Unit 4 Earthquakes一、 詞匯聯(lián)想串記1_ (vt.)損害；傷害injury (n.)傷害；損害injured (adj.)受傷的2_ (n.)電；電流；電學(xué)electric (adj.)用電的；帶電的electrical (adj.)與電有關(guān)的；電學(xué)的3_ (vt.)使驚嚇；嚇唬frightened (adj.)受驚的；受恐嚇的frightening (adj.)令人恐懼的4_ (n.)祝賀；_ (復(fù)數(shù))賀詞congratulate (vt.)祝賀高頻單詞1burst vt. & vi.(使)爆裂；(使)裂開；(使)炸開；突然出現(xiàn)；爆發(fā)n突然破裂；爆發(fā)教材原句In the city, the water pipes in some buildings cracked and burst.(P26)在市內(nèi)，有些建筑物的水管爆裂開來。方法規(guī)律 部分同學(xué)對(duì)burst into和burst out后面跟什么形式分不清，名師告訴你：into是介詞，后面當(dāng)然要接名詞，如tears，laughter等；out是副詞，后面須用現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，如crying，laughing等。另外，burst in中的in是副詞，不接賓語，需接賓語時(shí)用into。在burst with名詞中，with表示原因。你記住了嗎？My English teacher's humor was such as to make every student _ _ _.我的英語老師的幽默就是如此(好笑)，以至于每個(gè)同學(xué)都哈哈大笑起來。Hearing the news, she _ _ _.聽到這個(gè)消息，她突然哭了起來。Last night the room _ _ _ but nothing was taken away.昨晚有人闖入房間但沒有帶走任何東西。He felt he would burst with anger and shame.他惱羞成怒，都要?dú)庹恕is appearance on the platform was greeted with a burst of applause.他一登上臺(tái)就博得一陣熱烈的掌聲。巧學(xué)助記 burst的多層含義答案：burst into laughter/burst out laughingburst into tears/burst out cryingwas burst into2.event n事件，大事；(體育比賽等的)項(xiàng)目，賽事教材原句But the one million people of the city, who thought little of these events,_were asleep as usual that night.(P26)但是那天晚上城市里的一百萬市民還像平常一樣在睡覺，對(duì)此事不以為然。When will the field and track events be held?田徑賽將在什么時(shí)候舉行？詞語辨析accident指“意外的事”，事故。event通常指較重要的事件，“大事”incident常指較小的事件；也可指可能會(huì)發(fā)展成戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)等的政治事件。用incident，accident，event的適當(dāng)形式填空。Which _ have you entered for in the school sports meet?A strange _ happened in the wedding ceremony.There was a car _ yesterday, which caused three deaths.答案：eventsincidentaccident3ruin nU毀壞；毀滅；崩潰C(pl.)廢墟；遺跡v(使)破產(chǎn)；(使)墮落；毀滅教材原句In fifteen terrible seconds a large city lay in ruins.(P26)在可怕的15秒內(nèi)，一座大城市就成為一片廢墟。必會(huì)be/lie in ruins成為廢墟(注意復(fù)數(shù)形式)bring sb. to ruin使某人失??；使傾家蕩產(chǎn)拓展come/fall to/into ruin毀滅，滅亡；崩潰；破壞掉ruin one's health/fame毀壞某人的健康/名譽(yù)The whole city _ _ _ after Wenchuan Earthquake.汶川地震之后，這座城市成為了廢墟。That small mistake _ _ _ of getting the job.那個(gè)小錯(cuò)誤斷送了他得到那份工作的機(jī)會(huì)。The farm has long been abandoned and come to ruin.這家農(nóng)場(chǎng)很早就已廢棄了，成了廢墟。Drink was your father's ruin and it'll be the ruin of you, too.喝酒毀了你父親，也會(huì)毀了你的。詞語辨析ruin表示“毀滅，毀壞”，是指在一定過程中逐漸對(duì)物體進(jìn)行破壞，使其毀滅。也可用于抽象意義。damage表示“損害，損壞”，通常是指對(duì)物體的部分的損害，往往暗示損壞后價(jià)值、效率、功能可能降低，但這種破壞具有可修復(fù)性。damage也可用于指抽象意義。可用作動(dòng)詞或名詞，作名詞時(shí)與介詞to搭配，如cause damage to。destroy表示“毀壞”，通常指徹底毀掉或毀滅，其功能無法或難以修復(fù)，也可用于損壞抽象的東西，如名譽(yù)、計(jì)劃、契約等。巧學(xué)助記After the collision, he examined the considerable damage to his car. Fortunately it was not completely ruined/destroyed.撞車之后，他檢查了受重創(chuàng)的車。所幸的是車還沒完全報(bào)廢。答案：was/lay in ruinsruined his chance He suffered serious injuries to the arms and legs. 他的胳膊和腿都受了重傷。The young woman entered the pool where an injured dolphin was swimming.那位年輕婦女進(jìn)入了那個(gè)水池，一頭受傷的海豚正在水池里游動(dòng)。I know drinking can _ _ _. 我知道喝酒對(duì)人健康有害。She _ _ while skating.她在滑冰時(shí)受了傷。_ _ were taken to the hospital.