2014屆牛津高三英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)語法專題專題11介詞與介詞短語一語法概念巧掌握：（一）概念1 介詞的分類 介詞是用于名詞詞組或相當(dāng)于名詞詞組的結(jié)構(gòu)之前，表示詞語之間意義關(guān)系的詞類。 英語常用的介詞大致可分為四類：（1）簡單介詞顧名思義，簡單介詞是指由一個(gè)單詞構(gòu)成的介詞，也是使用最頻繁的一類介詞。簡單介詞也可能由形容詞、副詞、分詞、名詞、連詞等轉(zhuǎn)變而來。常用的簡單介詞有：at，about，above，across，after，among， against，before，behind，below，beside，between，beyond，but，despite，during，except，for，in，of，on，over，near，past， round，since，through，till，until，with，up等。（2）合成介詞指由介詞其它介詞或副詞構(gòu)成的介詞。常用的合成介詞有：inside，into，onto， outside，throughout，towards，within，without等。（3）二重介詞指由兩個(gè)單一的介詞并列在一起，作為一個(gè)介詞使用并表達(dá)一個(gè)完整意思的介詞。常見的二重介詞有：from among，from behind，from under，until till after等。（4）短語介詞指由介詞介詞、介詞名詞、介詞分詞、介詞動詞、介詞形容詞、介詞副詞等構(gòu)成的短語.常用的有：according to， along with，in front of，by means of，in spite of，together with，with regard to等。短語介詞與介詞短語不同。介詞短語是由介詞加賓語構(gòu)成，本身可作句子成分，如定語或狀語等，可單獨(dú)使用；而短語介詞是用作介詞的短語，不可獨(dú)立使用，本身不能作句子成分，后面要跟名詞、動名詞或代詞等。2介詞的用法及應(yīng)注意的問題（1）介詞的搭配與介詞的選擇介詞不能在句子中獨(dú)立充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分，而需要與其后面的賓語相結(jié)合，成為介詞短語，在句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分。所以選用什么介詞要根據(jù)其后面所接的賓語而定。但是，有時(shí)介詞也受其前面用詞的限制，因此，許多情況下也應(yīng)根據(jù)介詞前面的詞選用相應(yīng)的介詞。（2）介詞的賓語介詞的賓語可以是名詞、代詞或其他詞類或句子等。例如：名詞：The car ran into a wall，and two men were killed代詞：Wherever he went，he carried the photo with him形容詞：Your plan is far from perfect副詞：I can't see the tower clearly from hereShe came from afar動名詞：He entered the room without taking off his hat不定式：He did nothing but cry介詞短語：She often studies till after midnight數(shù)詞：In nine out often he won't come疑問詞不定式：The problem of how to get enough money is difficult to settle疑問詞引導(dǎo)從句：He does not care about who will be promotedthat引導(dǎo)的從句：Man differs from other animals in that man can laugh and speak（3）介詞的語法功能介詞與其他詞類或成分結(jié)合后方能在句子中充當(dāng)語法成分，構(gòu)成介詞短語。介詞短語可以作定語（須后置）、狀語、表語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、另一個(gè)介詞的賓語，間或作主語等。例如：The skyscraper in the distance isa five-star hotel（定語）Her eyes were tired from long reading（狀語）The decision is of great importance to me（表語）They found the machine in a bad state（賓語補(bǔ)足語）A pretty girl appeared from behind the curtain（介詞賓語）On purpose or not on purpose is of great difference（主語）3 介詞的固定搭配在英語中固定搭配的介詞詞組和短語介詞很多，平時(shí)需要加強(qiáng)記憶。此處講解幾個(gè)常見的動詞與介詞的固定搭配，并且就較容易混淆的介詞搭配進(jìn)行比較、分辨。1act as 擔(dān)任 act for 代理2apply to 應(yīng)用于，適合于，向申請 apply for 申請，要求3belong to 屬于 belong in住在，應(yīng)該 belong with 應(yīng)歸于（類別，范疇等）4call on 號召，請求，拜訪 call at 探訪（at后接地方） call in 請醫(yī)生，召集，收集 call to 高聲喚（某人）5compare with 跟相比較 compare to 把比作，與相比6correspond with 與通信；適合 correspond to 相當(dāng)于7deal in 做生意，經(jīng)營（engage in） deal with 對付，論及，與交往（cope with）8play with 玩（某物） play at玩（某種游戲） play on 玩（某種樂器）9suffer from 患（?。?，受禍患10wait on 伺候 wait for等待二解題方法靈活用解題方法或策略：（一）在考試中應(yīng)注意的一些常用介詞  1in 表示某種狀態(tài)或情況，例如：  He had never been in love before他以前從未戀愛過。  The roses were in flower玫瑰在盛開。  His clothes were in rags他衣衫襤褸。  屬于該類搭配的還有：in danger，in（dis）order，in  poverty，in retirement，in tears，in trouble等。  