2019年高考英語真題和模擬題分項匯編專題05 閱讀理解一、2019年高考真題I.應用文1. 【2019·全國卷I，A】Need a Job This Summer?The provincial government and its partners offer many programs to help students find summer jobs. The deadlines and what you need to apply depend on the program.Not a student? Go to the government website to learn about programs and online tools available to help people under 30 build skills, find a job or start businesses all year round.Jobs for YouthIf you are a teenager living in certain parts of the province, you could be eligible(符合條件)for this program. Which provides eight weeks of paid employment along with training.Who is eligible: Youth 15-18 years old in select communities(社區(qū)).Summer CompanySummer Company provides students with hands-on business training and awards of up to $3,000 to start and run their own summer businesses.Who is eligible: Students aged 15-29, returning to school in the fall.Stewardship Youth Ranger ProgramYou could apply to be a Stewardship Youth Ranger and work on local natural resource management projects for eight weeks this summer.Who is eligible: Students aged 16 or 17 at time of hire, but not turning 18 before December 31 this year.Summer Employment Opportunities(機會)Through the Summer Employment Opportunities program, students are hired each year in a variety of summer positions across the Provincial Public Service, its related agencies and community groups.Who is eligible: Students aged 15 or older. Some positions require students to be 15 to 24 or up to 29 for persons with a disability.21. What is special about Summer Company?A. It requires no training before employment.B. It provides awards for running new businesses.C. It allows one to work in the natural environment.D. It offers more summer job opportunities.22. What is the age range required by Stewardship Youth Ranger Program?A. 15-18.B. 15-24.C. 15-29.D. 16-17.23. Which program favors the disabled?A. Jobs for Youth.B. Summer Company.C. Stewardship Youth Ranger Program.D. Summer Employment Opportunities.【語篇解讀】本文為應用文。本文敘述了省政府及其合作伙伴提供了許多項目來幫助學生暑期在找到工作。21.B 【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Summer Company部分中的“Summer Company provides students with .awards of up to 3,000 to start and run their own summer businesses” 可知“Summer Company為學生提供高達3000美元的獎勵，來開始和經(jīng)營他們自己的暑期業(yè)務”?！皊tart and run their own summer businesses”即“為開辦新的業(yè)務”，這對應B項中的“runn new businesses”，二者是詞義之間的轉述關系。故選B。22.D 【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Stewardship Youth Ranger Program部分中的第二段“Who is eligible: Students aged 16 or 17 at time of hire, but not turning 18 before December 31 this year.”可知“符合條件的學生：16歲或17歲的學生，但在今年12月31日之前未滿18歲”。由此得出，這個項目要求年齡在16-17歲之間。分析選項可知D項符合題意，故選D。23.D 【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Summer Employment Opportunities部分中的最后一段最后一句“Who is eligible: .Some positions require students to be 15to 24 or up to 29 for persons with a disability”,可知Summer Employment Opportunities有些職位是給殘疾人的。分析選項可知，D項符合題意，故選D。2. 【2019·全國卷II，A】My Favourite BooksJo Usmar is a writer for Cosmopolitan and co-author of the This Book Will series(系列)of lifestyle books. Here she picks her top reads.MatildaRoald DahlI once wrote a paper on the influence of fairy tales on Roald Dahl's writing and it gave me a new appreciation for his strange and delightful words. Matilda's battles with her cruel me parents and the bossy headmisres，Miss Trunchbull，are equally fumy and frightening，but they're also aspirational.After DarkHaruki MurakamiIts about two sisters-Eri，a model who either wont or cant stop sleeping，and Mari, a young student . In trying to connect to her sister. Mari starts changing her life and discovers a world of diverse ”night people” who are hiding secrets.Gone GirlGillian FynnThere was a bit of me that didn't want to love this when everyone else on the planet did but the horror story is brilliant. There's tension and anxiety from the beginning as Nick and Amy battle for your trust. It's a real whodunit and the frustration when you realise what's going on is horribly enjoyableThe StandStephen KingThis is an excellent fantasy novel from one of the best storytellers around. After a serious flu outbreak wipes out 99.4% of the world's population, a battle unfolds between good and evil among those let. Randall Flagg is one of the scariest characters ever.21. Who does "I" refer to in the text?A. Stephen King.B. Gillian Flynn.C. Jo Usmar.D. Roald Dahl22. Which of the following tells about Mari and Eri?A. Cosmopolitan.B. Matilda.C. After Dark.D. The Stand.23. What kind of book is Gone Girl?)A. A folk tale.B. A biography.C. A love story.D. A horror story.