十一、主旨大意 文章/ 段落大意題(2018·江蘇，B)In the 1760s，Mathurin Roze opened a series of shops that boasted(享有) a special meat soup called consommé.Although the main attraction was the soup，Rozes chain shops also set a new standard for dining out，which helped to establish Roze as the inventor of the modern restaurant.Today，scholars have generated large amounts of instructive research about restaurants.Take visual hints that influence what we eat：diners served themselves about 20 percent more pasta(意大利面食) when their plates matched their food.When a dark-colored cake was served on a black plate rather than a white one，customers recognized it as sweeter and more tasty.Lighting matters，too.When Berlin restaurant customers ate in darkness，they couldnt tell how much theyd had：those given extra-large shares ate more than everyone else，but were none the wiserthey didnt feel fuller，and they were just as ready for dessert.Time is money，but that principle means different things for different types of restaurants.Unlike fast-food places，fine dining shops prefer customers to stay longer and spend.One way to encourage customers to stay and order that extra round：put on some Mozart(莫扎特)When classical，rather than pop，music was playing，diners spent more.Fast music hurried diners out.Particular scents also have an effect：diners who got the scent of lavender(薰衣草) stayed longer and spent more than those who smelled lemon，or no scent.Meanwhile，things that you might expect to discourage spending“bad” tables，crowding，high pricesdont necessarily.Diners at bad tablesnext to the kitchen door，sayspent nearly as much as others but soon fled.It can be concluded that restaurant keepers need not “be overly concerned about bad tables”， given that theyre profitable.As for crowds，a Hong Kong study found that they increased a restaurants reputation，suggesting great food at fair prices.And doubling a buffets price led customers to say that its pizza was 11 percent tastier.語篇解讀本文是一篇說明文。它主要通過引入現(xiàn)代餐館的鼻祖馬蒂蘭·羅茲制訂的標準以及學者對于餐館的研究來介紹現(xiàn)代餐館在經(jīng)營中影響食客消費的幾個要素：視覺要素(餐具、燈光)、聽覺要素(音樂)、嗅覺要素(氣味)、其他要素(桌位、擁擠程度和價格)。素材旨在通過現(xiàn)代餐館的經(jīng)營理念，讓考生了解西方現(xiàn)代餐館的經(jīng)營之道。58The underlined phrase “none the wiser” in Paragraph 3 most probably implies that the customers were .Anot aware of eating more than usual Bnot willing to share food with othersCnot conscious of the food quality Dnot fond of the food provided答案A解析詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第三段中的“.those given extra-large shares ate more than everyone else，but were none the wiserthey didnt feel fuller.”可知，那些被給以大份飯菜的食客比其他人吃得多，但他們沒有飽腹感，這說明在黑暗的就餐環(huán)境下，食客并沒有意識到自己比平時吃得多，所以none the wiser意為“不清楚，不知道”。故選A項。59How could a fine dining shop make more profit?APlaying classical music.BIntroducing lemon scent.CMaking the light brighter.DUsing plates of larger size.答案A解析細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中的“When classical，rather than pop，music was playing，diners spent more.”可知，當演奏古典音樂而不是流行音樂的時候，食客們會花更多的錢。spent more就是對題干中make more profit的語義轉(zhuǎn)化。故選A項。60What does the last paragraph talk about?ATips to attract more customers.BProblems restaurants are faced with.CWays to improve restaurants reputation.DCommon misunderstandings about restaurants.答案D解析段落大意題。根據(jù)最后一段首句“Meanwhile，things that you might expect to discourage spendingbadtables，crowding，high pricesdont necessarily.”