五、推理判斷觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題(2018·浙江，C)As cultural symbols go，the American car is quite young.The Model T Ford was built at the Piquette Plant in Michigan a century ago，with the first rolling off the assembly line(裝配線) on September 27,1908.Only eleven cars were produced the next month.But eventually Henry Ford would build fifteen million of them.Modern America was born on the road，behind a wheel.The car shaped some of the most lasting aspects of American culture：the roadside diner，the billboard，the motel，even the hamburger.For most of the last century，the car represented what it meant to be Americangoing forward at high speed to find new worlds.The road novel，the road movie，these are the most typical American ideas，born of abundant petrol，cheap cars and a never-ending interstate highway system，the largest public works project in history.In 1928 Herbert Hoover imagined an America with “a chicken in every pot and a car in every garage.” Since then，this society has moved onward，never looking back，as the car transformed America from a farm-based society into an industrial power.The cars that drove the American Dream have helped to create a global ecological disaster.In America the demand for oil has grown by 22 percent since 1990.The problems of excessive(過度的) energy consumption，climate change and population growth have been described in a book by the American writer Thomas L.Friedman.He fears the worst，but hopes for the best.Friedman points out that the green economy(經(jīng)濟(jì))is a chance to keep American strength.“The ability to design，build and export green technologies for producing clean water，clean air and healthy and abundant food is going to be the currency of power in the new century.”語篇解讀本文是一篇說明文。其主題是“人與社會”，介紹了美國經(jīng)典的“汽車文化”，它對美國各方面的影響是巨大而深遠(yuǎn)的。汽車給美國人民帶來便利的同時，也帶來了很多問題，例如能源的過度消耗、氣候變化以及污染等。素材的選擇旨在向考生傳遞一種科學(xué)的世界觀：看待事物一定要一分為二，分析利弊，趨利避害，利用事物好的方面為人類服務(wù)。28.Why is hamburger mentioned in Paragraph 2?A.To explain Americans love for travelling by car.B.To show the influence of cars on American culture.C.To stress the popularity of fast food with Americans.D.To praise the effectiveness of Americas road system.答案B解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第二句“The car shaped some of the most lasting aspects of American culture.even the hamburger.”可知，汽車塑造了某些最持久的美國文化，其中就包括漢堡。由此可知，汽車對于漢堡文化的形成，影響是非常大的。所以，在第二段中提及漢堡，就是為了表明汽車對于美國文化有相當(dāng)大的影響。故選B項。29.What has the use of cars in America led to?A.Decline of economy.B.Environmental problems.C.A shortage of oil supply.D.A farm-based society.答案B解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段第一句“The cars that drove the American Dream have helped to create a global ecological disaster.”可知，驅(qū)動美國夢的汽車導(dǎo)致了全球性的生態(tài)災(zāi)難，即汽車的使用引起了環(huán)境問題。故選B項。30.What is Friedmans attitude towards Americas future?A.Ambiguous. B.Doubtful.C.Hopeful. D.Tolerant.答案C解析觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。根據(jù)最后一段第一句“Friedman points out that the green economy(經(jīng)濟(jì)) is a chance to keep American strength.”可知，F(xiàn)riedman認(rèn)為綠色經(jīng)濟(jì)是使美國保持實力的一個機(jī)遇。由此可知，他對美國的未來充滿了希望。故選C項。一、題型解讀所謂作者的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度，就是表達(dá)作者對某個話題、行為、事件的看法、感覺或判斷。作者的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度一般分為三大類：支持、贊同、樂觀；客觀、中立；反對、批評、懷疑、悲觀。作者的這種思想傾向和感情色彩往往隱含在文章的字里行間。因此，在推斷過程中，應(yīng)特別注意文中作者的措辭，尤其是表達(dá)感情色彩的形容詞或副詞。此類試題往往讓考生推斷文章作者或文中人物對某事所持的態(tài)度、觀點(diǎn)或看法，或推斷文中人物的語氣、性格等。