第11講名詞與冠詞1.Try to understand whats actually happening instead of acting on the youve made.(2018·江蘇，32)A.assignment B.associationC.acquisition D.assumption答案D解析句意為：努力弄明白實(shí)際正在發(fā)生的事情，而不是按照你做出的假設(shè)去行動(dòng)。D項(xiàng)assumption意為“假設(shè)”，符合語境。youve made是定語從句，修飾assumption，make an assumption意為“做出假設(shè)”。assignment任務(wù)，作業(yè)；association聯(lián)系；acquisition獲得，得到。2.The that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space.(2018·天津，6)A.advice B.orderC.possibility D.invitation答案C解析句意為：在宇宙的其他星球上存在著生命，這一可能性一直鼓舞著科學(xué)家們探索外太空。possibility意為“可能性”，符合語境，故選C。advice建議；order命令，秩序；invitation邀請(qǐng)，請(qǐng)柬。3.Can you tell us your for happiness and a long life?Living every day to the full，definitely.(2016·江蘇，24)A.recipe B.recordC.range D.receipt答案A解析句意為：您能告訴我們您幸福與長壽的秘訣嗎？確切地說，是充實(shí)地過好每一天。根據(jù)答語可知，此處問的是幸福與長壽的秘訣。recipe秘訣，訣竅，符合句意。record記錄；range范圍；receipt收據(jù)，均不符合題意。4.Some schools will have to make in agreement with the national soccer reform.(2015·江蘇，32)A.judgments B.adjustmentsC.comments D.achievements答案B解析句意為：為了與國家足球改革相一致，一些學(xué)校將不得不做出調(diào)整。judgment判斷；adjustment調(diào)整，適應(yīng)；comment評(píng)論；achievement成果，成就。故選B項(xiàng)。5.Go and say sorry to your Mom，Dave.Id like to，but Im afraid she wont be happy with my .(2015·江蘇，35)A.requests B.excusesC.apologies D.regrets答案C解析句意為：去向你媽媽道歉，戴夫。我想去，但我擔(dān)心她對(duì)我的道歉不滿意。request要求，請(qǐng)求；excuse理由，借口；apology道歉，致歉；regret懊悔，遺憾。根據(jù)前面的“say sorry”可知選C項(xiàng)。6. prize for the winner of the competition is two-week holiday in Paris.(2016·浙江，2)A.The；/ B.A；/C.A；the D.The；a答案D解析句意為：這次比賽給獲勝者的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)是在巴黎度假兩周。第一個(gè)空格表示對(duì)比賽獲勝者的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)，是特指，故用the；第二個(gè)空格泛指一次為期兩周的假期，用不定冠詞a。故選D項(xiàng)。7.Being able to afford drink would be comfort in those tough times.A.the；the B.a；aC.a；/ D./；a答案B解析句意為：在那些艱苦的歲月里，能買得起一杯飲料都會(huì)是一件令人安慰的事。本題容易誤選C項(xiàng)，認(rèn)為comfort “安慰”是不可數(shù)名詞，其實(shí)此處為抽象名詞的具體化，a comfort令人感到安慰的一個(gè)人或一件事；a drink一杯飲料。故B項(xiàng)正確。診斷報(bào)告考向?qū)?yīng)題號(hào)我的薄弱環(huán)節(jié)1名詞詞義辨析1,2,3,52名詞構(gòu)成的固定搭配43抽象名詞具體化74不定冠詞與定冠詞的綜合考查6解題方法(一)三方法解決名詞辨析題1.利用固定搭配和習(xí)慣表達(dá)2.利用句子的平衡、對(duì)比等結(jié)構(gòu)3.充分把握具體的語境(二)三方法辨別冠詞方法1.語境暗示法在解答冠詞試題時(shí)，要注意下面的原則：一是根據(jù)句子的意思判斷是特指(定冠詞表示特指)還是泛指(不定冠詞表示泛指)，其次看是可數(shù)名詞還是不可數(shù)名詞。這樣就能夠根據(jù)句子的意思判斷出是選定冠詞還是不定冠詞。2.準(zhǔn)確翻譯法冠詞a/an表示“一個(gè)，一種，某一個(gè)”，一般泛指任意一個(gè)；而the表示“這個(gè)，那個(gè)”，是特指。所以在大多數(shù)情況下，如果我們能準(zhǔn)確地把泛指或特指的意思翻譯出來，就能夠正確地解答該題。3.固定短語搭配法掌握冠詞的習(xí)慣用法，冠詞活用和固定詞組中用不用冠詞或用什么冠詞對(duì)于解答冠詞試題也是很重要的?？键c(diǎn)1名詞詞義辨析1.There is no need to tell me your answer now.Give it some and then let me know.(2015·安徽，30)A.thought B.supportC.protection D.authority答案A解析句意為：現(xiàn)在沒有必要告訴我你的答案。多思考一下，再讓我知道。 thought思想，思考，符合句意。support支持，維持，支援，供養(yǎng)；protection保護(hù)，防衛(wèi)；authority權(quán)威，權(quán)力，當(dāng)局。2.One of the most effective ways to reduce is to talk about feelings with someone you trust.