可知，你可能認為會打消你消費的念頭的東西位置“不好”的桌位、擁擠和價格高未必如此(指在某些人看來，這些不利因素未必不會帶來利潤的增加)。由此可知，作者認為這些對于餐館的常見的觀點是一種誤解，故選D項。一、文章大意題的題型解讀說明文、記敘文、議論文三種文體涉及的多種話題如社會文化類、人物故事類、科普說明類，多會考查文章大意類題。設(shè)問形式常有：(1)What is the main theme/topic/idea of this passage?(2)The passage is mainly about .(3)The general/main idea of the passage is .(4)The passage mainly focuses on .二、文章大意題的解題技巧“主題句定位”尋主旨文章是由段落組成的。段落的主題就是段落的中心思想，具體段落的中心思想又是為文章整體中心思想服務(wù)的。理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具體段落中心的基礎(chǔ)上的。找出每小段的主題句，各段的主題句常在該段的首句或尾句，各段主題句的整體歸納便是文章的中心思想。有的文章無明顯主題句，主題句隱含在段意之中，這就需要進一步加工概括。觀察全文的結(jié)構(gòu)安排，理解文章的“重心”和支撐性細節(jié)。主題句的位置一般有以下幾種：(1)主題句出現(xiàn)在文首。開門見山，提出主題，用細節(jié)來解釋或拓展主題句所表達的主題思想，是最常見的演繹法寫作方式。新聞報道、說明文或議論文通常采用這種寫法。(2)主題句出現(xiàn)在文末。在表述細節(jié)后，歸納要點以概括主題，是最常見的歸納法寫作方式。(3)主題句首尾呼應(yīng)。為突出主題，作者先提出主題，結(jié)束時再次點出主題。(4)主題句出現(xiàn)在中間。寫作方式為：細節(jié)描述歸納主題進一步解釋。以下是找主題句的四個小竅門：1段落中出現(xiàn)表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語(如however，but，in fact，actually等)時，該句很可能是主題句。2首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時，對該問題的回答很可能就是文章主旨。3作者有意識地重復(fù)的觀點，通常是主旨；反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語，一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞。4表示總結(jié)或結(jié)論的句子常包含therefore，thus，in short，conclude，conclusion等詞。三、段落大意題的題型解讀段落大意類題型多在說明文和議論文中所涉及的各類話題如社會文化類、科普說明類等進行考查。設(shè)問形式常有：(1)The main idea of the second paragraph probably is .(2)What is the main idea of the first paragraph?(3)The first paragraph is mainly about .四、段落大意題的解題技巧(1)段首：說明文和議論文中的主題句常在段首句(2)段尾：先表述細節(jié)，后歸納概括，段落中心在段尾(3)段中間：先用一句或幾句話引出要表達的主題，再陳述主題，再論述細節(jié)，即引出主題段落中心再論述(4)沒有明顯段落中心時，需概括段落內(nèi)容，總結(jié)段落中心例如：真題感悟中第60題，根據(jù)文章最后一段首句“Meanwhile，things that you might expect to discourage spendingbad tables，crowding，high pricesdont necessarily.”可知，你可能認為會打消你消費的念頭的東西位置“不好”的桌位、擁擠和價格高未必如此(指在某些人看來，這些不利因素未必不會帶來利潤的增加)。由此可知，作者認為這些對于餐館的常見的觀點是一種誤解，故選D項。AMost of us have lost our wallet at some stage in our lives.But few would imagine having it returned after a nearly seven-decade gap.Edward Parker dropped his wallet in 1950 into an inaccessible spot behind a bookshelf，while working as an electrician，repairing World War Two bomb damage in the palace.The wallet stayed there until this year when a builder，doing some 1restoration work，finally found it.The wallet is a time capsule.Its leather and webbing has long ago started to disintegrate.But it contains numerous pictures of family，invoices(發(fā)票)，receipts，old union cards，results of a chest X-ray (sent to him in 1948，the same year as the NHS was founded)，a national service card dated 9 December 1944 and a medical insurance card.His business cardsE Parker，Electrical Contractorseem almost original.Reflecting the typical methods of contact of the time，they have an address but no telephone number.A month ago I was speaking to a 8press officer at Lambeth Palace and he mentioned that the wallet had just been handed in.We thought it might be nice to try and work out whose it was and give it back to the family.Edward Parker is a pretty common name，but his medical card contained two places of residencePoets Road and Springdale Road in north London.From this，Islington Council were able to find details of a marriage between Edward Parker and Constance Butler in 1947.That information was enough to work out that he was still alive and in a care home in Essex，so I went to visit him.Now 89，Edward has dementia(癡呆)，but he was clearly happy to get the wallet and in particular，the photographs back.He pointed out pictures of his mother and father，his brother，his cousins and his wife Constance，who was with him when I visited.