1. Puritanism:idealismandopportunism2. BenjaminFranklin本杰明富蘭克林：tTheAutobiographyofBenjaminFranklin自傳tPoorRichard'sAlmaina查理歷書(containingwittymaximsforachievingwealthasaresultofhardworkandthrift)PhilipFreneau(poem)菲利普弗倫諾TheRisingGloryofAmerica蒸蒸日上的美洲AmeiicanRomanticisniFlowmgtimebefoiEAmericanQviVfcrDecfrwigtineterAmericanGiviWbf18651875Representutivefiguresofthetime：Wasinnonkving,Nweksts:PoeteEssayists:皿PosfrmnanBcism：NathanielHawthorne.HermanMehileHenryWad&sworttiLonelcw,Edgar/MianPoe,Wai:VWiitman日nlyOkldnsonRalphWaldoEmerson,HenryDavidThoreauTheromanticperiodstretchesfromtheendoftheeighteenthcenturythroughtheoutbreakoftheCivilWar(1790-1865).Background(1)PoliticalbackgroundandeconomicdevelopmentTerritorialExpansionIndustrialGrowthTheCivilWarThenewnessOfAmericansasanationisinconnectionwithAmericanRomanticism.optimismandhopeamongthepeopleThereisAmericanPuritanismasaculturalheritagetoconsider.(2)foreigninfluenee-RomanticmovementinEuropeancountriesRomanticismwasarebellionagainsttheobjectivityofrationalism.Forromantics,thefeelings,intuitionsandemotionsweremoreimportantthanreasonandcommonsense.Theystressedthecloserelationshipbetweenmanandnature;Theyemphasizedindividualismandaffirmedtheinnerlifeoftheself.WashingtonIrving(1783-1859)華盛頓歐文早期浪漫主義小說家AHistoryofNewYork紐約的歷史美國人寫的第一部詼諧文學(xué)杰作；TheSketchBook見聞札記tTheLegendofSleepyHollow睡谷的傳說使之成為美國第一個獲得國際聲譽的作家 tRipVanWinkleJamesFenimoreCooper1789-1851詹姆斯？費尼莫爾？庫珀早期浪漫主義小說家LeatherstockingTales皮裹腿故事集taseriesoffivenovels,thatisthePioneers拓荒者(I823)theLastoftheMohicans(1826)最后的莫希干人 ThePrairie(1827)大草原ThePathfinder(1840)探路者TheDeerslayer(1841)殺鹿者tadventureintothewildernessoftheWest/ThesummitofRomanticism-NewEnglandTranscendentalism/Emerson/NatureIIHenryDavidThoreau/WaldenIIWhitman/LeavesofGrassIIHawthorn/TheScarletLetterIIHermanMevilleMobyDickIIPost-romanticism(NewEnglandTranscendentalism)WhatisTranscendentalism?1. RalphWaldoEmerson(1803-1882)愛默生tTheleadingNewEnglandTranscendentalisttNatur論自然新英格蘭超驗主義者的宣言書;TheAmericanScholar論美國學(xué)者HenryDavidThoreau(1817-1862)tTranscendentalistEmerson'sfriendtWaldenThemajorfeaturesofTranscendentalismTheTranscendentalistsplacedemphasisonspirit,ortheOversoul,asthemostimportantthingintheuniverse.2. TheTranscendentalistsstressedtheimportaneeoftheindividual.Tothemtheindividualwasthemostimportantelementofsociety.3. TheTranscendentalistsofferedafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod.Naturewas,tothem,notpurelymatter.Itwasalive,filledwithGod'soverwhelmingpreseneeTheDevelopmentofTranscendentalismNature(in1836)byRalphWaldoEmersonNature'voicepushedAmericanRomanticismintoanewphase,thephaseofNewEnglandTranscendentalism,thesummitofAmericanRomanticism.TranscendentalistClubTranscendentalismwasindebtedtothedualheritageofAmericanPuritanism,thereligious'empUlaSWasndliheenltvaeeableidealismoftheirPuritanpast.TranscendentaliststothePuritanprincipleofself-cultureandself-improvement.ThusthereisgoodreasontostatethatNewEnglandTranscendentalismwasRomanticismonthePuritansoil.NewEnglandTranscendentalismwasimportanttoAmericanliterature.ItinspiredawholenewgenerationoffamousauthorssuchasEmerson,Thoreau,Hawthorne,Melville,WhitmanandDickinson.NathanielHawthorne(1804-1864)Novels:ScarletLetter紅字HesterPrynne;TheHouseofSevenGables七個尖角閣的房子；TheBlithedaleRomanee福谷傳奇；TheMarbleFaun大理石神像Shortstorycollections:Twice-ToldTales故事新編MosesfromanOldManse古屋青苔HermanMelville赫爾曼梅爾維爾1819-1891MobyDick/TheWhiteWhale莫比迪克/白鯨EdgarAllanPoe埃德加愛倫坡1809-1849tThefirstprofessionalwriterinAmericaThefirstwriterofdetectivestoryintheworld-歌特風(fēng)格；首開近代偵探小說先河，又是法國象征主義運動的源頭TheFalloftheHouseofUsher厄舍古屋的倒塌(novel);TheRaven烏鴉(poem)TamerlaneandOtherPoems帖木兒和其他詩；ToHellen致海倫WaltWhitman(1819-1892)沃爾特惠特曼OneofthegreatinnovatorsinAmericanPoetryFreeverseGrowingupinaworking-classbackground,havinglittleeducationLeavesofGrass草葉集tSongofMyself自我之歌revealsaworldofequality,withoutrankandhierarchy.PoetsEmilyDickinson(1830-1886)ThePoemsofEmilyDickinson埃米莉迪金森詩集(love,death,nature,friendship,andimmortality)HenryWadsworthLongfellow亨利沃茲沃思朗費羅1807-1882tAPsalmofLife生命禮贊(shortpoem)tTheSongofHiawatha海華沙之歌-美國人寫的第一部印第安人史詩WilliamCullenBryant1794-1878柯倫布萊恩特tToaWaterfowl致水鳥英語中最完美的短詩HarrietBeecherStowe哈麗特比徹斯托1811-1896UncleTom'sCab湯姆叔叔的小屋TheAgeofRealismandNaturalismThethreestrongadvocatesof19thcenturyAmericanrealismWilliamDeanHowells(critic)豪威爾斯HenryJames威廉詹姆斯MarkTwain馬克吐溫HenryJamesaresetagainstabackgroundbetween1842-1910tJames'novel'internationalsituationAmericaandEuropetJames'contributiontoliterarycriticismisimmense.Tohim,artwithoutlifeisapooraffairII.theaimofthenovelistorepresentlifeII.tHisrealismwascalledasPsychologicalrealism.Hewasesp.anobserverofthemindratherthanarecorderofthetimes.1. TheAmerican,DaisyMillerThePortraitofaLady貴婦人畫像TheWingsoftheDove鴿翼TheAmbassadors大使MarkTwain馬克吐溫TheAdventuresofTomSawye湯姆索耶歷險記2. TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinnII3. TheGildedAge鍍金時代Famousforhislocalism,colloquialstyle,humorandbitterattacksAmericanNaturalism:1. pessimisticrealismNaturalismcamefromFrance.Reasons:civilwar,socialupheavalsDarwin'stheoryofevolution:thesurvivalofthefittestIItMenwereconditioneddominatedbysocialandeconomicforces,byheredityandenvironment.2. Featuresofnaturalistwriting:A. naturalistwritersturnedliterarycreationintoamechanicalrecordofsociety,inawayofattemptingtoachieveextremeobjectivityandfrankness.Theynevermadecommentsonthecharactersandtheirbehaviors.B. ThecharacterswereoftenfiguresoflowsocialandeconomicclassesTheystressedmenhadnofreewill,theirliveswerecontrolledbyheredityandenvironment.AmericanNaturalismAmericanNaturalistwriters