyC.anger D.fear分析 本題可以利用語義復(fù)現(xiàn)解題。本題為原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)。根據(jù)上文中的“I was filled with the fear”可知，此處應(yīng)填fear。故選D。2.利用總分結(jié)構(gòu)對照分析法解題完形填空往往采用總分對照結(jié)構(gòu)，這種結(jié)構(gòu)可以為我們提供重要的解題線索。例題 In our modern world，when something wears out，we throw it away and buy a new one.The 36.problem is that countries around the world have growing mountains of 37.rubbish because people are throwing out more rubbish than ever before.How did we 38 a throwaway society？First of all，it is now easier to 39.replace an object than to spend time and money to repair it.40.Thanks to modern manufacturing(制造業(yè)) and technology，companies are able to produce products quickly and inexpensively.Products are plentiful and41.cheap.Another cause is our42.love of disposable(一次性的) products.As 43.busy people，we are always looking for 44.ways to save time and make our lives easier.Companies 45.produce thousands of different kinds of disposable products：paper plates，plastic cups，and cameras，to name a few.Our appetite for new products also 46.contributes to the problem.We are 47.addicted to buying new things.Advertisements persuade us that 48.newer is better and that we will be happier with the latest products.The result is that we 49.throw away useful possessions to make room for new ones. 38.A.face B.becomeC.observe D.change分析 本題可以利用總分結(jié)構(gòu)對照分析法解題。本題在一個總述句“How did we 38 a throwaway society？”中。之前文章在描述一個現(xiàn)象：人們把舊物品扔掉，造成垃圾堆積如山。從文章結(jié)構(gòu)來看，從本題開始出現(xiàn)了另一個意群，“How did we 38 a throwaway society？”為這個意群的總述句，即我們?nèi)绾纬闪艘粋€丟棄的社會呢？因此，僅僅看到本題所在句子包含的信息是不夠的，還要看其他地方的相關(guān)已知信息，這個關(guān)鍵信息就在分述部分。只要總結(jié)分述部分，本題就迎刃而解了。 總結(jié)一下分述部分，很容易判斷出第38題的答案就是B項become。因為，下面的分述句都是在分析形成的原因。故選B。3.利用邏輯關(guān)系解題在語篇層次題中，利用邏輯關(guān)系也是一種重要的解題方法。例題 Dario and his mother loved their new apartment.The living room was large enough for their piano.That night，the two of them 36.sat side by side at the piano.They played jazz music to celebrate their new home.The loud 37.music filled the room and made them feel very happy.The next morning， 38 ，their happiness disappeared.Someone had left a 39.note under their door during the night.One of their neighbors had written to complain(抱怨) about the sound of the piano.Darios mother asked the building superintendent(管理員) if he knew anything about it.But he said that they were all 40.nice people and he couldnt imagine any of them had done that.Later that morning，Dario suggestedthat they write a letter to their 41.neighbors and apologize for their playing.38.A.therefore B.howeverC.otherwise D.instead分析 本題可以利用邏輯關(guān)系解題。 通過上述對本題前后文已知信息的分析，發(fā)現(xiàn)上下文是明顯的轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，因此答案可以確定為選項B。故選B。8