“He hadnt seen a picture of his father since he lost the wallet，” Constance,90，says.語篇解讀本文是一篇新聞報道，介紹了一個物歸原主的故事。愛德華·帕克曾是一名電工，他于1950年維修因二戰(zhàn)受損的宮廷時，不慎將錢包丟失。直到今年，錢包被一名宮廷修復(fù)工人發(fā)現(xiàn)。錢包里的物品充滿了那個年代的回憶，89歲的愛德華·帕克重新拿到錢包，非常開心。1We can possibly infer that Edward Parker .Aonce worked as an electrical technicianBalways lost his walletConce participated in World War Donce worked as a restoration builder答案A解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段第二句“Edward Parker dropped his wallet in 1950 into an inaccessible spot behind a bookshelf，while working as an electrician，repairing World War Two bomb damage in the palace.”可知，Edward Parker曾是一名electrician(電工)，因此A項正確。2Whats the main idea of the second paragraph?AThe material of the wallet.BThe producer of the wallet.CThe 9contents of the wallet.DThe shape of the wallet.答案C解析段落大意題。本題適合用排除法。A項錢包的材質(zhì)；B項錢包的制造商；C項錢包里的東西；D項錢包的外形。根據(jù)文章第二段，其中提到了錢包的外皮及邊線已破損，錢包里有pictures of family(家人照片)，invoices(發(fā)票)，receipts(收據(jù))，old union cards(工會卡)，results of a chest X-ray(胸片報告)，a national service card(服務(wù)卡)，a medical insurance card(醫(yī)?？?，business cards(名片)等物品，可知A項表述片面，B、D項未提及，僅C項符合題意。故選C。3What does the underlined word “disintegrate” in the second paragraph mean?A2Maintain. BDamage.CDisappear. DDestroy.答案B解析詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第二段第二句“But it contains.(但是，錢包里有)”可知，錢包外皮還在，排除C、D項，A項“維護”，不符合文意；B項“損壞”，根據(jù)第二段前兩句可知，“雖然錢包的外皮及邊線已破損，但里面有”，符合題意。故選B。4What plays a key role in returning the wallet to its owner?ABusiness card. BNational service card.COld union card. DMedical card.答案D解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段第三句中的“but his medical card contained two places of residence”可知，他的醫(yī)?？ㄉ嫌袃蓚€住址，此處明確了醫(yī)?？ㄊ钦业街魅说年P(guān)鍵物品。故選D。BIn third-world countries such as Swaziland and Haiti，a 15-dollar invention is making a world of difference.Nokero，a company started by Brian Rants，sells lamps that do not require kerosene(煤油)These solar lamps have become a staple(主流產(chǎn)品) in countries in Africa，to provide light for reading and safety at night.Nokero has sold over 500,000 lamps in over 120 countries since it was first founded in 2010 and Rants thinks the demand for his product will only continue to increase.Most lamps found in third-world countries 3currently require kerosene to run，but kerosene causes indoor pollution and has been linked to fires that have caused over a million deaths.Instead of experiencing the effects of smoking 40 cigarettes a day from kerosene lamps，Rants thinks his solar lamps could be the answer for third-world countries.The Economist agrees，calling solar lights “the next big 4innovation for the worlds poor”Nokeros solar lamps are higher in quality and less expensive than a lot of solar technology，making them a practical 6option for many people in third-world countries.Rather than giving solar lamps to individuals in need，Nokeros 7mission is to make them 5affordable.Through research Rants has realized that individuals who buy a solar product would take better care of it and value it more than if they received it for free.Families who buy Nokeros solar lamps make up the cost in just a few months of not having to buy kerosene or pay for off-the-grid electricity.Some activists have attacked companies such as Nokero for selling products to the poor rather than simply giving them out for free.They argue that these companies unfairly profit from the poor.However，Rants disagrees.Families receive a product that is much higher in quality than what they might receive for free and feel a sense of ownership having purchased it for themselves.