(2015·浙江，15)A.production B.stressC.energy D.power答案B解析句意為：減少壓力最有效的方法之一就是與你信任的人談?wù)勀愕母惺?。stress壓力，緊張，符合語境。production生產(chǎn)，制作，產(chǎn)品；energy精力，活力，干勁；power權(quán)力，勢(shì)力，影響力。3.The weather forecast says it will be cloudy with a slight of rain later tonight.(2016·天津，10)A.effect B.senseC.change D.chance答案D解析句意為：天氣預(yù)報(bào)說今天多云，后半夜可能有雨。chance可能性，符合語境。effect結(jié)果，效應(yīng)；sense感覺，理解力；change變化，改變。4.The failure was a big to him，but he wasnt discouraged and soon got as enthusiastic as ever.(2015·福建，24)A.blow B.issueC.excuse D.factor答案A解析句意為：這次失敗對(duì)他來說是一次不小的沖擊，但是他沒有氣餒，很快就變得和以往一樣有熱情了。blow打擊，痛擊，符合語境。issue問題；excuse借口；factor因素。5.Could you tell me the of making such tasty cakes?Well，I just follow the directions in the cookbook.(2014·福建，26)A.feature B.planC.cost D.trick答案D 解析句意為：你能告訴我制作如此美味的蛋糕的訣竅嗎？哦，我只是按照烹飪書上的說明來做的。feature特征，特點(diǎn)；plan計(jì)劃；cost費(fèi)用；trick技巧?？键c(diǎn)歸納(一)名詞的詞義辨析名詞的詞義辨析是高考的熱點(diǎn)，主要考查考生結(jié)合語境區(qū)分詞義的能力，因而在記憶單詞時(shí)，一定要結(jié)合語境體會(huì)其意義。近幾年考查的名詞詞義辨析主要有以下幾種形式：1.“同綴”詞的詞義辨析，即相同詞綴的名詞辨析。近幾年高考中常出現(xiàn)的有：expression(表情) attention(注意)satisfaction(滿意) impression(印象)accommodation(住宿) occupation(職業(yè))adaptation(適應(yīng)，改編) appreciation(欣賞)equipment(設(shè)備) arrangement(安排)assessment(評(píng)估，估算) entertainment(娛樂)consequence(后果) independence(獨(dú)立)competence(能力，權(quán)限) intelligence(智力)2.“形近”詞的詞義辨析，近幾年高考中常出現(xiàn)的形近詞有：command(命令) comparison(比較)compliment(贊美) contribution(貢獻(xiàn))commitment(承諾，保證) competition(競(jìng)爭)accommodation(住宿) accompany(陪伴)(二)名詞的一詞多義與熟詞新義名詞的一詞多義與熟詞新義是考查的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)。掌握熟詞新義重在多閱讀、多積累。Those who suffer from headache will find they get relief from this medicine.患頭疼的人會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)通過使用這種藥，他們的頭疼會(huì)得到緩解。relief的常見含義為“安慰，寬慰”，此處表示“緩解”。考點(diǎn)2名詞構(gòu)成的固定搭配When he was running after his brother，the boy lost his and had a bad fall.(2015·湖北，21)A.balance B.chanceC.memory D.place答案A解析句意為：當(dāng)這個(gè)男孩追趕哥哥的時(shí)候，他失去了平衡，狠狠地摔了一跤。根據(jù)句中的had a bad fall可知，這個(gè)男孩之所以摔倒是因?yàn)槭チ似胶?，lose ones balance意為“失去平衡”。chance機(jī)會(huì)；memory記憶；place地方?？键c(diǎn)3抽象名詞具體化Its good feeling for people to admire the Shanghai World Expo that gives them pleasure.A./；a B.a；/C.the；a D.a；the答案B解析句意為：對(duì)人們來說，欣賞能帶給他們樂趣的世博會(huì)感覺非常棒。feeling為可數(shù)名詞，pleasure為不可數(shù)名詞，均表示泛指，故B項(xiàng)正確。考點(diǎn)歸納抽象名詞具體化通?？煞譃橐韵滤念悾?. 表示情感、情緒的詞，強(qiáng)調(diào)具體的人或事時(shí)常將其具體化使用。常用的重點(diǎn)抽象名詞有：抽象名詞抽象名詞具體化comfort安慰；慰藉a comfort 一件令人感到安慰的事或一個(gè)令人感到安慰的人pity惋惜，同情a pity一件憾事success 成功a success 一位成功的人或一件成功的事 failure 失敗a failure 一個(gè)失敗的人或一件失敗的事surprise 驚奇a surprise 一件令人驚奇的事difficulty 困難a difficulty 一件難事I think this sports meeting was a huge success.我認(rèn)為這次運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)是一個(gè)巨大的成功。2.表行為的抽象名詞，強(qiáng)調(diào)其具體表現(xiàn)形式時(shí)，常用“a/an抽象名詞”或“a/an形容詞抽象名詞”。常用短語、句型如下：have a wonderful supper；have a bright future；have a good time；have a population of；have a good knowledge/understanding of；have an income of；receive a good education；receive a warm welcome；cover an area of；reach a height ofIts a waste of time/money.Its a great help to me.Its a pity that.3.