【語篇解讀】 這是一篇應用文。短文介紹了作家Jo Usmar最喜歡的書籍。21.C 【解析】細節(jié)理解題。由Matilda中的“I once wrote a paper on the influence of fairy tales on Roald Dahls writing and it gave me a new appreciation for his strange and delightful words”可知，我曾經(jīng)寫過一篇關于童話故事對羅爾德·達爾寫作有影響的論文，這篇論文讓我對他奇怪而有趣的文字有了新的認識。所以Jo Usmar在介紹Matilda這本書，用第一人稱“I”口吻來說明自己曾經(jīng)寫過一篇關于童話故事對羅爾德·達爾寫作有影響的論文。所以“I”指的是Jo Usmar。故C選項正確。22.C 【解析】細節(jié)理解題。由After Dark中的“Its about two sister-Eri,a model who either wont or cant stop sleeping, and Mari,a young student”可知，故事講的是兩個姐妹-Eri是一個突然一覺不醒的模特。瑪麗，是一個充滿青春活力的 上和古董店里尋找舊的軍隊勛章，然后將這些勛章歸還它們的合法主人。文章主要敘述了他這一愛好的起源。21.A 【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“Zac knows the meaning of a Purple Hearthe earned one himself in a war as a soldier”可知，當Zac還是一名士兵的時候，在一次戰(zhàn)爭中他獲得了一枚Purple Heart。故A選項正確。22.B 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中的“To drive eight hours to come to see me”可以推知，Adeline為了那枚Purple Heart開車八個小時來見Zac，由此可知，她對于這件事是認真地。因此，At that point, I knew she meant business應該指的是Zac意識到Adeline對這枚勛章是認真的。故B選項正確。23.D 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段中的“Corrado, a translatorwas killed in action in Europe”和倒數(shù)第三段中的“as I grew olderand missed my brother more and more, I realized that was the only thing we had left ”這枚勛章寄托了Adeline對于去世的哥哥Corrado的回憶和思念，這是他們家留下的唯一關于哥哥的東西了。因此她很珍惜這枚勛章。故D選項正確。8. 【2019·浙江卷，B】Money with no strings attached. Its not something you see every day. But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month, a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read, "Give What You Can, Take What You Need."People quickly caught on. And while many took dollars, many others pinned their own cash to the board. “People of all ages, races, and socio-economic(社會經(jīng)濟的)backgrounds gave and took, ”said Tyler Bridges of The Toolbox, which created the project. "We even had a bride in her wedding dress come up to the board and take a few dollars." Most of the bills on the board were singles, but a few people left fives, tens and even twenties. The video clip(片段)shows one man who had found a $ 20 bill pinning it to the board.“What I can say for the folks that gave the most, is that they were full of smiles,” Bridges said. “Theres a certain feeling that giving can do for you and that was apparent in those that gave the most." Most people who took dollars took only a few, but Bridges said a very small number took as much as they could.While the clip might look like part of a new ad campaign, Bridges said the only goal was to show generosity and sympathy. He added that he hopes people in other cities might try similar projects and post their own videos on the Internet.“After all, everyone has bad days and good days," he said. “Some days you need a helping hand and some days you can be the one giving the helping hand.”24. What does the expression "money with no strings attached" in paragraph 1 mean?A. Money spent without hesitation.B. Money not legally made.C. Money offered without conditions.D. Money not tied together.25. What did Bridges want to show by mentioning the bride?A. Women tended to be more sociable.B. The activity attracted various people.C. Economic problems were getting worse.D. Young couples needed financial assistance.26. Why did Bridges carry out the project?A. To do a test on peoples morals.B. To raise money for his company.C. To earn himself a good reputation.D. To promote kindness and sympathy.【語篇解讀】這是一篇新聞報道。短文報道了上個月在洛杉磯的聯(lián)合車站,一塊牌子上別針別滿了美元，上面寫著“給予你所能給與的，拿走你所需要的”。這樣的活動吸引了各種各樣的人，組織者希望通過這樣的活動來提倡仁慈和同情。24.C 【解析】詞義猜測題。由第一段“But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month, a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read, "Give What You Can, Take What You Need.”可知，但是上個月在洛杉磯的聯(lián)合車站，一塊牌子上別針別滿了美元，上面寫著“給予你所能給與的，拿走你所需要的”。所以通過下文的語境，判斷出第1段中的money with no strings attached是“無條件提供的錢”的意思。故B選項正確。25.B 【解析】推理判斷題。由第二段“People of all ages, races, and socio-economic（社會經(jīng)濟的）backgrounds gave and took, ”said Tyler Bridges of The Toolbox, which created the project. "We even had a bride in her wedding dress come up to the board and take a few dollars.”可知，發(fā)起該項活動的泰勒·布里奇斯說:“所有年齡、種族和社會經(jīng)濟背景的人都會付出和索取?！鄙踔劣幸晃淮┲榧喌男履飦淼搅伺谱忧?，拿走了一些錢。所以通過泰勒·布里奇斯所說的，可以判斷出，他提到新娘就是想說明這項活動吸引了各種各樣的人。故B選項正確。26.D 【解析】細節(jié)理解題。由倒數(shù)第二段“While the clip might look like part of a new ad campaign, Bridges said the only goal was to show generosity and sympathy”可知，盡管這段視頻看起來像是一項新的廣告活動的一部分，但是布里奇斯說這次活動唯一的目標是表現(xiàn)出慷慨和同情。所以布里奇斯實施這個活動是為了提倡仁慈和同情。故D選項正確。III.說明文1. 