語篇解讀本文主要介紹了由Nokero公司發(fā)明的不需要煤油的太陽能燈具，這些太陽能燈已經(jīng)成為非洲國家的主流產(chǎn)品，為夜間的閱讀和安全提供照明。5What do we know about the solar lamps in the passage?AThey save energy and cause no pollution.BThey equal the effect of 40 cigarettes a day.CThey are given to the individuals free of charge.DThey help to save kerosene in third-world countries.答案A解析細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段末句“Most lamps found in third-world countries currently require kerosene to run，but kerosene causes indoor pollution and has been linked to fires that have caused over a million deaths.”可知，這種太陽能燈既節(jié)約能源，又沒有污染。故選A。6According to Rants，if the poor are given the lamps for free，they .Awill have to pay for kerosene or electricityBwont take good care of or value the lampsCwill feel a sense of ownership of the lampsDwont help to increase the sales of the lamps答案B解析細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段第二句“Through research Rants has realized that individuals who buy a solar product would take better care of it and value it more than if they received it for free.”可知，如果免費送給窮人這種燈，他們就不會好好珍惜它們了。故選B。7What is Paragraph 3 mainly about?AAn innovation of the world.BAdvantages of the solar lights.CSolution to worlds poverty problems.DHeavy pollution caused by kerosene lamps.答案B解析段落大意題。根據(jù)第三段所說Nokero的太陽能燈質(zhì)量更好，價格也比很多太陽能技術(shù)的燈便宜，適合發(fā)展中國家的人們使用，所以可知該段主要介紹了這種太陽能燈的優(yōu)點。故選B。.障礙詞匯突破(一)閱讀下列句子，并根據(jù)句意猜測畫線部分的意思1Wed better do some restoration work to something such as an old building or a piece of furniture，so that it looks the same as it originally was.恢復(fù)，復(fù)原2Careers Officers still maintain contact with young people when they have left school.維持；保持3The matter which has been confusing us is currently being discussed among many experts in the meeting room.目前，現(xiàn)在4We must promote originality，inspire creativity and encourage innovation.改革，革新5We thus have full belief in personal genomics and personalised medicine that they will certainly be affordable to most people in developing countries.支付得起(二)同義詞語替換6Criminals are given the option of going to jail or facing public humiliation.choice7He was sent on over 200 missions before being killed in action.assignments(三)一詞多義8press vt.壓，按；逼迫；vi.重壓；n.壓，按；報刊；印刷媒體；報道；評論；記者；新聞工作者；出版社；印刷機(1)Dont press your opinions upon her.逼迫(2)Press this button to start the engine.壓，按(3)To judge from the press，the concert was a great success.報道；評論(4)Christie looked relaxed and calm as she faced the press afterwards.記者(5) A press or a printing press is a machine used for printing things such as books and newspapers.印刷機9content n內(nèi)容；目錄；容量，含量；滿足；滿意；adj.滿意的；vt.使?jié)M足(1) Im perfectly content with the way the campaign has gone.滿意的(2)Sunflower margarine has the same fat content as butter.含量，容量(3) She is reluctant to discuss the contents of the play.內(nèi)容(4)You have to content yourself with what you have.使?jié)M足.