十二、主旨大意文章大意題(2018·北京，A)My First Marathon(馬拉松)A month before my first marathon，one of my ankles was injured and this meant not running for two weeks，leaving me only two weeks to train.Yet，I was determined to go ahead.I remember back to my 7th year in school.In my first P.E.class，the teacher required us to run laps and then hit a softball.I didnt do either well.He later informed me that I was “not athletic”.The idea that I was “not athletic” stuck with me for years.When I started running in my 30s，I realized running was a battle against myself，not about competition or whether or not I was athletic.It was all about the battle against my own body and mind.A test of wills!The night before my marathon，I dreamt that I couldnt even find the finish line.I woke up sweating and nervous，but ready to prove something to myself.Shortly after crossing the start line，my shoe laces(鞋帶) became untied.So I stopped to readjust.Not the start I wanted!At mile 3，I passed a sign：“GO FOR IT，RUNNERS！”By mile 17，I became out of breath and the once injured ankle hurt badly.Despite the pain，I stayed the course walking a bit and then running again.By mile 21，I was starving!As I approached mile 23，I could see my wife waving a sign.She is my biggest fan.She never minded the alarm clock sounding at 4 a.m.or questioned my expenses on running.I was one of the final runners to finish.But I finished! And I got a medal.In fact，I got the same medal as the one that the guy who came in first place had.Determined to be myself，move forward，free of shame and worldly labels(世俗標(biāo)簽)，I can now call myself a “marathon winner”.語(yǔ)篇解讀本文是一篇記敘文。文章講述了作者不畏艱難，挑戰(zhàn)自我，堅(jiān)持跑完馬拉松，實(shí)現(xiàn)了一次從自我砥礪到自我認(rèn)識(shí)的人生“長(zhǎng)跑”的勵(lì)志故事。文章旨在向人們傳遞積極的價(jià)值觀：只要勇于挑戰(zhàn)，拼搏進(jìn)取，人人皆為勝者。36.A month before the marathon，the author .A.was well trainedB.felt scaredC.made up his mind to runD.lost hope答案C解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第一段第二句“Yet，I was determined to go ahead.”并結(jié)合上句最后的“l(fā)eaving me only two weeks to train”可知，雖然作者在馬拉松比賽前一個(gè)月腳踝受傷需休息兩周，但他決心在僅剩的兩周訓(xùn)練時(shí)間里繼續(xù)前行，去參加馬拉松長(zhǎng)跑。此處的關(guān)鍵信息determined與選項(xiàng)C中的made up his mind相吻合。故選C。37.Why did the author mention the P.E.class in his 7th year?A.To acknowledge the support of his teacher.B.To amuse the readers with a funny story.C.To show he was not talented in sports.D.To share a precious memory.答案C解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段最后兩句“I didnt do either well.He later informed me that I was not athletic.”可知，作者列舉小時(shí)候第一次上體育課的例子，說(shuō)明自己跑圈不行，打壘球也不行，所以老師告訴作者他不擅長(zhǎng)體育運(yùn)動(dòng)。這顯然表明了作者在運(yùn)動(dòng)方面沒(méi)有天賦，與選項(xiàng)C的意思相匹配。38.How was the authors first marathon?A.He made it.B.He quit halfway.C.He got the first prize.D.He walked to the end.答案A解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的“I was one of the final runners to finish.But I finished！”可知，作者跑完了這次馬拉松。這與選項(xiàng)A中的“made it(做成)”意思相吻合。39.What does the story mainly tell us?A.A man owes his success to his family support.B.A winner is one with a great effort of will.C.Failure is the mother of success.D.One is never too old to learn.答案B解析文章大意題。根據(jù)作者對(duì)自己馬拉松情況的敘述可知，對(duì)于一位腳踝有傷、不具有運(yùn)動(dòng)天賦的人來(lái)說(shuō)去跑馬拉松面臨的挑戰(zhàn)可想而知，但作者不畏艱難，憑著強(qiáng)大的意志力，最后成功到達(dá)終點(diǎn)，顯然就是選項(xiàng)B提到的“一位具有強(qiáng)大意志力的獲勝者”。故選B項(xiàng)。一、題型解讀說(shuō)明文、記敘文、議論文三種文體涉及的多種話題如社會(huì)文化類、人物故事類、科普說(shuō)明類，都會(huì)考查文章大意類題。設(shè)問(wèn)形式常有：(1)What is the main theme/topic/idea of this/the passage/the text?(2)What does the text/passage mainly focus on?(3)The passage is mainly about .