會(huì)計(jì)學(xué)1新視界大學(xué)英語綜合教程新視界大學(xué)英語綜合教程3第一單元第一單元 (1)Warming up Work in pairs. Check () the personal qualities which you think apply to yourself.第1頁/共130頁Warming upNow check () the personal qualities which you think apply to your partner and compare your ideas about each other. 第2頁/共130頁Warming up Work in pairs and discuss the questions.1 Which of the personal qualities in Activity 1 are positive?Hard-working, fair, thoughtful and social are all positive. Then there are some qualities which are positive in small amounts: respect, ambition, strong will and liking to give to others. Having too much of these, however, can be harmful.2 Which of them are negative, and why?Shyness is negative not in the sense of being bad, but it makes life harder. Envy is ugly. Argumentative people are no pleasure to be with. I am not sure about liking to be alone. If it means avoiding people, its negative, but if it means you are happy to spend time alone reading and thinking, thats rather good.第3頁/共130頁Warming up3. Which personal qualities do you need to be successful in a job?Well, that depends on the job! But being hard-working is always right, and thinking carefully must always be good.I suppose we can go beyond the list here kindness and liking to give to others will bring you friends, a sense of beauty is important and being faithful to those you work with means you never have to feel guilty. 4. Which personal qualities do you need to be happy in life?第4頁/共130頁Warming upWatch a video clip of The Pursuit of Happiness and discuss the question.Do you have any experience when you successfully handle others question or negative comment without taking it personally?第5頁/共130頁Warming up Look at the title of the passage and check () the two kinds of judgment you expect to read about. 1 guilty or not guilty 2 fair or not fair 3 objective or subjective 4 an end goal or a means to something elseNow read the passage by Paul Graham and check your ideas.第6頁/共130頁SkimmingBrowse the passage within 8 minutes to get a rough idea about it.Answer the questions of Activity 2 and 3 on page 4.TaskTask第7頁/共130頁Skimming Choose the best summary of the passage.1. There are two types of judgment which are made about people. Most of them are not concerned about the type of person we are, but are made for some other reason, such as to provide members for an organization, like a team, a company or a college. So if we are not chosen in these circumstances, we shouldnt feel hurt about it. Answer: Correct.第8頁/共130頁Skimming2. It is more useful to think of someone who has to select people (for a job, for example, or for admission to a college) as a customer rather than as a judge. This is because there is never anything “personal” about selecting someone for a prize, or a team. Rather, the process of selecting people is more like a business transaction, and it is vital not to make a mistake. 第9頁/共130頁SkimmingAnswer: The first half agrees with the passage, but the overall emphasis is on selectors whereas the passage is addressed to young people applying for colleges and jobs. Selecting someone for a prize is actually more like the first type of judgment there might be only a seconds difference between two great athletes but that second decides who wins the gold medal. In some respects the two athletes are equal, but not when it comes to the prize. On the topic of not making a mistake, of course no business wants a poor employee, but the passage argues this is unlikely as there are always a number of suitable candidates.第10頁/共130頁Skimming3. We are constantly involved in judging other people. Most of the time this is not in any formal situation, such as a law court, but informally, at work or school, or even when we are looking for a partner to date. But there are two types of judgment good or bad and if we make a wrong judgment we will probably regret it.Answer:The passage is not concerned with good or bad judgments, and the stress is not on the reader making judgments, but their reaction to being judged. 第11頁/共130頁Skimming Answer the questions. 1 What have court cases got in common with competitions?2 Why is it natural to think that all judgments are about us as persons?The judgments we receive as children are of this type so we expect later judgments to be the same.When we hire or date someone, we are thinking less of them than of what we want, and there are a number of possibilities for us to choose from.3 Why is hiring someone like dating someone?Their aim is to judge individuals accurately.第12頁/共130頁Skimming4 What does the writer hope to show by using the example of choosing a team?5 Why isnt it important if the wrong decision is made in a borderline case?The people on the borderline are basically of the same level of ability.That choices are often not made on the basis of perfectly accurate judgments of relative ability. There can be more than one good choice and often not being chosen does not mean someone is inadequate. 第13頁/共130頁Skimming6 Why is it important to think of a selector as a customer rather than as a judge? 