受傷者被送進(jìn)了醫(yī)院。詞語辨析injure多指意外事故造成的傷害，也可指對(duì)名譽(yù)、地位的損害wound指人在戰(zhàn)斗、攻擊中受傷，身體上出現(xiàn)明顯的傷口，多指槍傷、刀傷、刺傷等皮肉之傷hurt多指精神上受到傷害，也可指身體上的疼痛harm指身體或精神上的損害或?qū)χ車挛锏奈：?。意為“傷害，損害，有害于”。常用短語do harm to “對(duì)有害”。答案：injure one's healthwas injured/injured herselfThe injured5track n軌道；行蹤；路徑教材原句The railway tracks were now useless pieces of steel.(P26)火車鐵軌現(xiàn)在卻變成了無用的鋼條。名師點(diǎn)撥follow sb.'s track跟蹤某人/tracks in the snow雪地上的足跡/a track through a forest林中小道/a single (double) track單(雙)軌/track events徑賽項(xiàng)目6trap vt.使陷入困境；困住；誘騙n陷阱；困境；圈套教材原句Some of the rescue workers and doctors were trapped under the ruins.(P26)有些救援人員和醫(yī)生被困在廢墟下。必會(huì)be trapped in困在中；陷在中trap sb. into doing sth.誘騙某人做某事拓展lay/set a trap設(shè)置陷阱；布下圈套walk/fall into a trap鉆入/落入陷阱或圈套The firefighters rescued a boy who _ _ in the burning house.消防隊(duì)員從失火的房子里救出了一個(gè)被困的男孩。She was trapped _ _ him. 她被誘騙嫁給了他。答案：was trappedinto marrying7bury vt.埋葬，掩埋；隱藏；使沉浸，使專心；插入，刺入教材原句The army organized teams to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead.(P26)救援部隊(duì)組成小分隊(duì)，將受困的人們挖出來，并將死者掩埋。必會(huì)(1)be buried in 埋頭于；專心于be buried/lost in thought 沉思(2)bury oneself in study埋頭研究；專心學(xué)習(xí)bury one's face in one's hands 雙手掩面The paper _ _ under a pile of books.那份文件被埋在書堆里了。He has learned to _ _ _.他學(xué)會(huì)了掩飾內(nèi)心的情感。由于他埋頭于書本，他不知道外面下雨了。(一句多譯)his books, he didn't know it was raining outside.方法規(guī)律be buried in和be absorbed/lost in意思相似，注意介詞in的使用。另外還有fix/focus one's attention on和pay attention to。答案：was buriedbury his feelingsa.As he buried himself inbAs he was buried in cBuried in8shock vt. & vi.(使)震驚n休克；打擊；震驚必會(huì)be shocked at/by 對(duì)感到震驚a great shock 令人震驚的人或事be a shock to sb.對(duì)某人來說是個(gè)打擊shocking adj.令人震驚的The news of his death in the flood was shocking,_and all his employees got shocked at it.他在洪災(zāi)中遇難的消息令人震驚，他的所有員工都對(duì)此感到震驚。I _ _ _ his wild idea.我因他的狂妄想法而震驚。His death _ _ _ to us all.他的去世對(duì)我們來說是一個(gè)打擊。答案：was shocked by/atwas a shock9shelter nU掩蔽；遮蔽；庇護(hù)；棲身地vi.躲避vt.提供庇護(hù)所教材原句Workers built shelters for survivors who.(P26)工人們?yōu)槟切┬掖嬲叽钇饚づ瘛１貢?huì)take shelter from躲避under the shelter of在的庇護(hù)下；受的保護(hù)a bus shelter公共汽車亭拓展give sb. shelter庇護(hù)某人shelter sb./sth. from庇護(hù)某人/某物免受We _ _ _ the rain in a bus stop. It was a good shelter here.我們?cè)谝粋€(gè)公共汽車站里避雨，這兒是一個(gè)很好的庇護(hù)場(chǎng)所。Each Lampbrella would offer enough shelter for several people.每個(gè)路燈傘都會(huì)為幾個(gè)人提供足夠的遮蔽。答案：took shelter from10judge vt.斷定；判斷；判決n裁判員；法官教材原句Your speech was heard by a group of five judges,_all of whom agreed that it was the best one this year.(P26)五個(gè)裁判聽了你的演講，他們都同意這是今年最好的演講。必會(huì)judge.from/by.從來判斷as far as I can judge據(jù)我判斷；我認(rèn)為judging by/from從上看；根據(jù)判斷拓展judgement n. 判斷；審判；意見；判斷力in one's judgement 依某人看來，按某人的看法It is true that we can't judge a book by its cover.我們不能以貌取人，此話沒錯(cuò)。_ _ his expression, he was satisfied with my work.從他的表情判斷，他對(duì)我的工作很滿意。As far as I can judge, it is he rather than you is to blame.據(jù)我判斷，是他而不是你該受責(zé)備。名師點(diǎn)撥judging from/by表示“從上看，根據(jù)來判斷”，用在句首時(shí)，為一個(gè)獨(dú)立成分，不受句子主語和時(shí)態(tài)影響，只用現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，而不采用過去分詞的形式。