(4)The general/main idea of the passage is .(5)The passage mainly focuses on .二、解題技巧“主題句定位”尋主旨文章是由段落組成的。段落的主題就是段落的中心思想，具體段落的中心思想又是為文章整體中心思想服務(wù)的。理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具體段落中心的基礎(chǔ)上的。找出每小段的主題句，各段的主題句常在該段的首句或尾句，各段主題句的整體歸納便是文章的中心思想。有的文章無(wú)明顯主題句，主題句隱含在段意之中，這就需要進(jìn)一步加工概括。觀察全文的結(jié)構(gòu)安排，理解文章的“重心”和支撐性細(xì)節(jié)。主題句的位置一般有以下幾種：(1)主題句出現(xiàn)在文首。開(kāi)門見(jiàn)山，提出主題，用細(xì)節(jié)來(lái)解釋或拓展主題句所表達(dá)的主題思想，是最常見(jiàn)的演繹法寫作方式。新聞報(bào)道、說(shuō)明文或議論文通常采用這種寫法。(2)主題句出現(xiàn)在文末。在表述細(xì)節(jié)后，歸納要點(diǎn)以概括主題，是最常見(jiàn)的歸納法寫作方式。(3)主題句首尾呼應(yīng)。為突出主題，作者先提出主題，結(jié)束時(shí)再次點(diǎn)出主題。(4)主題句出現(xiàn)在中間。寫作方式為：細(xì)節(jié)描述歸納主題進(jìn)一步解釋。以下是找主題句的四個(gè)小竅門：1.段落中出現(xiàn)表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語(yǔ)(如however，but，in fact，actually等)時(shí)，該句很可能是主題句。2.首段出現(xiàn)疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，對(duì)該問(wèn)題的回答很可能就是文章主旨。3.作者有意識(shí)地重復(fù)的觀點(diǎn)，通常是主旨；反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語(yǔ)，一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞。4.表示總結(jié)或結(jié)論的句子常包含therefore，thus，in short，conclude，conclusion等詞。例如：【真題感悟】中第39題，通讀全文可知，作者在講述自己跑馬拉松的經(jīng)歷，再根據(jù)最后一段“Determined to be myself，move forward，free of shame and worldly labels(世俗標(biāo)簽)，I can now call myself a marathon winner.”可知，作者成功跑完馬拉松源于自己的強(qiáng)大意志力。故選B。A(2018·天津十二區(qū)縣二模)While learning the science lessons，I used to get a doubtwhy ears，nose，tongue and eyes should be called as special senses? The basic reason is that these are the channels through which we maintain contact with the surroundings.Though apparently it may feel like these are individual sensory organs，they do show some connectivity.Interestingly，our hearing is less sharp after we eat a heavy food.Isnt it good for a sound nap after a stomach-full meal？That does not mean we go deaf after a meal，but the hearing pitch(強(qiáng)度) does change after a heavy meal.We usually give credit of the taste to our tongue，but do you know that unless saliva(唾液) dissolves something，our tongue cannot recognize the taste of the food eaten.Taste is nothing but the food chemicals dissolved in the saliva being sensed by the taste buds present on the tongue.Try to dry off your tongue and mouth with a tissue paper and then taste something.Women are much better smellers than men.They are born with this characteristic ability and can correctly pinpoint(準(zhǔn)確說(shuō)出) the exact fragrance of the sample.We all can store almost 50,000 different scents，which are strongly tied to the memories.Pupils(瞳孔) do not respond to light alone，but to the slightest bit of noise around too.Thus surgeons，watchmakers and those professionals who have to perform a much delicate job do prefer to have a sound-free environment.Even a small noise can dilate(擴(kuò)大) their pupils，change the focus and blur(使模糊) their vision.If you do not wear glasses or contact lens due to having a 6/6 vision，you are just among the one third of the human population.It is now statistically proved that only one third of the population has perfect vision，rest all are either wearing glasses or are trying to read with a compromised vision.Each and every one of us has a particular or individualistic or characteristic smell，which is unique to us，except for the identical twins.This smell is very subtle(微妙的) yet can be sensed even by a newborn.It may be due to this scent that the newborn recognizes the presence of his parents around.Many of us can pinpoint the smell of our significant friends and colleagues.A significant part of this phenomenon is guided by genetics but it