2at用在某些表示情感的形容詞、具有形容詞作用的-ed分詞以及某些動詞后面，表示原因，例如：  We felt glad at what he had said他說的話使我們感到高興。  They were shocked at his idea of being an artist他們對他要當(dāng)藝術(shù)家的想法感到震驚。  類似的形容詞還有：alarmed，amazed，angry，delighted，disappointed，disgusted，happy，indignant，overjoyed，pleased，surprised；動詞有：blush，brighten，grieve， marvel，tremble，wonder等。  3by與某些名詞連用，表示"按計(jì)算"，"成地買（或賣）"之意，例如：  We were paid by the day week month year我們按日周月年領(lǐng)工資。  Sugar is sold by the pound，petrol by the gallon糖按磅出售，而汽油按加侖賣。  We do nothing by halves我們干什么都是徹底的。  這樣的用法還有：by the dozen，by the hundreds  thousands millions，by the ounce，by the yard，by twos and threes等。  4for與某些動詞、形容詞以及具有形容詞作用的 ed分詞連用，表示原因，譯法較活，例如：  Thank you for your gift謝謝你的禮物。  I must apologize for coming to school late我必須就上課遲到道歉。  下面的詞亦屬于此類：blame，（dis）like，forgive， weep；be grateful，be obliged，be shamed等。  5to后面加上物主代詞和表感情色彩的名詞，意為"使某人的是"，該結(jié)構(gòu)一般為插入語，表結(jié)果。例如：  To my surprise，he began to cry使我驚訝的是，他哭了。  To our delight，our team has won the game使我們高興的是，我們的隊(duì)贏了比賽。  其他詞還有：amazement，annoyance，astonishment， disappointment，distress，horror，joy，satisfaction，等。  6from用在某些動詞和表人或物的名詞之后，這種用法往往具有"保護(hù)"、"使不受之害"或"阻止"的意思，例如：  The shed will protect us from the rain這個(gè)棚子能使我們避雨。  She saved the child from the fire她從火中救出了孩子。  下列各詞的用法類似：bar，discourage，dissuade， hinder，keep，preserve，refrain，restrain，shelter等。  7out of 后面跟一抽象名詞，表示"出于（某種動機(jī)等）"，例如：  The boy opened the box out of curiosity那男孩出于好奇打開了盒子。  He did that not only out of necessity，but also out of a sense of duty他做那件事不僅僅因?yàn)楸匾?，而且出于?zé)任感。  類似的詞還有：desperation，fear，gratitude，interest， kindness，pity，sympathy等。  （二）某些派生詞后的介詞用法  注意部分派生出來的抽象名詞或形容詞后面的介詞，與其同源的動詞或形容詞后面的介詞是一致的，例如： A mans success depends chiefly on himself一個(gè)人的成功主要靠自己。  The sample was different from the goods furnished樣品和所提供的貨物不一樣。  這樣的詞還有：able ability to，capable capability of，congratulate congratulation on，excited excitement about，independent independence of，insist insistence on，loyal loyalty to，patient patience with，succeed  success successful in，superior superiority to等。三高考真題大演練：1I am always delighted when I receive an e­mail from you._the party on July 1st，I shall be pleased to attend.(2013·江蘇，26)AOn account of BIn response toCIn view of DWith regard to2Thank God youre safe!I stepped back, just_to avoid the racing car.(2012·江蘇，29)Ain time Bin caseCin need Din vain3Wed better discuss everything _ before we work out the plan.(2011·江蘇，32)Ain detail Bin generalCon purpose Don time4The manager wants to see changes in the company，and I am sure he will _.(2013·陜西，24)Ain particular Bin turnCin charge Din time5A serious study of physics is impossible_some knowledge of mathematics.(2013·大綱全國，31)Aagainst Bbefore Cbeyond Dwithout6I have an appointment _ Dr.Smith，but I need to change it.(2013·北京，26)Ato BoffCwith Dfrom7_everyone here，I wish you a pleasant journey back to your country.(2013·遼寧，25)ABy means of BOn behalf ofCIn search of DFor fear of 8Mrs.Smith finds it hard to clear up the mess，as her children are always _ whenever she tries to.