長難句理解1Edward Parker dropped his wallet in 1950 into an inaccessible spot behind a bookshelf，while working as an electrician，repairing World War Two bomb damage in the palace.句式分析本句是一個復(fù)合句，句子的主干部分是Edward Parker dropped his wallet；in 1950作時間狀語； into an inaccessible spot behind a bookshelf作地點狀語；while working as an electrician，repairing World War Two bomb damage in the palace為while引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句。精美譯文愛德華·帕克在1950年作為電工維修王宮中二戰(zhàn)中炸彈炸毀處時，把錢包掉在了書櫥后面很難發(fā)現(xiàn)的地方。2Through research Rants has realized that individuals who buy a solar product would take better care of it and value it more than if they received it for free.句式分析本句是一個復(fù)合句，that individuals who buy a solar product would take better care of it and value it more than if they received it for free為賓語從句，其中又含有一個who引導(dǎo)的定語從句。精美譯文通過調(diào)查研究，蘭特意識到那些個體購買太陽能產(chǎn)品比免費得到這些產(chǎn)品，能更好地照顧和珍惜這些東西。專題強化練(二十五).單項填空1 many people said the smartphone made their lives easier，others pointed out its shortcomings.AIf BOnceCUnless DWhile答案D解析句意為：雖然很多人說智能手機讓他們的生活更輕松，但也有人指出了它的缺點。if如果；once一旦；unless除非。前后句之間是讓步關(guān)系，while在此是從屬連詞，意為“雖然，盡管”，符合語境。故選D。2Exerciseor at least get moving，which helps the blood to and gets ideas moving around.Acirculate BtransformCaccelerate Ddevelop答案A解析句意為：做鍛煉，至少(身體)活動一下，有助于血液循環(huán)，想出好主意。circulate傳播，循環(huán)；transform轉(zhuǎn)變，改變；accelerate加速，促進；develop發(fā)展，形成。故選A。3A large quantity of books and newspapers in foreign languages up to now，not to mention those in Chinese.Ahas been subscribed toBhave been subscribed toChad been subscribed toDis subscribed to答案B解析句意為：到目前為止，大量的外語書籍和報紙已經(jīng)被訂閱了，更別提那些中文的。主語是books and newspapers，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)，且主謂之間是被動關(guān)系，且由up to now可知應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時。故選B。4Do you have any shoes which my jacket?Im afraid not.But you may have more choices.Aagree with Bbegin withCgo with Dcompare with答案C解析句意為：有和我夾克相配的鞋嗎？恐怕沒有了。但是你可以有更多的選擇。agree with與某人(觀點)一致，同意(贊同)某人的意見；begin with以開始，從開始；go with相伴，跟相配；compare with(把)與相比，比得上，可與相比，比較。故選C。5The argument arouses quite in society it is good to cancel English test in the College Entrance Examination.Awhy BwhereCwhat Dwhether答案D解析句意為：在高考中取消英語考試是否有好處，這常常引起社會的爭論。whether在此處引導(dǎo)同位語從句，故選D。6The retired teacher said，“By the year 2020，my savings off all my debts.”Awill have paid Bwould have paidChave paid Dhad paid答案A解析句意為：這位退休教師說，“到2020年，我的存款將還清我所有的債務(wù)。”將來完成時表示“到將來某時之前或某動作發(fā)生之前已經(jīng)完成的動作”，符合語境。故選A。7What Im going to say may offend some sensitive listeners at the meeting， I offer my apologies in advance.Afrom whom Bfor whomCto whom Dtowards whom答案C解析句意為：我的發(fā)言可能會冒犯一些敏感的聽眾，我事先向這些人致歉。offer sth.to sb.是固定搭配。這是“介詞關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句。故選C。8Our country has successfully established the temporary space lab，which proves that，with and determination，all obstacles can be overcome.Arequirement BcommitmentCextension Ddistinction答案B解析句意為：我國已成功建立了臨時太空實驗室，這證明，有了投入和決心，所有的障礙都能被克服。requirement要求；commitment投入，奉獻；extension延期，延伸；distinction區(qū)別，差別。故選B。9As has been a consensus，though someone has different opinions，that under no circumstances any practice of dividing China.Amay we accept Bwe may acceptCwe could accept Ddid we accept答案A解析句意為：盡管有人有不同意見，但是我們絕不可以接受任何分裂中國的行徑，這一點已形成共識。under no circumstances“決不”，當其位于句首時，句子要部分倒裝。由語境可知應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時，排除D項。故選A。