is also changed by the environment，diet and personal hygiene.This all together creates the unique chemistry that is individualistic for each person.1.We can learn from Paragraph 1 that .A.after a full meal our hearing is as good as beforeB.all sensory organs are connected and can be exchangedC.sensory organs functions can never be changed for their particular characterD.we feel and learn about the world around us through our eyes，ears，nose and tongue答案D解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段第一、二句“.I used to get a doubtwhy ear，nose，tongue and eyes should be called as special senses？The basic reason is that these are.surroundings.”可知，我們通過(guò)感官和外界保持聯(lián)系。2.What may happen after you have had a rich lunch?A.Your eyes become dim.B.You may feel energetic and fresh.C.Your hearing pitch may be decreased.D.Your tongue may lose the function of taste.答案C解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段倒數(shù)第一、二、三句可知，吃飽后人的聽(tīng)覺(jué)會(huì)降低，但不會(huì)變聾。3.What does the author mean by the underlined sentence in Paragraph 2?A.Our tongues cant be dried while eating something.B.If your tongue is dried without any saliva on it，it will not work.C.A tissue paper is the only thing that can be used to dry our tongues.D.If your tongue is dried with a tissue paper，it may work as well as before.答案B解析句意理解題。根據(jù)第二段內(nèi)容可知，舌頭必須在唾液的配合下才能分辨味道，如果用紙把舌頭擦干，舌頭的味覺(jué)功能就會(huì)喪失。故選B。4.What makes each person different from anyone else except identical twins?A.The number of sensory organs.B.The functions of sensory organs.C.The particular smell of a person.D.The style of ones behaviour.答案C解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段第一句“Each and every one of us has a particular or individualistic or characteristic smell，which is unique to us，except for the identical twins.”可知，除同卵雙胞胎以外，我們每個(gè)人身上都有獨(dú)特的味道。故選C。5.What is the text mainly about?A.The functions of sensory organs.B.The connectivity of our tongue and ear.C.A newborns senses of the sensory organs.D.The differences of senses between women and men.答案A解析主旨大意題?？v觀全文可知，這篇文章講的是感覺(jué)器官的聯(lián)系和功能。B(2018·天津部分區(qū)縣一模)Do you listen to the songs that your parents like? Chances are that you dont.You probably think the music that they like is old and dull and that the songs on your playlist are much cooler.But here is what scientists found recently：peoples music tastes change as they age，according to a study published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.So its likely that your own musical preference will follow a similar path to your parents，whether you like it or not.We used to think that culture and personality are the only factors that affect ones music choice.But researchers at the University of Cambridge，UK，gathered data from more than 250,000 people over the past 10 years.They noticed that as people age，their social circumstances change，and so does their music tastes.There are three musical periods that people pass through as they mature“intense”，“contemporary” and “sophisticated”.The first period comes in the teenage years，during which time people like intense music such as punk and rock because teenagers tend to be aggressive and want to establish their identity as independent individuals.But as people move into early adulthood，their lifestyle changesthey socialize more and want to build close relationships with others.As a result，they become more fond of contemporary music，such as pop and R&B，which is usually uplifting and danceable and played at parties where people hang out together and chat.When middle age comes，things have settled down for most people.This period will be dominated(支配) by more “sophisticated” music，such as jazz and classical，as well as more catchy music like country，folk，and blues.