表示具體動(dòng)作意義的抽象名詞，加a/an與某些動(dòng)詞(have，take，make，give)等詞連用時(shí)，表示某一次短暫的動(dòng)作。have a swim/rest/look/trip/discussion/smoke/wash/sleep；take a walk/bath；give/take a try；make an advance/an early start/an apology；take/have a great interest；go out for a walk4.接同源賓語的短語，通常名詞表示具體化意義。die a heroic death；live/lead a happy/simple/hard/poor/bitter life；dream a strange dream考點(diǎn)4不定冠詞與定冠詞的綜合考查1.I just heard bank where Dora works was robbed by gunman wearing a mask.(2015·重慶，3)A.the；/ B.a；/C.the；a D.a；the答案C解析句意為：我剛聽說多拉工作的那家銀行被一名蒙面持槍歹徒搶劫了。第一空為特指，表示“多拉工作的那家銀行”；第二空為泛指，表示“一名”。2.There are over 58,000 rocky objects in space，about 900 of which could fall down onto earth.A.the；the B./；theC.the；/ D.a；the答案B解析句意為：太空中有超過58 000的巖狀物體，其中大約900有可能掉到地球上。第一空in space是固定短語，不用冠詞，類似用法還有in nature，in society等；第二空后的名詞earth屬于獨(dú)一無二的事物，其前必須用定冠詞?？键c(diǎn)歸納(一)不定冠詞a/an的用法1.單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前用不定冠詞a/an表示泛指，泛指某一人或某一物。2.表示某種身份、職業(yè)、地位、國籍。3.用在人名或時(shí)間名詞前表示不確定的某個(gè)人或某個(gè)時(shí)間；用在人名前還可表示與某人有類似性質(zhì)的人。4.不定冠詞用在序數(shù)詞前不表示排序，而表示“再一，又一”。5.表示單位時(shí)間內(nèi)的頻度，含有“每”的概念。(1)The “Chinese Dream” is a dream to improve peoples well-being and a dream of harmony，peace and development.“中國夢(mèng)”是一個(gè)提升人民幸福感的夢(mèng)，也是一個(gè)和諧、和平和發(fā)展的夢(mèng)。(2)He missed the gold in the high jump，but will get a second chance in the long jump.他在跳高比賽中沒有贏得金牌，但是，在跳遠(yuǎn)比賽中他還有一次(獲得金牌的)機(jī)會(huì)。(二)定冠詞the的用法1.用在名詞前表示特指。2.用在世界上獨(dú)一無二的人或物、自然現(xiàn)象、發(fā)明物之前。3.用在序數(shù)詞和最高級(jí)前。4.用于集合名詞、物質(zhì)名詞和某些專有名詞前。5.用在表示計(jì)量的名詞前，如by the hour，by the week等，但若名詞為抽象名詞則不加冠詞，如by weight，by height等。6.the形容詞/分詞表示一類人。7.用在年代、朝代名詞前及逢十?dāng)?shù)詞前。8.用在姓氏復(fù)數(shù)前，表示一家人或夫婦二人。(1)Marco Polo is said to have sailed on the Pacific Ocean on his way to Java in the thirteenth century.據(jù)說在十三世紀(jì)馬可·波羅去爪哇島途中曾航行經(jīng)過太平洋。(2)Its said John will be in a job paying over 60,000 a year.Right，he will also get paid by the week.據(jù)說約翰將擁有一份年薪超過60 000美元的工作。是的，而且會(huì)按周獲得報(bào)酬。(三)零冠詞1.不可數(shù)名詞、復(fù)數(shù)名詞表泛指，用零冠詞。2.稱呼語及表示獨(dú)一無二的頭銜、職務(wù)的名詞作表語、補(bǔ)足語或同位語時(shí)，不加冠詞。3.月、季、星期、節(jié)假、洲前；三餐、球類、慣用語前；學(xué)科、棋類名詞前，用零冠詞。4.as/though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中，如果作表語的名詞置于句首，名詞前不用冠詞。5.no與such連用時(shí)應(yīng)放在such之前，such后的名詞不用冠詞。6.純不可數(shù)名詞，不能與不定冠詞連用。高考中常見的詞有：baggage，luggage，furniture，health，weather，fun，space(太空)，advice，word(消息)，progress，information，news，luck，wealth(財(cái)富)，independence等。(1)The Smiths dont usually like staying at hotels，but last summer they spent a few days at a very nice hotel by sea.史密斯一家通常不喜歡住旅館，但去年夏天他們?cè)诤＿呉患也诲e(cuò)的旅館住了幾天。(2)Dr.Peter Spence，headmaster of the school，told us，“A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.”這所學(xué)校的校長彼得·斯彭斯博士告訴我們，這里五分之一的學(xué)生將繼續(xù)到牛津或劍橋大學(xué)深造。(3)Clever boy as he is，he cant solve such a difficult problem.