【2019·全國卷I，C】As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric(生物測量)technologieslike fingerprint scansto keep others out of private e-spaces. At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device(裝置)that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence(節(jié)奏)with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user's typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine people's identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer it's connected toregardless of whether someone gets the password right.It also doesn't require a new type of technology that people aren't already familiar with. Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch”four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.28. Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard?A. To reduce pressure on keys.B. To improve accuracy in typingC. To replace the password system.D. To cut the cost of e-space protection.29. What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible？A. Computers are much easier to operate.B. Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast.C. Typing patterns vary from person to person.D. Data security measures are guaranteed.30. What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard？all 1o soisgitieoco oll.A. It'll be environment-friendly.B. It'll reach consumers soon.C. It'll be made of plastics.D. It'll help speed up typing.31. Where is this text most likely from?A. A diary.B. A guidebookC. A novel.D. A magazine.【語篇解讀】這是一篇說明文。數(shù)據(jù)和身份盜竊變得越來越普遍，目前，向指紋掃描等這些技術仍然是昂貴的。本文介紹了一種新的科技智能鍵盤，它能給e-space用戶帶來安全，而且這項技術也不貴。28.D 【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段的At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.和第二段的Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device that gets around this problem: a smart key board.可知，研究者們開發(fā)智能鍵盤是為了降低e-space保護的成本。故選D。29.C 【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的The key board could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a users typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus，the keyboard can determine peoples identities可知，因為每個人的打字方式不同，使智能鍵盤能夠識別人的身份。故選C。30.B 【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段的The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.可知，研究者們希望智能鍵盤能早日面世。故選B。31.D 【解析】推理判斷題。本文介紹了一種新的科技智能鍵盤，它能給e-space用戶帶來安全，由此可知，本文是關于科技，結合所給選項可知，本文可能來自于一本雜志。故選D。2. 【2019·全國卷I，D】During the rosy years of elementary school(小學), I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers. The likables plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then theres the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence: status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinsteins studies show unpleasant consequences. Those who were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in elementary school, are “most likely to engage(從事)in dangerous and risky behavior.”In one study, Dr. Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents, scoring the least liked, the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys(調查研究). “We found that the least well-liked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates. But so had those who were high in status. It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us."Dr. Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date-sharing, kindness, openness carry over to later years and make you better able to relate and connect with others.In analyzing his and other research，Dr. Prinstein came to another conclusion: Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible for those outcomes, too. "Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage, ” he said.32. What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?A. Unkind.B. Lonely.C. Generous.D. Cool.33. What is the second paragraph mainly about？A. The classification of the popular.B. The characteristics of adolescents.C. The importance of interpersonal skills.D. The causes of dishonorable behavior34. What did Dr. Prinsteins study find about the most liked kids?A. They appeared to be aggressive.B. They tended to be more adaptable.C. They enjoyed the highest status.D. They performed well academically.35. What is the best title for the text?A. Be Nice-You Wont Finish LastB. The Higher the Status, the BeerC. Be the Best-You Can Make ItD. More Self-Control, Less Aggressiveness【語篇解讀】這是一篇說明文。文章主要講到研究表明，對別人好，討人喜歡對人生活的各個方面有深遠的有益影響。32.C 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段During the rosy years of elementary school, I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status（在美好的小學時光里，我喜歡分享我的娃娃和笑話，這讓我保持了高高的社會地位。）由此推斷出，作者在小學早期時，是一個慷慨的女孩。