“For many，this life stage is frequently exhausted by work and family，and there is a requirement for relaxing，emotive(有感染力的) music，” Jason Rentfrow，a researcher member，told The telegraph.But you must be thinking：“Arent there old people who are still into rock music？” Of course there are.But Rentfrow explained that their reasons for listening to rock music may have changed.“We use music for different reasons，” he said，and thus at that age people may listen to remind themselves of their youths.語(yǔ)篇解讀本文主要講述了“是什么影響了人們的音樂(lè)品味？” 研究發(fā)現(xiàn)音樂(lè)品味隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng)而變化。6.Why do children usually like different songs from their parents according to the passage?A.Children prefer cool music.B.Music taste changes with age.C.Parents songs are always dull.D.Parents have better social circumstances.答案B解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第一句“But here is what scientists found recently：peoples music tastes change as they age”可知，音樂(lè)的品味隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng)而變化，所以孩子與父母喜歡的音樂(lè)不同?？芍鸢笧锽。7.The underlined word “catchy” in Paragraph 7 probably means “ ”.A.touching and easily rememberedB.awkward and easily capturedC.elegant but difficult to understandD.flexible and difficult to catch答案A解析詞義猜測(cè)題。由該畫線詞后列舉的例子，如鄉(xiāng)村音樂(lè)、民謠音樂(lè)和藍(lán)調(diào)音樂(lè)，以及倒數(shù)第二段中的“For many，this life stage is frequently exhausted by work and family，and there is a requirement for relaxing，emotive(動(dòng)情的) music”可知，畫線詞的意思是“吸引人的，容易記住的”，故答案為A。8.Middle age is a period when people .A.have an aggressive goalB.like pop and R&BC.desire close connections with othersD.lead a stressful life答案D解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的“For many，this life stage is frequently exhausted by work and family，and there is a requirement for relaxing，emotive(動(dòng)情的)music”可知，對(duì)很多人來(lái)說(shuō)，這個(gè)人生階段經(jīng)常被工作和家庭所累，需要放松的、有感染力的音樂(lè)。由此可知，中年是一個(gè)有壓力的生活時(shí)期。故答案為D。9.What can we infer from the last paragraph?A.Old people dont like rock music.B.Music can serve as a reminder.C.Rock music makes old people younger.D.Listening to rock music needs reasons.答案B解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“We use music for different reasons， he said，and thus at that age people may listen to remind themselves of their youths.”可知，音樂(lè)可以作為一個(gè)引起人回憶的事物。故答案為B。10.Whats the main idea of the passage?A.Why do people like music?B.How can you improve your music talent?C.What influences peoples music taste?D.Why do different people like different music?答案C解析主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段及第二段首句可知，音樂(lè)的品味隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng)而變化。所以本文講述的是“是什么影響了人們的音樂(lè)品味？”故選C。題型組合練(十五).單項(xiàng)填空1. many people said the smartphone made their lives easier，others pointed out its shortcomings.A.If B.OnceC.Unless D.While答案D解析句意為：雖然很多人說(shuō)智能手機(jī)讓他們的生活更輕松，但也有人指出了它的缺點(diǎn)。if如果；once一旦；unless除非。前后句之間是讓步關(guān)系，while在此是從屬連詞，意為“雖然，盡管”，符合語(yǔ)境。故選D。2.Exerciseor at least get moving，which helps the blood to and gets ideas moving around.A.circulate B.transformC.accelerate D.develop答案A解析句意為：做鍛煉，至少(身體)活動(dòng)一下，有助于血液循環(huán)，想出好主意。circulate傳播，循環(huán)；transform轉(zhuǎn)變，改變；accelerate加速，促進(jìn)；develop發(fā)展，形成。故選A。3.A large quantity of books and newspapers in foreign languages up to now，not to mention those in Chinese.A.has been subscribed toB.have been subscribed toC.had been subscribed toD.is subscribed to答案B解析句意為：到目前為止，大量的外語(yǔ)書籍和報(bào)紙已經(jīng)被訂閱了，更別提那些中文的。