盡管他是個(gè)聰明的孩子，但他無法解決這么難的問題。1.We have been making furniture for over 100 years，and have a worldwide for quality.(2018·天津十二區(qū)縣二模)A.contribution B.qualificationC.reputation D.institution答案C解析contribution貢獻(xiàn)，捐贈(zèng)；qualification資格，授權(quán)；reputation名聲，名望，名譽(yù)；institution 機(jī)構(gòu)，學(xué)院。句意為：我們生產(chǎn)家具已有100多年的歷史，在質(zhì)量上享譽(yù)世界。2.Since there isnt enough to show that this medicine works in children，it shouldnt be given to them.(2018·南開區(qū)二模)A.target B.symbolC.assumption D.evidence答案D解析target目標(biāo)；symbol符號(hào)；assumption假定，假設(shè)；evidence證據(jù)。句意為：因?yàn)闆]有足夠的證據(jù)證明這種藥對(duì)兒童有效，所以不應(yīng)該給他們服用。3.Some people believe that robots will take the place of the humans one day.What if that is the ？(2018·紅橋區(qū)一模)A.future B.resultC.end D.case答案D解析future將來；result結(jié)果；end結(jié)尾，末端；case情況，狀況。根據(jù)下文表達(dá)的意思“即便是這種情況又怎樣？”可知應(yīng)選D。4.Jims car crashed yesterday.Yes，but he had the good to escape injury when it happened.(2018·和平區(qū)一模)A.memory B.conditionC.impression D.fortune答案D解析memory記憶；condition條件；impression印象；fortune幸運(yùn)。根據(jù)句意和to escape injury可知他有幸沒有受傷。5.My cousin has decided to pursue career in music after his college graduation though his parents dont agree with decision.(2018·天津一中4月考)A./；the B.a；theC.a；a D.a；/答案B解析句意為：我表兄決定在大學(xué)畢業(yè)后從事音樂事業(yè)，盡管他的父母不同意這個(gè)決定。這里從事音樂事業(yè)是泛指一種職業(yè)，所以用不定冠詞a；decision是特指表兄從事音樂的決定，所以用定冠詞the。6.Usually the Player of the Year title is given to a big name from the best team.But this time there is a(n) .(2017·河西區(qū)一模)A.break B.improvementC.exception D.tradition答案C解析句意為：通常情況下，“年度最佳球員”這一頭銜會(huì)給最好球隊(duì)中的大牌運(yùn)動(dòng)員，但是這一次卻是個(gè)例外。由Usually及But可知選C。exception一般情況以外的人(或事物)，例外。7.The fear of failing exams can cause you to panic and stress can be a(n) to your performance at school.(2017·河北區(qū)一模)A.solution B.invitationC.block D.access答案C解析solution解決方法；invitation邀請(qǐng)，誘因；block障礙，街區(qū)，大塊；access接近，入口。句意為：對(duì)考試失敗的恐懼會(huì)引起你的恐慌，壓力會(huì)阻礙你在學(xué)校的表現(xiàn)，故選C。8.I bought a dress for only 10 dollars in a sale；it was a real .(2018·南開區(qū)一模)A.exchange B.bargainC.trade D.business答案B解析exchange交流，交換；bargain便宜貨；trade貿(mào)易；business生意，商業(yè)。結(jié)合語境可知此處表示“真是便宜貨”的意思。9.Unfortunately， stone hit him on head and he got injured.(2017·南開區(qū)二模)A.the；a B.a；/C.a；the D.the；the答案C解析句意為：不幸的是，一塊石頭擊中了他的頭部，他受傷了。第一空表泛指，用不定冠詞a；第二空考查固定搭配：hit sb. on the head“打某人的頭”，用定冠詞the。故答案為C。10.I prefer writing letters to talking on phone.(2017·河西區(qū)二模)A.the；a B./；theC.the；the D./；a答案B解析句意為：和打電話相比，我更喜歡寫信。第一空letters為名詞復(fù)數(shù)其前不用冠詞；第二空on the phone為習(xí)慣搭配。專題強(qiáng)化練(十一).單項(xiàng)填空1.Although war still exists on our planet，I do believe its possible for different ethnic groups to live together in .(2017·天津十二所重點(diǎn)中學(xué)二模)A.agreement B.harmonyC.connection D.comparison答案B解析句意為：盡管我們的星球上依然存在戰(zhàn)爭，但是我堅(jiān)信不同種族的人民是能和諧相處的。live together in harmony和諧相處。2.The development of industry has been gradual process throughout human existence，from stone tools to modern technology.