7 Why should people take rejection less personally?Unless we are unusual, there will always be plenty of candidates of the same ability as us. The selector has to make a choice but that choice does not prove anyones inferiority.It makes us see the situation in a less self-centred way. The selector is looking for what appeals to them rather than judging our ability. It may also motivate us to sell ourselves actively.第14頁/共130頁Two kinds of judgement譯文譯文Digging1 There are two different ways people judge you. Sometimes judging you correctly is the end goal. But theres a second much more common type of judgment where it isnt. We tend to regard all judgments of us as the first type. Wed probably be happier if we realized which are and which arent.第15頁/共130頁Digging2 The first type of judgment, the type where judging you is the end goal, includes court cases, grades in classes, and most competitions. Such judgments can of course be mistaken, but because the goal is to judge you correctly, theres usually some kind of appeals process. If you feel youve been misjudged, you can protest that youve been treated unfairly.第16頁/共130頁譯文譯文Digging3 Nearly all the judgments made on children are of this type, so we get into the habit early in life of thinking that all judgments are.第17頁/共130頁譯文譯文Digging4 But in fact there is a second much larger class of judgments where judging you is only a means to something else. These include college admissions, hiring and investment decisions, and of course the judgments made in dating. This kind of judgment is not really about you.第18頁/共130頁譯文譯文Digging5 Put yourself in the position of someone selecting players for a national team. Suppose for the sake of simplicity that this is a game with no positions, and that you have to select 20 players. There will be a few stars who clearly should make the team, and many players who clearly shouldnt. The only place your judgment makes a difference is in the borderline cases. Suppose you screw up and underestimate the 20th best player, causing him not to make the team, and his place to be taken by the 21st best. Youve still picked a good team. 第19頁/共130頁譯文譯文DiggingIf the players have the usual distribution of ability, the 21st best player will be only slightly worse than the 20th best. Probably the difference between them will be less than the measurement error.第20頁/共130頁譯文譯文Digging6 The 20th best player may feel he has been misjudged. But your goal here wasnt to provide a service estimating peoples ability. It was to pick a team, and if the difference between the 20th and 21st best players is less than the measurement error, youve still done that optimally.第21頁/共130頁譯文譯文Digging7 Its a false analogy even to use the word unfair to describe this kind of misjudgment. Its not aimed at producing a correct estimate of any given individual, but at selecting a reasonably optimal set.第22頁/共130頁譯文譯文Digging8 One thing that leads us astray here is that the selector seems to be in a position of power. That makes him seem like a judge. If you regard someone judging you as a customer instead of a judge, the expectation of fairness goes away. The author of a good novel wouldnt complain that readers were unfair for preferring a potboiler with a racy cover. Stupid, perhaps, but not unfair.第23頁/共130頁譯文譯文Digging9 Our early training and our self-centeredness combine to make us believe that every judgment of us is about us. In fact most arent. This is a rare case where being less self-centered will make people more confident. Once you realize how little most people judging you care about judging you accurately once you realize that because of the normal distribution of most applicant pools, it matters least to judge accurately in precisely the cases where judgment has the most effect you wont take rejection so personally.第24頁/共130頁譯文譯文Digging10 And curiously enough, taking rejection less personally may help you to get rejected less often. If you think someone judging you will work hard to judge you correctly, you can afford to be passive. But the more you realize that most judgments are greatly influenced by random, extraneous factors that most people judging you are more like a fickle novel buyer than a wise and perceptive magistrate the more you realize you can do things to influence the outcome.第25頁/共130頁Digging11 One good place to apply this principle is in college applications. Most high school students applying to college do it with the usual childs mix of inferiority and self-centeredness: inferiority in that they assume that admissions committees must be all-seeing; self-centeredness in that they assume admissions committees care enough about them to dig down into their application and figure out whether theyre good or not.譯文譯文第26頁/共130頁DiggingThese combine to make applicants passive in applying and hurt when theyre rejected. If college applicants realized how quick and impersonal most selection processes are, theyd make more effort to sell themselves, and take the outcome less personally. 