設(shè)問形式常有：1.Whats the writers attitude towards.?2.What is the authors opinion on.?3.What does the author think about.?二、解題技巧“忠于措辭”定選項1.文章作者或文中人物對某事物所持的觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度往往隱含在文章的字里行間或流露于修飾詞之中，注意文中作者或人物的措辭。(1)正確掌握字里行間所隱含或流露的意思，切不可用自己的觀點(diǎn)來代替作者或文中人物的觀點(diǎn)。(2)留意那些描寫所處氛圍的語言及表達(dá)情感、態(tài)度或觀點(diǎn)的詞語或句子。(3)結(jié)合平時所積累的有關(guān)英語國家的文化傳統(tǒng)、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣等的背景知識來進(jìn)行合理的推斷。(4)關(guān)注首段首尾句，推斷文章主題，確定作者觀點(diǎn)。2.要分清選項中的表示支持或肯定、中立、反對或否定的詞語，再以此對照文章內(nèi)容。下面是一些常見的有關(guān)作者情感、態(tài)度的詞語：(1)表示支持或肯定的詞語 favorable贊同的，有利的；positive積極的，肯定的，確實的；supportive支持的；approval贊成，正式批準(zhǔn)；reasonable合理的；enthusiastic熱情的等。(2)表示反對或否定的詞語critical批評的；negative否定的，消極的；disapproval不贊成；impractical不實際的；radical激進(jìn)的；prejudiced有成見的，偏頗的等。例如：【真題感悟】中第30題，根據(jù)最后一段第一句“Friedman points out that the green economy(經(jīng)濟(jì)) is a chance to keep American strength.”可知，F(xiàn)riedman認(rèn)為綠色經(jīng)濟(jì)是使美國保持實力的一個機(jī)遇。由此可知，他對美國的未來充滿了希望。故選C項。A(2018·和平區(qū)一模)One hundred grandmothers were asked how good manners had changed since they were children，what they expected of their own children when they were growing up and how their grandchildren behave today.Although the grannies were united in the belief that good manners cost nothing，they unwillingly came to the conclusion that all the old little courtesies(禮節(jié)) are gradually being erased.Some children are not taught simple good manners by their parents，in the belief that they should be free to express themselves.Manners at mealtimes revealed the greatest inter-generational difference.While 92 percent of grandparents and 87 percent of their children sat down at the table with all the family to eat at least once a day，nowadays this applies to just 54 percent of children.Traditional family mealtimes have been on a slippery slope for many years and this survey reveals an apparent corresponding decline in table manners.One grandmother said：“My grandchildren have bad table manners as they havent been taught by their parents.” Only 49 percent of children today have to ask to get down from the table compared with 89 percent of their grandparents and 80 percent of their parents.Keeping your elbows off the table is almost totally unnecessary，with just 19 percent of grandchildren still expected to stick to the old rule.However，some parents are still keeping family mealtimes alive，with even the smallest children joining them at the table in their highchairs whether it is their mealtime or not.Although some little courtesies may no longer be encouraged today，good old fashioned “please” and “thank you” seem to have weathered the storm.Nevertheless，there has been a big downturn in writing thank-you letters，from 86 percent of grandparents to just 35 percent of grandchildren putting pen to paper today.A final word from one wise grandmother：“If there werent rules there would be nothing for kids to break，no risk to take，no scars to show for mistakes.Rules let you fly.”1.Which of the following would some modern parents most probably agree with?A.Good manners are very important.B.Kids should show who they truly are.C.It is easy for kids to learn good manners.D.Kids should learn from their grandparents.答案B解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句“Some children are not taught simple good manners by their parents，in the belief that they should be free to express themselves.”可知，當(dāng)下一些父母很可能認(rèn)同孩子們應(yīng)該展示他們真實的一面。