(2013·福建，29)Ain the way Bon watchCin sight Don the line9It was a real race_time to get the project done.Luckily，we made it.(2013·新課標(biāo)全國，34)Aover BbyCfor Dagainst10It will be a big help if you go to the store and get what we need for dinner._，Ill set the table.(2013·浙江，14)AAs a result BOn the wholeCIn the meanwhile DAs a matter of fact11The Smiths are praised_the way they bring up their children.(2013·山東，34)Afrom Bby Cat Dfor12Nothing is so easy as _ parents to raise their expectations of their children too high.(2012·福建，33)Aof BtoCby Dfor13Thank God youre safe!I stepped back，just_to avoid the racing car.(2012·江蘇，29)Ain time Bin caseCin need Din vain14You can change your job，you can move house，but friendship is meant to be_life.(2012·安徽，25)Aof BonCto Dfor15The Well Hotel stands in a quiet place _the main road at the far end of the lake.(2012·遼寧，27)Ato BforCoff Dout16China has been pushing the reform of public hospitals _ all its citizens.(2012·福建，26)Ain charge of Bfor the purpose ofCin honor of Dfor the benefit of17Brown said he was by no means annoyed；_he was glad to be able to make himself clearly understood.(2012·浙江，14)Aall in all Bfor one thingCon the contrary Dby the way18_all the animals Ive ever had，these two dogs are the most sensitive to the spoken word.(2012·浙江，6)AFrom BOfCFor DWith19An agreement seems to be impossible because the majority of the committee members are _ it.(2012·陜西，11)Aagainst BforCto Dwith20Do you think this shirt is too tight _ the shoulders？(2012·北京，34)Aat BonCto Dacross【答案及解析】：1答案D解析考查介詞短語辨析。句意為：當(dāng)我收到你的e­mail時(shí)，我總是很高興。至于7月1日的聚會，我將很樂意參加。on account of由于，因?yàn)椋籭n response to響應(yīng)，回答；in view of鑒于，考慮到；with regard to至于，關(guān)于。2答案A解析in time及時(shí)；in case萬一，以防；in need需要；in vain徒勞，無濟(jì)于事。句意為：謝天謝地，你是安全的！我后退了一步，及時(shí)躲過了那輛賽車。由句意知選A項(xiàng)。3答案A解析句意為：在制訂計(jì)劃之前我們最好詳細(xì)地討論一下各方面的事情。in detail詳細(xì)地，詳實(shí)地；in general通常，大體上，從總體上看；on purpose故意地；on time按時(shí)。只有“詳細(xì)”討論才能制訂計(jì)劃，故選A項(xiàng)。4答案D解析句意為：經(jīng)理想看到公司的變化，我堅(jiān)信他最終會看到的。in particular尤其；in turn輪流，反過來；in charge掌管；in time最終。5答案D解析句意為：不掌握一定的數(shù)學(xué)知識是沒有辦法對物理學(xué)進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)地研究的。without沒有，缺乏，符合句意。6答案C解析考查介詞用法。句意為：我與史密斯博士有約，但我需要做出調(diào)整。have an appointment with.與有約，為固定搭配。7答案B解析考查短語辨析。句意為：我謹(jǐn)代表大家祝愿你歸國旅途愉快。by means of用，憑借；on behalf of代表；in search of尋找；for fear of 唯恐。8答案A解析句意為：Mrs.Smith發(fā)現(xiàn)很難清理混亂局面，因?yàn)楫?dāng)她盡力清理時(shí)她的孩子總是妨礙她。in the way妨礙；on watch值班，監(jiān)視；in sight在視力范圍內(nèi)，在即；on the line處于危險(xiǎn)中，(對方)在接電話。9答案D解析考查介詞辨析。句意為：完成這項(xiàng)任務(wù)真是一場與時(shí)間的賽跑，值得慶幸的是，我們做到了。與時(shí)間賽跑，顯然是對抗，用against。10答案C解析考查固定短語。as a result作為結(jié)果；on the whole整體看來；in the meanwhile在這時(shí)候，與此同時(shí)；as a matter of fact事實(shí)上。根據(jù)句意“如果你去商店把我們晚餐需要的東西買來，那可算幫我大忙了。你在做這事的時(shí)候，我會在家布置好桌子?！敝狢項(xiàng)符合邏輯。11答案D解析考查介詞。根據(jù)固定搭配praise sb.for sth.可知答案為D項(xiàng)。12答案D解析句意為：對父母而言，沒有什么能比把對孩子的期望值提得太高再簡單的事情了。