答案：Judging from/by二、 短語1think little/nothing of以為沒什么了不起；對(duì)滿不在乎；輕視；忽視教材原句But the one million people of the city, who thought little of these events, were asleep as usual that night.(P26)但唐山市的一百萬居民幾乎都沒把這些情況當(dāng)回事兒，當(dāng)天晚上照常上床睡覺了She can't get along well with her classmates because she often _ _ _ others.她無法與她的同學(xué)友好相處，因?yàn)樗?jīng)常說別人的壞話。I don't think much of her idea.我認(rèn)為她的主意不怎么樣。She sang high praise for the teacher, although she complained about his strictness.盡管抱怨老師過于嚴(yán)格，她還是高度贊揚(yáng)他。名師點(diǎn)撥當(dāng)think highly/well/much of.用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，副詞應(yīng)放于其修飾的動(dòng)詞前，即be highly/well/much thought of。His work _ _ _ _ by the critics.他的作品深受評(píng)論家推崇。答案：speaks ill ofis well/highly thought of2at an end結(jié)束；終結(jié)教材原句It seemed as if the world was at an end！(P26)好像世界末日到了。(2012·廣東閱讀A)As soon as you hear it, you know the meeting is at an end.一聽到這句話，你就知道會(huì)議要結(jié)束了。必會(huì)at the end of在盡頭，在末端by the end of.到結(jié)束時(shí)，到時(shí)候?yàn)橹?與完成時(shí)連用)in the end最后，終于come to an end結(jié)束拓展put/bring sth. to an end結(jié)束make (both) ends meet使收支相抵，量入為出；靠微薄收入為生end up結(jié)束，告終方法規(guī)律at an end后不可接of；at the end of中的of不可省略，后面既可接時(shí)間名詞，也可接地點(diǎn)名詞；by the end of后面接表示時(shí)間的名詞，謂語要與完成時(shí)連用：by the end of過去時(shí)間，謂語用過去完成時(shí)；by the end of將來時(shí)間，謂語用將來完成時(shí)。He's going to relax with friends once the exams are _ _ _ and he has exciting plans for the summer holidays.考試一結(jié)束他就去和朋友一起放松一下，他的暑假計(jì)劃很激動(dòng)人心。By the end of last year, he _ learned two thousand English words.到去年底為止，他已學(xué)了2000個(gè)英語單詞。They decided to _ _ _ _ the quarrel.他們決定結(jié)束爭(zhēng)吵。At first he refused to accept any responsibility but he ended up apologizing.最初他拒不承認(rèn)有任何責(zé)任，到頭來還是道了歉。答案：at an endhadput an end to3a (great) number of許多；大量的教材原句Such a great number of people died because the quake happened while they were sleeping.(P27)那么多的人喪生是因?yàn)榈卣鸢l(fā)生在人們睡覺的時(shí)候。必會(huì)可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)謂語動(dòng)詞必會(huì)不可數(shù)名詞We received a good many offers of support.我們收到了許多支持的建議。He said the police had found huge quantities of explosives during the search operation.他說警方在進(jìn)行搜查時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)了大量的爆炸物品。Large quantities of polluted water _ (pour) into the river.大量的污水已被傾注到河里。Now _ _ _ college graduates are seeking to get a highpaid job. But _ _ _ posts available for them is often not enough.現(xiàn)在，很多大學(xué)畢業(yè)生都想謀求高工資的工作。但是提供給他們的職位數(shù)量通常不足。名師點(diǎn)撥the number of意為“的數(shù)量”，其后接名詞的復(fù)數(shù)或具有復(fù)數(shù)意義的名詞。用作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞一般要用單數(shù)形式。a great/large quantity of.作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；large quantities of.作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。答案：have been poureda number of/a great/good many；the number of三、句型1too.to.結(jié)構(gòu)教材原句In the farmyards, the chickens and even the pigs were too nervous to eat.(P26)在農(nóng)家大院里，雞甚至是豬都緊張得不想進(jìn)食。句式分析句中too nervous to eat屬于too.to.結(jié)構(gòu)，意為：如此以至于不。It's too good an opportunity to miss.那是太好的一次機(jī)會(huì)而不能錯(cuò)過。 方法規(guī)律(1)too.to.與not或never連用時(shí)，不定式為肯定意義。