譯文譯文第27頁/共130頁1. Sometimes judging you correctly is the end goal. (Line 2, Para 1)This sentence means the purpose of the exercise is to judge your ability at a skill, or your guilt or innocence; the focus is on you. end goal: final purposeDifficult sentences 第28頁/共130頁Difficult sentences 2. theres usually some kind of appeals process. (Line 5, Para 2) There is normally an established procedure for complaining against a mistaken judgment. 第29頁/共130頁Difficult sentences 3. But in fact there is a second much larger class of judgments where judging you is only a means to something else. (Line 1, Para 4)In this second type of judgment the focus is achieving a specific goal, such as creating a good team, getting the right sort of employees or selecting a years intake for a college. People must be qualified, but not all those qualified can be chosen.第30頁/共130頁Difficult sentences 4. Suppose for the sake of simplicity that this is a game with no positions (Line 2, Para 5)To keep this thought experiment simple lets forget about positions, such as defender, attacker, centre, goal keeper etc. Lets think of all players as equal. a game with no positions: It means there are no fixed positions where players stand on the field. 第31頁/共130頁Difficult sentences 5. The only place your judgment makes a difference is in the borderline cases. (Line 7, Para 5)borderline cases: belonging to the area which is part of both circles not excellent, nor poor but good and a potential choice 第32頁/共130頁Difficult sentences 6. Probably the difference between them will be less than the measurement error. (Line 15, Para 5) The difference between those being selected is so small that the selector does not need to worry about a perfectly accurate measurement of their relative abilities. the measurement error: a term from statistics, the difference between a measured value of quantity and its true value 第33頁/共130頁Difficult sentences 7. Its a false analogy even to use the word unfair to describe this kind of misjudgment. (Line 1, Para 7) Its an incorrect comparison with the other sort of judgment to think there is anything unfair in not being chosen for the team. The aim was not to assess any individual, but to get a good team.第34頁/共130頁Difficult sentences 8. One thing that leads us astray here is that the selector seems to be in a position of power. (Line 1, Para 8)One factor which causes us to make this mistake and confuses these different types of making judgments is that the selector seems to have power over the people being chosen from. But actually he is more like a shopper choosing what suits him.第35頁/共130頁Difficult sentences 9. The author of a good novel wouldnt complain that readers were unfair for preferring a potboiler with a racy cover. (Line 6, Para 8)a potboiler with a racy cover: a story without great quality but an easy read such as an average detective / romantic / action story, published with an exciting, rather sexy cover第36頁/共130頁Difficult sentences 10. Stupid, perhaps, but not unfair. (Line 8, Para 8)The book buyer is not judging the potboiler better than the beautifully written serious novel, but choosing what they want to read. Someone might judge that reading such a book is a stupid thing to do and a waste of time, but that is up to the readers who are selecting what they want to read, and not making a literary award. 第37頁/共130頁Difficult sentences 11. Our early training and our self-centeredness combine to make us believe that every judgment of us is about us. In fact most arent. (Line 1, Para 9)Here “early training” refers to the information in Paragraph 3. When we were children, judging us was the end goal and we get into the habit of thinking all the judgments are. For example, we may have spent a long time producing an application and imagine someone studying it carefully and deciding whether we are good enough, whereas the truth may be it was hardly glanced at as there were so many others. We were not rejected, but simply ignored. self-centeredness: seeing the world from our own perspective because we are important to ourselves, and we tend to think we are important to others第38頁/共130頁Difficult sentences 12. because of the normal distribution of most applicant pools, it matters least to judge accurately in precisely the cases where judgment has the most effect (Line 8, Para 9)The selectors need little judgment to decide how to deal with the best and the worst. It is very difficult for them to decide among the majority at that peak, but as they are very similar, it does not matter much to the selectors. Their choice can be rather arbitrary. normal distribution of most applicant pools: the bell curve, the majority of people are at or around the peak of the curve第39頁/共130頁Difficult sentences 13. But the more you realize that most judgments are greatly to influence the outcome. (Line 6, Para 10)Once you have understood that decisions taken about you are not all objective assessments of your qualities, but often rather accidental, with the people taking them more like shoppers than