2.According to the survey,81 percent of kids .A.put their elbows on the table B.usually eat in their highchairsC.have meals with all the familyD.ask permission to leave the table答案A解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段第四句“Keeping your elbows off the table is almost totally unnecessary，with just 19 percent of grandchildren still expected to stick to the old rule.”可知，根據(jù)調(diào)查，只有19%的孩子仍希望遵守舊規(guī)則，而剩下81%的孩子把胳膊肘放在桌子上。3.What might many kids be encouraged to do?A.Apologize sincerely face to face.B.Show appreciation by writing letters.C.Talk about the weather with strangers.D.Express thankfulness in spoken words.答案D解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段最后一句“Nevertheless，there has been a big downturn in writing thank-you letters，from 86 percent of grandparents to just 35 percent of grandchildren putting pen to paper today.”可知，被要求寫感謝信的比例有所下降。故可以推測出，孩子被鼓勵口頭表達(dá)謝意。4.What is the authors attitude towards sticking to traditional courtesies?A.He is uncertain about it.B.He is mildly critical.C.He approves of it.D.He is strongly against it.答案C解析觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。閱讀全文，根據(jù)文章最后一段“A final word from one wise grandmother：If there werent rules there would be nothing for kids to break，no risk to take，no scars to show for mistakes.Rules let you fly.”可以看出，作者對于堅持傳統(tǒng)的禮節(jié)是支持的。5.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A.How to Express Yourself?B.Change the Unnecessary RulesC.Are Good Manners a Thing of the Past?D.Grandmothers Caring for Grandkids答案C解析標(biāo)題歸納題。閱讀全文，根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容可知，有一百位祖母被問到，從她們小時候至今，禮貌有多大改變，她們對自己的孩子成長中的期望以及她們的子孫們今天的行為如何。本文以此展開，主要講述了禮節(jié)不只是過去的事情。BCharity Cycling UK recently launched a campaign to raise awareness of dooring after discovering that many people dont know what it is.Dooring is when a driver or passenger opens the door into another road usertypically a cyclistwithout looking for other road users.Cycling UK Chief Executive Paul Tuohy told Gloucestershire Live：“Some people seem to see car dooring as a bit of a joke，but its not and can have serious consequences.Cycling UK wants to see great awareness made about the dangers of opening your car door negligently，and people to be encouraged to look before they open.”The charity says 2,009 of the 3,000 injuries were sustained by cyclists，resulting in five fatalities but says this might not be the full extent of the danger.Cycling UK says not all car dooring incidents will be attended by police，so the charity has written to transport minister Jesse Norman calling for a public awareness campaign urging all car occupants，not just drivers，to look before opening vehicle doors.One of the ways the charity suggests is the “Dutch reach”，where people leaving a vehicle reach over and use the non-door side hand to open the door.Cycling UK also suggests harsher laws and advice on safer road positioning for people who cycle.Mr Tuohy said：“In the Netherlands they are known for practising a method，known sometimes as the Dutch reach，which we think could be successfully encouraged in the UK.”“Cycling UK has written to the Department for Transport asking them to look into this，and highlight the dangers of car dooring through a public awareness THINK style campaign.”If youre really concerned about opening a door into the path of a cyclist coming behind you，consider using whats known as the Dutch reach to open the door.That will naturally turn you in your seat and give you a much better view of whats coming up alongside the car.