unkind不友善的；lonely寂寞的；generous慷慨的；cool冷靜的，故選C。33.A 【解析】主旨大意題。第二段Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers.（臨床心理學教授Mitch Prinstein將受歡迎的人分為兩類:討人喜歡的人和追求地位的人。）是段落主題句，本段內(nèi)容分別對the likable 和the status seekers 做了解釋，所以本段主要介紹了兩種受歡迎的分類，故選A。34.B 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment （它清楚地表明，可愛可以促使健全的調整），由此推斷出，心理學教授Mitch Prinstein的研究表明，最有人望的孩子適應性更強，故選B。35.A 【解析】主旨大意題。通過閱讀全文內(nèi)容，尤其是最后一段，可知這篇文章主要講了受歡迎，討人喜歡對人生活的各個方面有深遠的有益影響。與選項A“對別人好最終，你的收獲無窮無盡”一致，故選A。4. 【2019·全國卷II，D】Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms(微生物) from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week. How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem? Its turning to a bunch of high school kids. But not just any kids. It depending on NASA HUNCH high school class, like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport, New York.HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. For the past two years, Gordons students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think theyre close to a solution(解決方案). “We dont give the students any breaks. They have to do it just like NASA engineers,” says Florence Gold, a project manager.“There are no tests,” Gordon says. “There is no graded homework. There almost are no grades, other thanAre you working towards your goal? Basically, its Ive got to produce this product and then, at the end of year, present it to NASA. Engineers come and really do an in-person review, andits not a very nice thing at time. Its a hard business review of your product.”Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact(影響) on college admissions and practical life skills. “These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back. I dont teach.” And that annoying bacteria? Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem, readying a workable solution to test in space.32. What do we know about the bacteria in the International Space Station?A. They are hard to get rid of.B. They lead to air pollution.C. They appear different forms.D. They damage the instruments.33. What is the purpose of the HUNCH program?A. To strengthen teacher-student relationships.B. To sharpen students communication skills.C. To allow students to experience zero gravity.D. To link space technology with school education34. What do the NASA engineers do for the students in the program?A. Check their product.B. Guide project designsC. Adjust work schedules.D. Grade their homework.35. What is the best title for the text?A. NASA: The Home of Astronauts.B. Space: The Final Homework Frontier.C. Nature: An Outdoor Classroom.D. HUNCH:A College Admission Reform.【語篇解讀】本文為說明文。本文介紹了HUNCH項目就是通過Gordon的學生找到如何殺死空間站的細菌這一技術，把空間技術與帶進課堂，與學校教育相結合，從而最終影響到大學入 的數(shù)學模型，科學家們發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些在食物網(wǎng)運營的關鍵原則。科學家們說;因為一個生態(tài)系統(tǒng)越過了它的臨界點，它們很難再回來。該系統(tǒng)將告訴我們何時適應人類活動，這些活動正將生態(tài)系統(tǒng)推向崩潰，或者甚至允許我們將生態(tài)系統(tǒng)從邊緣拉回來，預防是關鍵。46.B 【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段的With such models, scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs.可知，借助食物網(wǎng)的數(shù)學模型，科中的一些關鍵原則。故選B。47. C【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段的When a predator(掠食動物) always eats huge numbers of a single prey(獵物)，the two species are strongly linked可知，當捕食者總是吃大量的單一獵物，這兩個物種是緊密相連的。故選C。48. D 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段的In the 1960s, scientists proposed that predators at the top of a food web had, a surprising amount of control over the size of populations of other species they did not directly attack可知，處于食物網(wǎng)頂端的食肉動物對它們沒有直接攻擊的其他物種的種群數(shù)量有著驚人的控制，由此可推斷出，如果食物鏈頂級食肉動物的數(shù)量大大下降，其他物種的種群將經(jīng)歷意想不到的變化。故選D。49.A 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段的Ideally the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline可知，人類過度的活動會將生態(tài)系統(tǒng)推向崩潰，由此可推斷出，不受控制的人類活動極大地破壞了生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。故選A。50. D 【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段的Scientists have built an early-warning system based on mathematical models. Ideally the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline.可知，早期變暖系統(tǒng)發(fā)出緊急需要采取預防行動的信號幫助我們維持生態(tài)平衡。故選D。9. 【2019·江蘇卷，B】In the 1960s，while studying the volcanic history of Yellowstone National Park，Bob Christiansen became puzzled about something that，oddly，had not troubled anyone before:he couldn't find the park's volcano. It had been known for a long time that Yellowstone was volcanic in nature that's what accounted for all its hot springs and other steamy features. But Christiansen couldn't find the Yellowstone volca