(2018·和平區(qū)二模)A./；the B.the；aC.a；/ D.a；a答案C解析本題第一空后的名詞process“過程”，是一個(gè)可數(shù)名詞，使用a泛指一種漸進(jìn)的過程。第二空后的名詞human existence是一個(gè)抽象名詞，要單獨(dú)使用，不需要冠詞。句意為：在人類的存在過程中，從石器時(shí)代到現(xiàn)代科技時(shí)代，工業(yè)的發(fā)展一直以來都是一個(gè)漸進(jìn)的過程。3.It was a difficult job for him.He had tried everything but it made little .(2017·南開區(qū)三模)A.use B.goodC.difference D.result答案C解析句意為：這項(xiàng)工作對(duì)他來說有點(diǎn)難。他嘗試了各種方法，但收效甚微。make little difference意為“沒多大的區(qū)別”，為固定結(jié)構(gòu)。類似的還有make no difference沒有影響；make a difference有影響，起(重要)作用。4.This is our contribution to world of the 21st century， world of independence and mutual understanding.(2017·河?xùn)|區(qū)一模)A.the；a B./；aC.a；the D.the；/答案A解析句意為：這是我們對(duì)21世紀(jì)的世界的貢獻(xiàn)，一個(gè)獨(dú)立的、互相理解的世界。第一空用the，特指“21世紀(jì)的世界”；第二空用a，泛指“一個(gè)獨(dú)立的、互相理解的世界”。故答案為A。5.What about the party last night?It was great success.I think its great pity that you didnt attend it.(2018·天津一中5月考)A./；the B.a；aC./；a D.a；the答案B解析第一空表示“一次巨大的成功”，是抽象名詞具體化，用不定冠詞；第二空表示“一件遺憾的事情”，pity也是抽象名詞具體化。6.Jianbing，one of the most popular snacks in China，appeals to almost everyone in America and has become new food there.(2017·河?xùn)|區(qū)二模)A.usual B.hitC.common D.success答案B解析句意為：煎餅是中國最受歡迎的小吃之一。它幾乎吸引了每一個(gè)美國人并且已成為那里新的風(fēng)行一時(shí)的食品。usual通常的；hit在此處為名詞，意為“成功而轟動(dòng)(或風(fēng)行)一時(shí)的人或物”；common常見的；success n.成功。7.My neighbor Molly is very kind-hearted.She usually volunteers to help poor in our community out of sympathy.(2017·天津一中4月考)A./；the B.the；/C.a；the D.the；the答案B解析“the形容詞”表示一類人，本題中the poor 即是“窮人”之意；out of sympathy 意為“出于同情”，為固定搭配。綜上，故選B。8.In recent years，Chinese arts have won the of a lot of people outside China.(2018·河?xùn)|區(qū)一模)A.reputation B.enjoymentC.appreciation D.entertainment答案C解析reputation名聲；enjoyment喜歡；appreciation欣賞；entertainment娛樂。根據(jù)句意“中國藝術(shù)贏得的是別國人民的欣賞、贊譽(yù)”，可知C項(xiàng)正確。9.Jane realized her to become the first woman to run the 10,000 metres within 30 minutes.(2018·天津十二區(qū)縣一模)A.achievement B.commitmentC.competition D.ambition答案D解析achievement成就；commitment保證；competition競(jìng)賽，競(jìng)爭；ambition雄心，野心。成為第一個(gè)在30分鐘內(nèi)跑完10 000米的女子，這應(yīng)該是她的雄心，所以D選項(xiàng)符合句意。10.Time and time again she was warned of the of her action.(2017·紅橋區(qū)一模)A.effects B.resultsC.importance D.consequences答案D解析effect影響；result結(jié)果；importance重要性；consequence后果，往往指不良后果。題干中的warn(警告)說明此處是“不良后果”，故選D。11.Janes grandmother had wanted to write childrens book for many years，but one thing or another always got in way.(2018·濱海新區(qū)七校聯(lián)考)A.a；/ B.the；theC./；the D.a；the答案D解析第一空使用不定代詞表示泛指；第二空in the way是固定搭配，意為“擋道，阻礙”。12.It is important to pay your electricity bill on time，as late payments may affect your .(2017·南開區(qū)一模)A.condition B.incomeC.credit D.status答案C解析句意為：按時(shí)支付電子賬單是很重要的，因?yàn)檠悠谥Ц稌?huì)影響你的信用。condition狀態(tài)，條件；income收入；status地位，身份，情況。credit信譽(yù)，信用，符合句意，故選C。13.The of severe punishments plays a major role in the growing road safety problem.