:StephenCrane,FrankNorris,JackLondon,HenryAdams,TheodoreDreiser.StephenCrane(1871-1900)斯蒂芬克萊恩Maggie:AGirloftheStreets街頭女郎梅姬(美國文學(xué)史上首次站在同情立場上描寫受辱婦女的悲慘命運)TheRedBadgeofCourage紅色英勇勛章TheBlackRiders(hisfirstbookofpoems)theodoreDreiser(1871-1945)DreisersworksSisterCarrie1900(Afeatherinwind,sheistotallyatthemercyofforcesshecannotcomprehendandcontrol.Shedoesnotseemtopossesswhatmaybecalledamoralfibreinher.)JennieGerhardt1911TrilogyofDesire欲望三部曲(Financer金融家1912,TheTitan巨人1914,TheStoic斯多葛1915)AnAmericanTragedy美國的悲劇1925(被稱為美國最偉大的小說)FrankNorris(1870-1902)弗蘭克諾里斯TheOctopus章魚1901JackLondon(1876-1916)杰克倫敦MartinEdenmasterwork馬丁伊登TheCalloftheWild野性的呼喚TheSea-Wolf海狼WhiteFang白獠牙OHenry(1862-1910)歐享利TheGiftofMagiIITheCopandtheAnthemIIFamousforhisfascinatingplot,humoroustouch,interestingpuns,localism,andunexpectedendings.ErnestHemingway(1899-1961)hisstoriesofcourageinthefaceoftragedyIcebergTheoryTheSunAlsoRises1926AFarewelltoArms1929永別了，武器ForWhomtheBellTolls1940以西班牙內(nèi)戰(zhàn)為背景的反法西斯主義的長篇小說喪鐘為誰而鳴TheOldManandtheSea1952老人與海塑造了以桑提亞哥為代表的T以把他消滅，但就是打不敗他I的硬漢形象II一個人并不是生來要被打敗的，你盡可以把他消滅掉，可就是打不敗他。HemingwayheroHeissensitive,intelligent.Heisamanofactionandoffewwords.Heisaloneevenwhenwithotherpeople.Heissomewhatanoutsider,keepingemotionundercontrol,stoicandself-disciplinedinadreadfulplacewhenonecannotgethappiness.Inaworldwhichisessentiallychaoticandmeaningless,aHemingwayherofightsasolitarystruggleagainstaforcehedoesnotevenunderstand.Theawarenessthatitmustendindefeat,nomatterhowhardhestrives,engendersasenseofdespair,butHemingwayheropossessesakindofdespairingcourage.Itisthiscouragethatenablesamantobehavelikeaman,toasserthisdignityinfaceofadversity.ThisistheesseneeofacodeofhonorinwhichallofHemingway'sheroesbelieve.二戰(zhàn)后小說杰羅姆塞林杰J.D.Salinger(1919-)麥田捕手(TheCatcherintheRye,1951)約翰.厄普代克(JohnUpdike)兔子，跑吧(Rabbit,Run,1960,伯納德？馬拉默德、索爾？貝婁和諾曼梅勒，都是猶太人伏拉狄米納伯科夫(VladimirNabokov)羅麗泰(Lolita,1955)TheBeatGeneration垮掉的一代Inthemiddleofthe1950'sggroupofwritersinSanFranciscoputonaconcertedandwell-publicizedrebellionagainstofficialAmericanlifeandculture.TheleaderswerepoetAllenGinsbergandnovelistJackKerouac.Kerouac杰克凱魯亞克namedthegroupBeat.TheBeatMovementwasarevoltagainstthefrightened,conservativepoliticalmoodcreatedbySenatorMcCarthy,againstthegreedy,money-seekingrespectabiefeOfthedominantmiddleclassbutparticularlyagainsttheliteraryformalismofAmericanwritingaftertheSecondWorldWar.TheBeatGeneration垮掉的一代Inliterature,theytookWaltWhitmanastheirmodel,whohadbrokenalltheliteraryrulesofhistimeandlivedanexuberant,freelife.,exactlyInrejectingthecarefullywrittenworksoftheircontemporarywriters,theBeatsinsteadwantedtowritewithcompletespontaneityandhonesty.TheywantedtoexpressemotionrawIIwasfelt,ratherthancookedIIthroughmemoryandtranslationintoart.JackKerouac杰克凱魯亞克在路上(OntheRoad,1957),;艾倫金斯堡