not/never too.to.意為“無論也不過分，越越好”。It's _ _ careful to cross the road.過馬路時(shí)越小心越好。(2)當(dāng)too.to.用來修飾表示態(tài)度、情緒、傾向等的形容詞(如anxious，eager，glad，happy，pleased，ready，willing)時(shí)，不定式為肯定意義。He is _ _ to follow others' advice.他極愿意接受別人的意見。答案：not/never tootoo willing2“It seems that/as if句子”句式教材原句It seemed as_if the world was at an end！(P26)仿佛到了世界末日！句式分析as ifas though“好像，仿佛”，在句中引導(dǎo)表語從句。方法規(guī)律(1)如果所引導(dǎo)的從句表示的情況是真實(shí)的或是極有可能發(fā)生的情況時(shí)，句子要用陳述語氣。如例(2)當(dāng)說話人所陳述的是不真實(shí)的或極少可能發(fā)生或存在的情況時(shí)，從句用虛擬語氣。如例若表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，從句謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式，be動(dòng)詞通常用were；表示與過去事實(shí)相反的情況，用had過去分詞；表示與將來事實(shí)相反，則用would動(dòng)詞原形。It looks as if it is going to snow.看起來似乎要下雪。When a pencil is partly put into a glass of water, it looks as_if it _ broken.當(dāng)把鉛筆的一部分放進(jìn)水里時(shí)，它看上去好像斷了。He talked about Rome as if he _ _ there before.他說起羅馬來好像他以前去過似的。名師點(diǎn)撥如果as if 引導(dǎo)的從句中的主語和主句的主語相同，且含有be 動(dòng)詞，可省略從句主語和be動(dòng)詞，這樣as if后就只剩下名詞、不定式、形容詞(短語)、介詞短語或分詞。He opened his mouth as if to say something.他張開嘴好像要說什么。答案：werehad been3部分否定和全部否定結(jié)構(gòu)教材原句All hope was not lost.(P26)并不是所有的希望都破滅了。句式分析該句是表示部分否定的句型。all.not.not all.，意為“并非所有的都”。方法規(guī)律(1)當(dāng)not與all，both，complete，each，every，everyone，everything，whole等具有全部意義的不定代詞或形容詞連用時(shí)，無論not的位置如何，皆表示不完全否定，意為“并非都”。(2)no，none，no one，neither，nothing，nowhere等表示完全否定。All the students did not go to see the movie “Under the Hawthorn Tree”_ _ _ _ went to see the movie “Under the Hawthorn Tree”并非所有的學(xué)生都去看電影山楂樹之戀了。Every boy is not interested in sports._ _ _ is interested in sports.并非所有的男孩都喜歡運(yùn)動(dòng)。Nothing in my life impressed me so deeply as my first visit to the Great Wall.我的一生中，印象最深的就是第一次參觀長(zhǎng)城。All friends do not study well._(變?yōu)橥x句)_(變?yōu)橥耆穸ň?答案：Not all the studentsNot every boyNot all of my friends study well；None of my friends study well四、語法定語從句()1(2013·湖南改編)Happiness and success often come to those _ are good at recognizing their own strengths.答案：who句意：快樂和成功經(jīng)常會(huì)眷顧那些善于欣賞自己優(yōu)點(diǎn)的人。分析句子成分可知，“_ are good at recognizing their own strengths”是定語從句，修飾先行詞those，從句中缺少主語，故用who引導(dǎo)。2Nowadays almost everyone prefers to use a smart mobile phone _ functions are more practical.答案：whose考查定語從句。先行詞a smart mobile phone與從句中functions構(gòu)成所屬關(guān)系，故用關(guān)系代詞whose。3“God，please don't let anything happen today _ I can't handle. ”This was my daily prayer during my first year of teaching.答案：that考查定語從句。句意：上帝，今天請(qǐng)不要發(fā)生任何我無法處理的事情，這是我第一年教學(xué)時(shí)每天要祈禱的。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處為定語從句，關(guān)系詞在從句中作賓語，且先行詞為不定代詞anything。故用that不用which。4What does the notice say?All the storytellers should meet at the same hall _ won the first three prizes.答案：who/that根據(jù)句法，這是個(gè)分隔式定語從句，從句“_ won the first three prizes”缺少主語，先行詞“All the storytellers”指人，所以用關(guān)系代詞who或that，且不能省略。5The Great Wall is the place _ almost all tourists would like to visit when they come to Beijing.答案：which/that分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，“_almost all tourists would like to visit”為定語從句，修飾先行詞the place，關(guān)系代詞在從句中充當(dāng)visit的賓語，故填which或that。