2020;2020年高考英語(yǔ)一輪語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)：句子成分一. 主語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)(subject) 是一個(gè)句子的主題( theme)， 是句子所述說(shuō)的主體。它的位置一般在一句之首?？捎米髦髡Z(yǔ)的有單詞、短語(yǔ)和從句。1名詞作主語(yǔ)。 如：A tree has fallen across the road.2代詞用作主語(yǔ)。如：Youre not far wrong.注意: * 反身代詞不能充當(dāng)句子主語(yǔ)。如You can express yourself at the meeting.* 指人的不定代詞（someone, somebody ,no one, nobody, anyone, anybody ,everyone, everybody）與指物的不定代詞(something, anything, everything ,nothing）做主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。例如:everyone is here。但是都不能跟of短語(yǔ)，不能說(shuō)someone of ， no one of， something of， 但是可以說(shuō)every one of，none of。做主語(yǔ)反意疑問(wèn)句用復(fù)數(shù)，everyone is here，arent they？但是 someone lost his pen，didnt he？3數(shù)詞用作主語(yǔ)。如：Three is enough.4名詞化的形容詞用作主語(yǔ)。 The idle are forced to work.當(dāng)the+adj表示抽象名詞時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞采用單數(shù)形式。 The new replaces the old。（新陳代謝） 5不定式用作主語(yǔ)。 如：To find your way can be a problem.注意： 動(dòng)詞不定式做主語(yǔ), 通常有兩種情形: 一種是不定式直接放在句首(這種形式較少),另一種是用it做形式主語(yǔ),把不定式置于句末,達(dá)到平衡句子的目的.To see is to believe. Seeing is believing。（眼見(jiàn)為實(shí)）Its nice of you to help me with my English.6 動(dòng)名詞用作主語(yǔ)。如：Smoking is bad for you.注意：不定式與動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)一般來(lái)說(shuō)差別不大，有時(shí)兩者可以互換。但按照傳統(tǒng)語(yǔ)法來(lái)說(shuō)，動(dòng)名詞表示說(shuō)話人的習(xí)慣、愛(ài)好或事抽象動(dòng)作；而動(dòng)詞不定式表示具體的、一次性動(dòng)作。例如：Smoking is prohibited here .It's not very good for you to smoke so much.7從句用作主語(yǔ)。如: Whenever you are ready will be fine.二謂語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)(predicate) 或謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(predicate verb) 的位置一般在主語(yǔ)之后。謂語(yǔ)由簡(jiǎn)單動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)（助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞主要?jiǎng)釉~）構(gòu)成。1由簡(jiǎn)單的動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成。(1). What happened?(2). He worked hard all day today.2由動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成的謂語(yǔ)。(1). The plane took off at ten oclock.(2). Whats been keeping you all this time? 這半天你在干什么來(lái)著？(3). You can do it if you try hard. 你努力就可以做到。3英語(yǔ)常用某些動(dòng)作名詞代替表動(dòng)態(tài)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，表生動(dòng)。這種動(dòng)作名詞之前常用沒(méi)有多大意義的動(dòng)詞have, get, take, give 等。如：(1). I had a swim yesterday.（had a swim 代替了swam）(2). Take a look at that!?。╰ake a look 代替了 look）(3). He gave a sigh.（gave a sigh 代替了sighed）(4). I got a good shake-up.（a good shake-up 代替了was shaken up thoroughly(充分，徹底的)）三表語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)的功能是表述主語(yǔ)的特征、狀態(tài)、身份等。它也可以說(shuō)是一種主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。它位于聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞之后，與之構(gòu)成所謂的系表結(jié)構(gòu)。在系表結(jié)構(gòu)鐘，聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞只是形式上的謂語(yǔ)，二真正起謂語(yǔ)作用的則是表語(yǔ)?？梢宰鞅碚Z(yǔ)的詞有：名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、從句等。1The wedding was that Sunday.（名詞）2So thats that.（代詞）3We are seven.（數(shù)詞）4Are you busy?（形容詞）5Are you there?（電話用語(yǔ)）（副詞）6All I could do was to wait.（不定式）7 Is that asking so much?（動(dòng)名詞）8I was so much surprised at it.（過(guò)去分詞）9She is in good health.（介詞短語(yǔ)）10Is that why you were angry?（從句）四賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)（object）在句中主要充當(dāng)動(dòng)作的承受者，因此一般皆置于及物動(dòng)詞之后。如：Our team beat all the others.可以用作賓語(yǔ)的有：名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞化的形容詞、副詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、名詞化的分詞、從句等。