10Is this your favorite?The new kind of computer is OK style，but its a bit out of color，Im afraid.Ain spite of Bregardless ofCin terms of Dfor the sake of答案C解析句意為：這是你的最愛嗎？這種新型電腦在款式方面沒有問題，但是顏色恐怕有點過時了。in spite of雖然，盡管；regardless of不管，不顧；in terms of根據(jù)，就而言；for the sake of為了的緣故。根據(jù)句意，C項是最佳答案。.閱讀理解AMaj Rundlöf remembers the moment she changed her mind about neonicotinoidsthe worlds most widely used pesticides(殺蟲劑)In December 2013，in her office at Lund University in Sweden，she and postdoctor Georg Andersson were looking at data from their latest study.It was designed to test what would happen to bees if they fed on crops treated with neonicotinoids.“I didnt expect to see any effect at all，to be honest，” says Rundlöf.Honeybees werent greatly affected by the chemicals in crops，the study suggested.But the data on bumblebees told a different story.Bumblebee colonies that hadnt fed on the treated crops looked normal：they were packing on weight to survive the winter.But in the colonies exposed to neonicotinoids，the growth chart was a fat line.When the Swedish study was published in April 2015，it made headlines around the world.It was the first to show that neonicotinoidsknown as neonicscould harm bees in a real-world farming situation.Bee populations are declining in many parts of the globe，a worrying sign for the crops and wild plants that rely on these bees for their survival.Parasites(寄生蟲)，diseases and shrinking food resources are all prime suspects.But a link to neonics has become a major flashpoint.Even before Rundlöfs results were revealed，the European Union had placed heavy restrictions on three most widely used neonics in flowering cropsplants that might be attractive to beesamong rising concerns that the chemicals might harm pollinators(傳粉者)But farmers，the agrochemical industry and some scientists pointed out that these were based on limited evidence，gathered mostly from lab tests.Since Rundlöfs paper，studies showing real-world evidence of harm from pesticides in the field have been mountingand environmental organizations have demanded wide-ranging bans.Regulatory agencies will soon decide what to do about neonics，which have a global market worth more than US 1.5 billion per year.This month，the EUs European Food Safety Authority is due to complete a re-evaluation of evidence for restricting neonics；the EU will then need to decide what action to take.France has passed a law that would ban neonics in 2018.But industry groups and some scientists say the evidence still isnt conclusive.The picture in complicated：some studies show harm to some bees in some circumstances，while others find no harm.The results seem to be affected by many factors，including the species of bees and the kinds of crops involved.Scientists working on the question say any new study is instantly picked at by advocates on both sides.Even the results of the largest study on the matter，funded by the agrochemical industry，failed to produce a consensus.Its likely that political or regulatory decisions will settle the matter before opposing parties agree.11Maj Rundlöfs study suggests that .Aneonicotinoids are linked to bee declinesBbumblebees are threatened with cold winterChoneybees are at no risk from neonicotinoidsDneonicotinoids are harmful to bees as expected答案A解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段內(nèi)容可知，新煙堿類農(nóng)藥對蜜蜂的影響比較小，但是對大黃蜂的影響比較大。所以殺蟲劑與蜂類數(shù)量的減少是有關(guān)的。12Why does the d