主語(yǔ)是books and newspapers，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)，且主謂之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且由up to now可知應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。故選B。4.Do you have any shoes which my jacket?Im afraid not.But you may have more choices.A.agree with B.begin withC.go with D.compare with答案C解析句意為：有和我?jiàn)A克相配的鞋嗎？恐怕沒(méi)有了。但是你可以有更多的選擇。agree with與某人(觀點(diǎn))一致，同意(贊同)某人的意見(jiàn)；begin with以開(kāi)始，從開(kāi)始；go with相伴，跟相配；compare with(把)與相比，比得上，可與相比，比較。故選C。5.The argument arouses quite in society it is good to cancel English test in the College Entrance Examination.A.why B.where C.what D.whether答案D解析句意為：在高考中取消英語(yǔ)考試是否有好處，這常常引起社會(huì)的爭(zhēng)論。whether在此處引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句，故選D。6.The retired teacher said，“By the year 2020，my savings off all my debts.”A.will have paid B.would have paidC.have paid D.had paid答案A解析句意為：這位退休教師說(shuō)，“到2020年，我的存款將還清我所有的債務(wù)?！睂?lái)完成時(shí)表示“到將來(lái)某時(shí)之前或某動(dòng)作發(fā)生之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作”，符合語(yǔ)境。故選A。7.What Im going to say may offend some sensitive listeners at the meeting， I offer my apologies in advance.A.from whom B.for whomC.to whom D.towards whom答案C解析句意為：我的發(fā)言可能會(huì)冒犯一些敏感的聽(tīng)眾，我事先向這些人致歉。offer sth. to sb. 是固定搭配。這是“介詞關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。故選C。8.Our country has successfully established the temporary space lab，which proves that，with and determination，all obstacles can be overcome.A.requirement B.commitmentC.extension D.distinction答案B解析句意為：我國(guó)已成功建立了臨時(shí)太空實(shí)驗(yàn)室，這證明，有了投入和決心，所有的障礙都能被克服。requirement要求；commitment投入，奉獻(xiàn)；extension延期，延伸；distinction區(qū)別，差別。故選B。9.As has been a consensus，though someone has different opinions，that under no circumstances any practice of dividing China.A.may we accept B.we may acceptC.we could accept D.did we accept答案A解析句意為：盡管有人有不同意見(jiàn)，但是我們決不可以接受任何分裂中國(guó)的行徑，這一點(diǎn)已形成共識(shí)。under no circumstances“決不”，當(dāng)其位于句首時(shí)，句子要部分倒裝。由語(yǔ)境可知應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，排除D項(xiàng)。故選A。10.Is this your favorite?The new kind of computer is OK style，but its a bit out of color，Im afraid.A.in spite of B.regardless ofC.in terms of D.for the sake of答案C解析句意為：這是你的最愛(ài)嗎？這種新型電腦在款式方面沒(méi)有問(wèn)題，但是顏色恐怕有點(diǎn)過(guò)時(shí)了。in spite of雖然，盡管；regardless of不管，不顧；in terms of根據(jù)，就而言；for the sake of為了的緣故。根據(jù)句意，C項(xiàng)是最佳答案。.閱讀理解(2018·河?xùn)|區(qū)一模)When I arrived at university，I had nothing in my bank account but was given a brand new overdraft(透支).Id never had one before.So it was very exciting to spend money on shopping，nights out，and all the junk food my mum had never let me eat.I managed to max out(達(dá)到最高限度) my account within three months and suddenly life wasnt so much fun.I spent the last two weeks before Easter on a diet of porridge and became self-loathing(自我憎恨的) and I also blamed Asda(阿斯達(dá)超市) for all the two-for-one deals I couldnt resist.Now Im working full-time to repay my debts.Im also setting up a separate bank account for my student loan to go into to cover rent and bills.So Ill be able to keep an eye on my spending.With a lot of hard work and saving over the holidays Im hoping that Ill be in better financial shape for next year.After my experience in hallsbeing kept awake until 4 a.m.and work surfaces permanently covered in mindIm looking forward to moving into a house with friends.The partying and social life in halls are