1Do you fancy a drink?（名詞）2They wont hurt us.（代詞）3If you add 5 to 5, you get 10.（數(shù)詞）。4I shall do my possible.（名詞化形容詞）5He left there last week.（副詞）6Does she really mean to leave home?（不定式）7He never did the unexpected(想不到的，意外的). （名詞化的分詞）8Do you understand what I mean?（從句）注意：（一）.賓語(yǔ)中有些動(dòng)詞需要兩個(gè)同等的賓語(yǔ)，即直接賓語(yǔ)(direct object)與間接賓語(yǔ)(indirect object)。直接賓語(yǔ)一般指動(dòng)作的承受者，間接賓語(yǔ)指動(dòng)作所向的或所為的人和物（多指人），具有這種雙賓語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞叫做與格動(dòng)詞(dative verb), 常用的有：answer, bring, buy, do, find, get, give, hand, keep, leave, lend, make, offer, owe, pass, pay, play, promise, read, save, sell, send, show, sing, take 等，間接賓語(yǔ)一般須與直接賓語(yǔ)連用，通常放在直接賓語(yǔ)之前。如：I have found him a place. 我給他找到了一個(gè)職位。(二).英語(yǔ)中有些常用搭配，直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)交換位置后介詞不能省略，常見(jiàn)的有：appologize to sb for sth, explain to sb sth五補(bǔ)語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)（complement）是一種補(bǔ)足主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)的意義的句子成分。補(bǔ)足主語(yǔ)意義的句子成分叫做主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)（subject complement）,補(bǔ)足賓語(yǔ)意義的句子成分叫做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)（object complement）.(1). 容詞用作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)是常置于主語(yǔ)之前，后有逗號(hào)。Tired and sleepy, I went to bed.有時(shí)可以置于主語(yǔ)之后，前后都有逗號(hào)，與非限定性定語(yǔ)相似。如：The man, cruel beyond belief, didnt listen to their pleadings.(2).可以用做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的有名詞、形容詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)等1.They named the child Jimmy.（名詞用作并與補(bǔ)語(yǔ)）2.My mother looks so young that you would think her my sister. （名詞短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)）3. He boiled the egg hard.（形容詞用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)）4.I found the book very interesting.（形容詞短語(yǔ)用作賓補(bǔ)）5.The comrades wanted Dr. Bethune to take cover. （不定式用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)）6.I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul.（動(dòng)名作賓補(bǔ)）7.Dont take his kindness for granted.(介詞短語(yǔ))六定語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)是用來(lái)說(shuō)明名詞（代詞）的品質(zhì)與特征的詞或一組詞?？捎米鞫ㄕZ(yǔ)的有：形容詞、名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、副詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)和從句.1形容詞用作定語(yǔ)是大量的。（1）. She is a natural musician.（2）. He must be the best violinist alive.（后置定語(yǔ)）2. 名詞用作定語(yǔ)。如（1）. A baby girl 女?huà)耄?）. well water 井水（3）. Sports car 雙座輕型汽車（4）. A fools paradise 夢(mèng)幻的天堂2代詞作定語(yǔ)。（1）. Your hair needs cutting.（物主代詞用作定語(yǔ)）（2）. Everybodys business is nobodys business. 人人負(fù)責(zé)就是無(wú)人負(fù)責(zé)。（不定代詞所有格作定語(yǔ)）3數(shù)詞作定語(yǔ)（1）. Theres only one way to do it.（2）. Do it now, you may not get a second chance.基數(shù)詞用作后置定語(yǔ)： page 24 Room 201 the year 19494. 副詞充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)時(shí)常后置，如：the room above 樓上的房間 the world today 今日世界 the way out 出路 a day off 休息日5不定式用作定語(yǔ)（1）. Her promise to write was forgotten.（2）. Thats the way to do it.6動(dòng)名詞用作定語(yǔ).A walking stick 拐杖 sleeping pills 安眠藥eating implements 吃飯用具 learning method 學(xué)習(xí)方法7分詞充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)a sleeping child 正在睡中的小孩 a drinking man 嗜酒者a retired worker 一個(gè)退休工人 a faded flower 一朵謝了的花8介詞短語(yǔ)用作定語(yǔ)。（1）. This is a map of China.（2）. The wild look in his eyes spoke plainer than words.9從句用作定語(yǔ)，即定語(yǔ)從句The car thats parked outside is mine.Your car, which I noticed outside, has been hit by another one.