語篇解讀本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了car dooring(因開車門造成的撞人事故)的危害以及解決問題的可行方法。6.What is the text mainly about?A.Car dooring.B.Traffic awareness.C.The “Dutch reach”.D.The charitys campaign.答案A解析主旨大意題。通讀文章可知，全文圍繞話題car dooring展開，介紹了car dooring的危害以及解決問題的方法。所以A正確。7.Why does the author mention the figures in Paragraph 3?A.To cause public concern.B.To report the terrible accidents.C.To show the dangers of car dooring.D.To stress the importance of traffic safety.答案C解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句中的“Cycling UK wants to see great awareness made about the dangers of opening your car door negligently.”可知，car dooring有危險，第三段進(jìn)一步用數(shù)據(jù)說明該問題的嚴(yán)重性。所以C項正確。8.While doing the “Dutch reach”，you should .A.sit still in your seatB.open the car door politelyC.use the inside hand to open the doorD.use the left hand to open the car door答案C解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中的“where people leaving a vehicle reach over and use the non-door side hand to open the door”可知，應(yīng)該用不靠近車門的手開門。故選C。9.What can be learned from the text?A.Many people are ignorant of car dooring.B.The “Dutch reach” is well received in England.C.Dooring incidents are all attended by police.D.Drivers are to blame for dooring incidents.答案A解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中的“Charity Cycling UK recently launched a campaign to raise awareness of dooring after discovering that many people dont know what it is.”以及文中多次出現(xiàn)的“public awareness”可知，很多人對car dooring這個問題重視不夠。10.Whats the authors attitude towards car dooring?A.Enthusiastic. B.Ridiculous.C.Neutral. D.Concerned.答案D解析觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。car dooring導(dǎo)致諸多事故，而人們對此又了解不多，作者在字里行間表達(dá)了對這一現(xiàn)象的擔(dān)心。故選D。題型組合練(八).單項填空1. entirely with the flagship smartphone and directed by Peter Chan(陳可辛)，the 7-minute video follows a train attendant on a six-day train journey from Nanning to Harbin.A.Shot B.PicturedC.Screened D.Videoed答案A解析句意為：完全使用智能手機(jī)拍攝，陳可辛執(zhí)導(dǎo)的這部七分鐘的短片追蹤了一名從南寧到哈爾濱的火車上的一位列車員，該趟列車行程六天。shoot拍攝；picture畫，想象；screen放映；video錄制。根據(jù)句意，故選A。2.When you walk into any department store in Wuxi，chances are that you will see signs with a single digit number and the Chinese character “zhe” prominently displayed next to products that are on .A.discount B.bargainC.sale D.reduction答案C解析句意為：當(dāng)你走進(jìn)無錫的任何一家百貨公司時，在正促銷的商品旁邊你都會看到貼著醒目的促銷牌子，上邊會有數(shù)字和一個中國漢字“折”。discount打折；bargain交易，便宜貨；sale銷售；reduction減少。on sale廉價出售。根據(jù)句意，故選C。3.What is the psychology behind your mindless scribbles(涂鴉)？If your flower，for example，has a large circular center， expresses confidence and the enjoyment of a good social life.A.which B.asC.this D.such答案C解析句意為：信手涂鴉背后反映了什么心理？例如，如果你畫的花朵有一個大大的圓心，這表明你充滿自信，社交生活愉快。if引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句，因此“ expresses confidence and the enjoyment of a good social life”是主句，無須連詞，which和as是連詞，故A、B不正確；this指代上文提到的事情；such表示“諸如此類的人或事”。根據(jù)語境，故選C。4.Once the massive rocket by SpaceX sprinted off(騰空而起) at about 345 p.m.，everything seemed to as planned，from the activation of David Bowies (大衛(wèi)·鮑威) music as soundtrack to the pinpoint return of two reusable booster rockets.A.take off B.go offC.set off D.pull off答案B解析句意為：(美國)太空技術(shù)探索公司(SpaceX)的巨大火箭在下午345時騰空而起，從作為配樂的大衛(wèi)·鮑威的音樂的激活到兩個可重復(fù)使用的助推火箭的精確返回，一切似乎都在按計劃進(jìn)行。take off起飛；go off進(jìn)行；set off引爆；pull off脫去。根據(jù)語境，故選B。