(2018·天津一中3月考)A.absence B.presenceC.existence D.evidence答案A解析absence缺乏，不存在；presence存在，出現(xiàn)；existence存在，實(shí)有；evidence證據(jù)，跡象。句意為：嚴(yán)厲懲罰措施的缺失是導(dǎo)致日益嚴(yán)重的道路安全問題的重要因素。14.Anyway，I cant cheat him.Its against all my .(2018·天津部分區(qū)縣二模)A.emotions B.principlesC.regulations D.opinions答案B解析emotion情感；principle原則；regulation規(guī)定；opinion觀點(diǎn)。句意為：無論如何，我不能欺騙他。這違背了我的原則。15.One of most common illnesses in our society is “time sickness”， sense of time pressure and hurry that causes anxiety and tension.(2016·南開區(qū)一模)A./；a B./；theC.the；a D.the；the答案C解析第一空最高級(jí)前用定冠詞the；第二空a sense of.意為“感”，為固定搭配。.閱讀理解A(2018·天津部分區(qū)縣一模)Bullying(欺凌) among schoolchildren is nothing new.Calling someone names，stealing their possessions，threatening and even beating them up are all well-established bullying techniques.Yet for young people today there is a relatively new form of bullying which can occur even when the bullies are nowhere near their victims and it can have equal，if not more damaging effects.Online-bullying is one of the downsides of new technology and involves using devices like mobile phones and computers.Online-bullies can strike at any time，no matter where they，or their victims are.About 22 percent of young people in the UK claim to have suffered from online-bullying.Not only are online-bullies harder to avoid，they are also harder to catch.It is all too easy to send an anonymous (匿名的) threat by text on a pay-as-you-go phone with an unknown number.It takes no time at all to set up a false Facebook，Twitter，blog or social network account and to post an insulting message.And，if you know how to hide your IP address，you can upload an offensive video to a website like You Tube and your victim wouldnt know who to blame.One of the most upsetting things about online-bullying is that it can involve more people than traditional forms of bullying.A bully can insult you or tell lies about you and share that information with the entire school at the touch of a buttonand for some teenagers that is all too hard to bear.The UK Charity Beatbullying suggests that up to 44% of suicides among ten-to-fourteen-year-olds may be bullying-related.The good news is that the world is starting to wise up to online-bullying.Schools and websites like http：/www.chlidnet-int.org/ offer lots of advice and victim support and social network sites now advise users to think carefully about their privacy settings so that personal information is only shared with friends.16.Which of the following is NOT the way of bullying according to Paragraph 1?A.Shouting abuse at somebody.B.Stealing somebodys things.C.Frightening somebody.D.Making a call to somebody.答案D解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“Calling someone names，stealing their possessions，threatening and even beating them up are all well-established bullying techniques.”罵人、偷他們的財(cái)產(chǎn)、威脅甚至毆打他們都是公認(rèn)的欺凌手段，沒有提到給他人打電話是欺凌。