本題把介詞短語置于句中提高了試題的難度，實(shí)際上就是For parents nothing is so easy as.。for parents對父母來說。13答案A解析in time及時(shí)；in case萬一，以防；in need需要；in vain徒勞，無濟(jì)于事。句意為：謝天謝地，你是安全的！我后退了一步，及時(shí)躲過了那輛賽車。由句意知選A項(xiàng)。14答案D解析句意為：你可以換工作，也可以搬家，但友誼卻可以終身受用。for life終身。故選D項(xiàng)。15答案C解析off表示“離開，偏離”的意思。句意為：Well賓館坐落在一個(gè)安靜的地方，在湖的盡頭與主干街道隔著一定的距離。off the main road意為“與主干街道偏離”。16答案D解析in charge of掌管，負(fù)責(zé)；for the purpose of為了目的；in honor of為了紀(jì)念；for the benefit of為了的利益。句意為：為了所有公民的利益，中國一直在推動公立醫(yī)院的改革。根據(jù)句意可知D項(xiàng)意思最符合。17答案C解析句意為：布朗說他一點(diǎn)兒都不惱火。相反他很高興能夠讓別人清楚地理解他。on the contrary相反，符合句意。all in all總而言之；for one thing首先，一方面；by the way順便講一下。解題的關(guān)鍵是對詞組by no meansnever(決不)的理解。18答案B解析two dogs屬于all animals，故用介詞of表示這種關(guān)系，如：many of us，我們中的許多人。故B項(xiàng)符合語境。19答案A解析考查介詞。be against反對，符合句意。be for支持，贊成；be to到達(dá)；be with和在一起，都與句意不符。20答案D解析at在；on在之上；to關(guān)于；across穿過，橫穿。across表示的動作是在某一物體的表面進(jìn)行的，而at和on指在小的位置點(diǎn)上，比如at the corner of the desk在桌角，on the corner of the street在街道拐角處；而題中是襯衫在肩膀處太緊，shoulder應(yīng)是在一個(gè)范圍內(nèi)，故用across。句意為：你覺得這件襯衫在肩膀處太緊嗎？四模擬試題來檢測：1Do you often go fishing at weekends?Not often，I only go fishing_.Aat one time Ball the timeCat a time Dfrom time to time2He was a good student and scored _ average in most subjects.Abelow BofCon Dabove3The traveler didnt know_which direction to go.Ain BatCto D/4I am_your suggestion that we should spend more time on this project.Ain memory of Bin honour ofCin favour of Din need of5Your sisters plan is not quite practical.Why not try to persuade her to give it up?My sister is very stubborn，so it is_to try to change her mind.Aby chance Bin vainCon purpose Dfor sure6He wanted to pass the exam and stayed up very late，while this _created further problems.Ain turn Bin caseCin doubt Din short7The woman sold the eggs _ seven dollars and they were sold_half price.Awith；at Bfor；atCat；in Dby；on8He likes his new job，for he is paid _ the day.Athrough BduringCby Daccording9Shirley，a real book lover，often brings home many books to read _ the library.Ain BforCby Dfrom10Nick，its good for you to read some books _ China before you start your trip there.Ain BforCof Don11I always wanted to do the job which Id been trained _.Aon BforCby Dof12Im sorry I didnt phone you，but Ive been very busy _ the past couple of weeks.Abeyond BwithCamong Dover13There were 252 votes _ the bill and 186 against.Ain need of Bin favour ofCin search of Din case of14This shop will be closed for repairs _ further notice.Awith BuntilCfor Dat15_it is a good thing I did not get the post I had applied for，though I must admit that I was disappointed at the time.ABy the way BIn a wayCIn the way DIn no way16Never put the medicine_the reach of your little child in case he takes it by mistake.Abeyond BwithinCacross Dfrom17When did it begin to snow?It started_the night.Aduring Bby Cfrom Dat18Those overseas students volunteer 10 hours each week in Paris _ free food and accommodation.Ain search of Bin contact withCin case of Din exchange for19Wed better discuss everything _ before we work out