5.Players of the Japanese game “Travel Frog” take care of the frogs and often come to feel a pet owner，expressing pride in being the “mother” of diligent and disciplined children or worrying about the growth of their children.A.little more than B.more thanC.no more than D.not more than答案B解析句意為：日本的一款游戲“旅行青蛙”的玩家照顧青蛙，經(jīng)常感覺自己不僅僅是一個寵物主人，也是勤奮的、有紀(jì)律的孩子的母親，或者是擔(dān)心孩子成長的母親，并為此感到自豪。little more than僅僅是；more than不僅僅；no more than僅僅，只是；not more than不超過。根據(jù)語境，故選B。6.Introverts(性格內(nèi)向的人)，according to Susan Cain，tend to enjoy being alone，doing quieter things or being with just one friend at a time.She says that is they get their energy.A.why B.when C.how D.where答案C解析句意為：性格內(nèi)向的人，根據(jù)蘇珊·凱恩所說，常常喜歡自己待著、安靜做事或者一次只和一個朋友在一起。她說這是內(nèi)向性格的人獲得能量的方式。why為什么；when的時候；how如何，引導(dǎo)表語從句，表示方式；where的地方。根據(jù)語境，故選C。7.Today we focus on is called recurrent obesity(復(fù)發(fā)性肥胖) or yo-yo obesity(溜溜球式肥胖)， is the phenomenon we gain weight and then go on a successful diet，but within 12 months we go back to our original weight.A.what；which；in whichB.which；which；whereC.all；that；thatD.whatever；as；which答案A解析句意為：今天，我們集中在被稱為“復(fù)發(fā)性肥胖”或“溜溜球式肥胖”上。這是一種現(xiàn)象，一個人在體重增加后通過節(jié)食成功減重，但是在12個月以內(nèi)又恢復(fù)到原有的體重?！?is called recurrent obesity(復(fù)發(fā)性肥胖) or yo-yo obesity(溜溜球式肥胖)”是賓語從句，從句中缺乏主語，what引導(dǎo)賓語從句，在從句中作主語、賓語或者表語，故第一空填what；第二空which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，which指代整個主句內(nèi)容，并在從句中作主語；“ we gain weight and then go on a successful diet”是定語從句，先行詞是the phenomenon，在從句中作抽象地點(diǎn)狀語，引導(dǎo)詞用關(guān)系副詞where或者in which。故選A。8.The 19th Party Congress was a milestone in that it not just for five or ten years which party congresses traditionally do，but potentially for more than thirty years to mid-century.A.set the agenda B.set alarm bellsC.set the trend D.set the limit答案A解析句意為：中國共產(chǎn)黨第十九次全國代表大會是一個里程碑，因為它不僅做了大會傳統(tǒng)上做的，為未來五年或十年設(shè)下了議程，而且潛在地為以后三十多年，直到本世紀(jì)中葉做了規(guī)劃。set the agenda制定議程；set alarm bells設(shè)置警鐘；set the trend(在式樣、風(fēng)尚上)帶個頭；set the limit設(shè)置限制。根據(jù)語境，故選A。9.Had the government offered the help，we a loss.A.ought not to have sufferedB.couldnt have sufferedC.shouldnt sufferD.couldnt suffer答案B解析句意為：如果政府給我們提供幫助，我們就不可能遭受損失。本句表示與過去事實相反的情況，故選B。10.The Spring Festival is the time of year that the largest annual mass migration on the planet when one sixth of the worlds population home.A.will see；travelsB.saw；was travellingC.will be seeing；will be travellingD.sees；travel答案D解析句意為：每年的春節(jié)是這個星球上最大的年度大規(guī)模遷徙的時候，在那個時候，全球人口的六分之一旅行回家。see“見證”作定語從句中的謂語，that指代先行詞the time of year，先行詞是第三人稱單數(shù)，與謂語動詞see是主動關(guān)系，句子講述客觀事實用一般現(xiàn)在時，故第一空填sees；分?jǐn)?shù)或者百分?jǐn)?shù)修飾名詞作主語，謂語動詞與所修飾的名詞保持人稱和數(shù)的一致，根據(jù)語境可知，population此處表示“人們”是復(fù)數(shù)，文章描述客觀存在的事實用一般現(xiàn)在時，故第二空填travel。故選D。.閱讀理解AThe University of Birminghams Study Abroad ProgrammeA year abroad is undoubtedly one of the best opportunities that is available to you during your undergraduate career.It is a privilege and an experience to be proud of and remember throughout your university and professional life.Entry requirementsTo attend the Study Abroad Programme，you must meet the following requirements：·Native speaker of English or English Language qualification equivalent to IELTS 6.5 (7.0 for Law)；·Completed at least one year of university study；·Achieved a grade point average of at least 3.0；·Have a particular interest or background in the subject of choice.A letter of reference from your professor is recommended，if applicable.Fees for 2017/18International Study Abroad Programme：Sept.2017Jun.2018：12,000Sept.2017Dec.2017：6,750Jan.2018Jun.2018：6,750EU