fantastic，but sometimes youre put with people you dont get on with，and its hard to cope with that.It helped me to stay strong，but I wish I had stood up to them rather than felt bullied.I had a really bad time in my first year，which is why Im going to make the most of university next year.Im going to balance work with a social life，hit Freshers week hard and join some societies.With university handing me so many opportunities on a plate，I want to take up as many as I can and enjoy myself.11.The author could do so much shopping as a freshman because .A.she was permitted to overdraft from the bankB.her parents sent her money through the bankC.she wanted to max out her accountD.she could work full-time答案A解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“When I arrived at university，I had nothing in my bank account but was given a brand new overdraft(透支).Id never had one before.So it was very exciting to spend money on shopping.”可知作者在大一時(shí)被給了一個(gè)透支賬戶，所以他很興奮地購(gòu)物。故選A。12.What can we infer from the second paragraph about the author?A.She enjoyed eating porridge for her meals.B.She had to work to pay for her education fee.C.She regretted spending so much money on shopping.D.She wanted to borrow more money for shopping.答案C解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中的“became self-loathing”“working full-time to repay my debts”和“keep an eye on my spending”可知作者為自己的揮霍后悔，努力工作還債。故選C。13.From this text we can see that the author .A.gained a lot of money through workingB.didnt get on well with her workmatesC.felt bullied by her friendsD.worked and slept in bad condition答案D解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中的“being kept awake until 4 a.m.and work surfaces permanently covered in mind”和“sometimes youre put with people you dont get on with，and its hard to cope with that”可知，作者的工作和睡眠狀況很差。故選D。14.The author made up her mind to next year.A.make good use of her university lifeB.find a better jobC.take up more platesD.form some organizations答案A解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“I had a really bad time in my first year，which is why Im going to make the most of university next year.Im going to balance work with a social life，hit Freshers week hard and join some societies.”可知，作者決定明年好好利用她的大學(xué)生活。故選A。15.The author mainly introduces her in the passage.A.opportunities at first year of universityB.freshman experiences at universityC.working experiences at universityD.thoughts on her daily spending答案B解析主旨大意題。文中作者介紹了自己揮霍后悔的大一生活，自己為之付出的代價(jià)和今后的打算。B項(xiàng)概括了全文的主旨。故選B。.閱讀表達(dá)A brave 9-year-old American boy，James Barney，is recovering in hospital after he fought with a 9-foot,400-pound alligator with his bare hands.And he now plans to make a necklace from a tooth of the alligator，which doctors found in a wound on his back.James Barney spoke calmly and vividly about his experience in hospital.He was covered in about 30 teeth marks，doctors said.The little boy described that it was a hot day so he had parked his bike and jumped into Lake Tohopekaligaa lake that people are forbidden to swim inwhen he felt something brush against his leg.“It really amazed me what happened.At first，I thought someone was just playing with me，and I didnt know what happened，” he said.“I soon became calm and reached down to grab it，and I felt its jaw，I felt its teeth，and I didnt know what to do，so I immediately reacted and hit it with my hands.And I had enough strength to make its jaw open.” The child pulled the powerful jaws open long enough to slide out and swim to the shore quickly.Witnesses said the boy surface