court judges, you will see that there are ways in which you can make yourself more attractive to the people taking the decisions. (If we see them as shoppers, we can try to influence them in the same ways shops do customers.) random, extraneous factors: chance, minor, not very relevant matters, for example, buying a book because you like the name of the writer第40頁/共130頁Difficult sentences 14. Most high school students applying theyre good or not. (Line 3, Para 11)When students apply to college they wrongly think the decision-makers are wise, all-knowing people who will read all the letters and essays and make very careful choices, but actually they are busy people faced with a lot of applicants of the same standard. They will choose successful candidates in a quick and simple way. dig down deep: study carefully; read and discuss at length第41頁/共130頁judgment 釋義釋義n. C, U an opinion that you have after thinking carefully about something 判斷；看法；評(píng)價(jià)例句例句It is still too soon to form a judgment about this. 現(xiàn)在對(duì)此作出判斷仍為時(shí)過早。 翻譯翻譯WordsWords例句例句I respect his judgment and Ill follow any advice he gives me. 我尊重他的判斷能力，會(huì)接受他提出的任何建議。翻譯翻譯第42頁/共130頁釋義釋義vt. to make a wrong judgment about a person or situation 錯(cuò)誤地判斷；錯(cuò)誤估計(jì)WordsWordsmisjudge例句例句The defeat showed how badly hed misjudged the mood of the electorate. 這次失敗表明他對(duì)選民的情緒判斷大錯(cuò)特錯(cuò)。 翻譯翻譯例句例句I misjudged the turn and hit the sidewalk. 我對(duì)拐彎處判斷錯(cuò)誤，駛上了人行道。 翻譯翻譯第43頁/共130頁釋義釋義a. not fair or reasonable 不公平的；不合情理的例句例句Its so unfair Mary gets more money for less work! 太不公平了瑪麗干的活少，拿的錢卻多！ 翻譯翻譯WordsWords例句例句The unfair dismissal will be properly investigated. 無理解雇一事將會(huì)得到徹底調(diào)查。 翻譯翻譯unfair 第44頁/共130頁sake 釋義釋義n. C (usu sing) (for sbs ; for the of sth) the benefit or good of someone or something 利益；好處例句例句He moved to the seaside for the sake of his health. 為了健康，他移居到海邊。 翻譯翻譯WordsWords例句例句翻譯翻譯They tried to keep their marriage together for the sake of the children. 他們?yōu)榱藘号M力維持著婚姻關(guān)系。 真題真題Some women could have made a good salary in a job instead of staying home, but they decided not to work for the sake of the family. (Jan. 2000, CET-4, Vocabulary and Structure) 第45頁/共130頁釋義釋義n. U the quality of being simple and not complicated, especially when this is attractive or useful 簡單；簡易；簡明例句例句翻譯翻譯WordsWords例句例句His idea stood out because of its simplicity. 翻譯翻譯他的構(gòu)想因簡明而突出。Because of its simplicity, this test could be carried out easily by a family doctor. 這種測(cè)試簡單易行，家庭醫(yī)生就可以進(jìn)行操作。 simplicity 真題真題For hosts and guests, the change means greater simplicity and comfort. (Dec. 2003, CET-4, Reading Comprehension) 第46頁/共130頁釋義釋義1a. (usu before noun) not clearly belonging to a particular type （類型）不確定的，含糊不清的例句例句Its a borderline condition, perhaps ready for surgery.情況不確定，大概可以做手術(shù)了。 翻譯翻譯WordsWords例句例句 borderline candidate可上可下的候選人 翻譯翻譯borderline 第47頁/共130頁釋義釋義2n. sing an imaginary point dividing one feeling or state from another, where it is hard to tell the difference between the two 不明確的界限；含混不清的境況例句例句Do not cross the borderline between admiration and love.不要跨越欣賞與愛慕之間的含混界線。翻譯翻譯WordsWords例句例句I didnt sleep well recently, always wander at the borderline of sleep and wakefulness at night.我最近睡不好，夜里總是處于半夢(mèng)半醒的狀態(tài)。翻譯翻譯borderline 第48頁/共130頁screw 釋義釋義v. (very infml) ( up) to make a serious mistake or spoil something, especially a situation (使)弄糟；（使）搞亂例句例句I screwed up my exams last year. 去年我考砸了。 翻譯翻譯WordsWords例句例句Dave screwed up my files, now I cant find anything. 戴夫搞亂了我的文件，我現(xiàn)在什么也找不到。 翻譯翻譯第49頁/共130頁釋義釋義1vt. to think that someone has less power or ability than they really do 小看，輕視（某人的權(quán)力或能力）例句例句I thought it would be an easy game but I had underestimated my opponent. 我以為比賽應(yīng)該很輕松，可是我低估了對(duì)手。翻譯翻譯WordsWords例句例句The first lesson I learnt as a soldier was never to underestimate the enemy. 翻譯翻譯作為一名士兵，我學(xué)到的第一堂課就是絕不要小看敵人。 真題真題 But the challenge is not to be underestimated. (Jan. 2002, CET-4, Reading Comprehension) underestimate 第50頁/共130頁釋義釋義2n. C a wrong idea that something is smaller, less important etc than it really is 低估；估計(jì)不足例句例句People doubt that the accident casualty is an underestimate. 人們懷疑事故傷亡人數(shù)有可能被低估了。 翻譯翻譯WordsWordsunderestimate 第51頁/共130頁釋義釋義n. C, U the way in which something exists in different amounts in different parts of an area or group 分布例句例句翻譯翻譯WordsWordsThe country was noted for its uneven distribution of land resources. 這個(gè)國家以其土地資源的分布不均勻著稱。 例子例子翻譯翻譯the general distribution of earthquakes around the world全世界地震總的分布情況 distribution 第52頁/共130頁釋義釋義a. best or most suitable within a range of possibilities 最優(yōu)的；最適宜的例句例句翻譯翻譯WordsWords例句例句翻譯翻譯The optimal temperature range for growing mushrooms is from 55 F to 72 F. 種蘑菇的最佳生長溫度在華氏55到72度。 We picked the optimal time to leave for the airport. 我們選擇最合適的時(shí)間出發(fā)去機(jī)場(chǎng)。optimal 第53頁/共130頁analogy 釋義釋義n. C, U a comparison between two situations, processes etc that is intended to show that the two are similar 比擬；比喻；類比例句例句翻譯翻譯WordsWordsShe drew an analogy between running the economy and a housewi