Study Abroad Programme：Sept.2017Jun.2018：9,000Sept.2017Dec.2017：4,500Jan.2018Jun.2018：4,500How to applyOur online application is now available.When applying，you will need to upload the following documentation：·A copy of an official transcript(成績單) showing the courses taken and grades；·A copy of your passport/ID photo page；·Evidence of English language ability(if applicable).If you have any questions about the application，please email the Study Abroad Team.The Study Abroad Programme with EnglishIf you do not meet the English language requirements for entry to the Study Abroad Programme，it is possible to attend a pre-sessional(預(yù)備課程) English course first.These courses are run by our English for International Students Unit(EISU) and you can find out the details，costs and application process for those courses online.The pre-sessional English course is for international students who have an offer to study at the Programme but who do not currently meet the English language requirements.The course is designed to suit your level of English and allows you to meet the English language requirement for your programme without retaking IELTS.Please note that unfortunately we cannot offer fee discounts for students who leave the programme in the middle of a University of Birmingham teaching term.11.If John Smith，an American sophomore(大二學(xué)生) in Law，wants to apply for the Birmingham Study Abroad Programme，he should .A.have an IELTS score of 6.5B.have a grade point average of at least 3.0C.have a talent in the subject proved by professionalsD.promise to study in Birmingham for at least one year答案B解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Entry requirements部分中的“Achieved a grade point average of at least 3.0”可知，平均成績需達(dá)到3.0以上。法律系的學(xué)生的雅思成績需要達(dá)到7.0，故A項錯誤，C、D兩項文章沒有提及。12.Chinese university student，Wang Li，is going to attend the programme from January 2018 to June 2018.How much should she pay?A.12,000. B.9,000.C.6,750. D.4,500.答案C解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Fees for 2017/18部分中的“International Study Abroad Programme：Jan.2018Jun.2018：6,750”可知，從2018年1月到6月的學(xué)費(fèi)是6 750歐元。13.Which of the following is NOT needed to be uploaded when non-native speakers of English apply for the programme?A.A copy of your passport/ID photo page.B.A copy of an official transcript.C.A copy of a recommendation letter from the professor.D.Evidence of English language ability.答案C解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)How to apply部分中的“A copy of an official transcript(成績單) showing the courses taken and grades；A copy of your passport/ID photo page；Evidence of English language ability(if applicable).”可知，申請時，您需要上傳以下文件：顯示所學(xué)課程和成績的官方成績單副本；護(hù)照/身份證照片頁的副本；英語能力證明(如適用)。包括了A、B、D三個選項。故選C。14.What is true about the pre-sessional English course?A.The course doesnt belong to any program of the University.B.The course is intended for all the international students in the Study Abroad Programme.C.After taking the course，students will have no difficulty passing the IELTS test.D.Those who have adequate IELTS scores neednt take the course.答案D解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一部分中的“If you do not meet the English language requirements for entry to the Study Abroad Programme，it is possible to attend a pre-sessional(預(yù)備課程) English course first.”可知，如果您沒有達(dá)到入讀留學(xué)英語課程的英語語言要求，可以先參加預(yù)備課程英語課程。說明那些有足夠雅思成績的人不需要參加課程。故選D。15.What is RIGHT about the fees?A.The fees are the same for all the studen