the plan.Ain detail Bin generalCon purpose Don time20The two things are the same in outward form but different_.Ain addition Bin briefCin common Din essence21Mr.Columbus was always ready to help others._，he was liked by everyone.AIn conclusion BIn returnCIn turn DIn particular22Johnson was to blame for the incident.But _ his positive attitude，we forgave him because “Every man has his faults.”Ain view of Bin search ofCfor fear of Din exchange for23She was told to wear flat shoes _ her back problem.Aon account of Bregardless ofCin terms of Din case of24At the railway station，he waved goodbye to his friend until the train was _.Aout of sightBout of reachCout of orderDout of place25While in London，we paid a visit to the hospital founded _ Florence Nightingale.Ain honor of Bin line withCin favor of Din place of【答案及解析】：1答案D解析考查介詞短語。at one time曾經(jīng)；all the time始終；at a time每次；from time to time有時(shí)。由句意可知D項(xiàng)正確。2答案D解析句意為：他是一個(gè)好學(xué)生，大多數(shù)科目得分高于平均水平。above average高于平均數(shù)；below average低于平均數(shù)；on average平均起來，一般說來。3答案A解析表示“朝方向去”，用介詞in而不用to。4答案C解析句意為：我很贊成你的建議，那就是我們應(yīng)該在這個(gè)工程上花費(fèi)更多的時(shí)間。in favour of贊成。5答案B解析句意為：你妹妹的計(jì)劃不是很切合實(shí)際。為何不勸她放棄？我妹妹很固執(zhí)，所以要她改變主意根本就是白費(fèi)力氣。in vain意為“枉費(fèi)心機(jī)，白費(fèi)力氣”。by chance碰巧，湊巧；on purpose故意地；for sure毫無疑問。6答案A解析考查介詞短語的辨析。in turn 輪流，反過來，符合句意。in case假使，以防萬一；in doubt 不確定，拿不準(zhǔn)；in short總之，簡言之。7答案B解析第一空用for“換取”，意為“這位婦女的雞蛋賣了七美元”；第二空用at，at.price“以的價(jià)格”。故選B。8答案C解析by意為“按計(jì)算”。9答案D解析句意為：Shirley，一個(gè)讀書愛好者，經(jīng)常從圖書館帶些書回家去讀。10答案D解析on 表示關(guān)于，some books on China意為“關(guān)于中國的一些書”。句意為：Nick，你在去中國旅行之前最好讀一些關(guān)于中國的書。故選D項(xiàng)。11答案B解析考查介詞。句意為：我經(jīng)常想做我之前為之受過培訓(xùn)的工作。for表示目的，意為“為了”，符合題意。12答案D解析通過前半句“Ive been very busy”現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，可知搭配用的時(shí)間狀語為“在過去的幾周里”，故選over。句意為：很抱歉沒給你打電話，可是這幾個(gè)星期我一直很忙。13答案B解析in favour of支持，贊同，符合句意。in need of需要；in search of尋找；in case of以防，萬一。14答案B解析句意為：在另行通知前，這家店將停業(yè)整頓。until further notice表示“在另行通知前”。15答案B解析in a way在某種程度上；in no way決不；by the way順便提一下；in the way礙事。句意為：我沒有得到我申請的工作在某種程度上說是件好事，盡管我承認(rèn)當(dāng)時(shí)我很失望。16答案B解析句意為：千萬不要把藥放在你的小孩夠得著的地方，以防他錯(cuò)吃了它。within在之內(nèi)。17答案A解析句意為：什么時(shí)候開始下雪的？在夜間開始的?！霸谄陂g”應(yīng)用during。18答案D解析in exchange for與交換；in search of尋找；in contact with與接觸；in case of在情形下。句意為：為了換取免費(fèi)的食宿，那些在巴黎的留學(xué)生們每周義務(wù)勞動10個(gè)小時(shí)。故正確答案為D項(xiàng)。19答案A解析句意為：在我們制定計(jì)劃之前，我們最好詳細(xì)地討論每件事。in detail詳細(xì)地；in general通常，大體上；on purpose故意地；on time準(zhǔn)時(shí)，按時(shí)。由句意知選A項(xiàng)。20答案D解析考查介詞短語詞義辨析。in essence本質(zhì)上，符合句意。in addition此外；in brief簡短地，簡言之；in common共同。21答案B解析in return作為回報(bào)，作為報(bào)答。句意為：Columbus先生總是樂于助人，作為回報(bào)，大家都喜歡他。in conclusion 最后；in turn輪流；in particular尤其。22答案A解析句意為：Johnson應(yīng)為事故負(fù)責(zé)，但鑒于他態(tài)度不錯(cuò)，我們原諒了他，因?yàn)槿巳硕加腥秉c(diǎn)。in view of鑒于，考慮到，符合句意。23答案A解析句意為：因?yàn)樗巢坑袉栴}，她被要求穿平底鞋。on account of表示“因?yàn)?，由于”，符合句意?4答案A解析句意為：在火車站，他揮手同他的朋友告別直到火車看不見了。out of sight看不見，符合題意。25 答案A解析句意為：我們在倫敦時(shí)，參觀了為紀(jì)念弗羅倫斯·南丁格爾而建的醫(yī)院。in honor of為紀(jì)念，符合題意。13