17.The underlined word “downsides” in Paragraph 2 probably means “ ”.A.benefits B.effectsC.disadvantages D.points答案C解析詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)畫線句可知，網(wǎng)絡(luò)欺凌是一種新技術(shù)的缺點(diǎn)，包括使用像手機(jī)和電腦一類的設(shè)備，可知downside意為“缺點(diǎn)，不足”，與disadvantage同義。18.According to the writer，it is difficult to .A.download a false videoB.post an unfriendly messageC.know who sends online-bulliesD.set up a true Facebook account答案C解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“Not only are online-bullies harder to avoid，they are also harder to catch.”可知，很難知道是誰在實(shí)施網(wǎng)絡(luò)欺凌。19.Why do online-bullying involve more people than traditional forms of bullying?A.More people like to tell lies.B.Online-bullying is easy to spread.C.More people want to become famous.D.More people like to make fun of others.答案B解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段中的“A bully can insult you or tell lies about you and share that information with the entire school at the touch of a buttonand for some teenagers that is all too hard to bear.”可知，網(wǎng)絡(luò)欺凌容易傳播。20.What could be the best title of the passage?A.Bullying Is HarmfulB.Bullying Goes High-techC.Online-bullying Is Hard to CatchD.People Can Get Rid of Online-bullying答案B解析標(biāo)題歸納題。根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容，主要講述了隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，網(wǎng)絡(luò)的發(fā)達(dá)，網(wǎng)絡(luò)欺凌變得越來越猖狂，并且對(duì)比提出了一些應(yīng)對(duì)辦法。B(2018·紅橋區(qū)二模)A material that is able to self-repair even when it is cut in two has been created by French researchers.The new material is invented by a team headed by Ludwik Leibler at Frances National Center for Scientific Research(CNRS) and a private firm，Arkema.“It can self-heal at the room temperature in around fifteen minutes by simply pressing the damaged pieces together，”they report in the British weekly science journal Nature.A piece of normal rubber(橡膠) can stretch and then recover to its original size and shape.The new rubber achieves the same elasticity(彈性) by using a mixture of two different kinds of smaller molecules.The bonds(鍵)between the molecules in the material，called hydrogen bonds，are what give the new rubber its self-healing ability.They form linear(線狀的) links，called chains，between some molecules，as well as cross-links between those chains，creating a giant network of smaller molecules.The result is a substance that at eight degrees centigrade becomes a glassy plastic that，like soft rubber，can be pulled to five times its length before breaking.Unlike rubber，though，the pieces can be mended at room temperature (twenty degrees centigrade) without the need for them to be heated or even pressed together strongly.And the substance can be easily reprocessed.The ingredients of the new material include fatty acids(脂肪酸) made from ordinary vegetable oils，combined with urea(尿素)，both cheap and common chemicals.The French researchers are already making several kilograms in their laboratories and say the process is almost completely green.A