七同位語(yǔ)當(dāng)兩個(gè)指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置時(shí)，一個(gè)句子成分可被用來(lái)說(shuō)明或解釋另一個(gè)句子成分，前者就叫做后者的同位語(yǔ)（appositive）.這兩個(gè)句子成分多由名詞（代詞）擔(dān)任，同位語(yǔ)通常皆放在其說(shuō)明的名詞（代詞）之后。1We have two children, a boy and a girl.2They all wanted to see him.3Are you two ready?4Their latest proposal, to concentrate on primary education, has met with some opposition.5The city of Rome 羅馬城 the art of writing 寫(xiě)作藝術(shù) The vice of smoking 吸煙嗜好6The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.八狀語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)（adverbial）是修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞以及全句的句子成分。如：1The girl is improving remarkably. 這個(gè)女孩大有進(jìn)步。2可用作狀語(yǔ)的有副詞、名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、從句等。副詞最常用作狀語(yǔ)，位置比較靈活，可置句末、句首和句中。He speaks the language badly but read it well.Naturally we expect hotel guests to lock their doors.3狀語(yǔ)按用途來(lái)分，可以分為時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、原因、結(jié)果、目的、條件、讓步、程度、方式、伴隨等(1).Shall we do the shopping today or tomorrow?(2). There are plenty of fish in the sea.(3).Because he was ill ,Tom lost his job.(4). She spoke so softly that I couldnt hear what she said.(5). In order to get into a good school, I must study even harder.(6). If he were to come, what should we say to him?(7). For all his money, he didnt seem happy.(8). To what extent would you trust them?(9).He stood there ,pipe(煙斗) in mouth.注意事項(xiàng):若時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)同時(shí)修飾一動(dòng)詞，通常先說(shuō)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)然后再說(shuō)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。The held a meeting in the great hall yesterday afternoon.昨天下午他們?cè)诖髲d舉行了一次會(huì)議。如果修飾同一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)或地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)不止一個(gè)，則一般按照“由小到大”的順序排列。He arrived here at about ten oclock yesterday morning.他大約是在昨天上午10點(diǎn)到達(dá)這兒的。He lived in a small village in the north .他住在北方的一個(gè)小村子里。真題演練1.-What do you think it was that made her so upset ?-_.A. lost her bike B. Losing her bike C. She lost her bike D. Because of losing her bike2. The old _taken care of in our country.A. is B. has C. are D. have3. The music sounded _. We all _it.A. wonderfully; are like B. badly; like C. nice; like D. well; like4. Setting fires to wild plants _very dangerous.A. is B. are C. has D. were5. With his money _,he couldnt go home .A. leaving B. missed C. running out D. run out6. Dont lose heart ,If you work hard ,youll _a successful electronic engineer.A. turn B. learn C. have D. make7. Although the working mother is very busy, she still_a lot of time to children.A. devotes B. spends C. offers D. provides8. A library with five thousand books _to the nation as a gift.A. is offered B. had offered C. are offered D. have offered9. My mothers suggestion _useful by them all.A. was considered to be B. was considered beingC. considered to be D. considered being10. I felt _that she should change her mind at the last minute.A. it is strange B. it strange C. that was a strange thing D. very strange答案解析：選B。句意：你認(rèn)為是什么事使得她那么不高興？再分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知：doyouthink插入了強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的特殊疑問(wèn)句式中，what是句子主語(yǔ)。即What made her so upset?因此答語(yǔ)必須符合主語(yǔ)條件。經(jīng)過(guò)分析可知B對(duì)。選C。the+adj. 如果表示一類人，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)；如表示一類事或一個(gè)人則用單數(shù)。選C。sounded 在此作系動(dòng)詞，后跟形容詞做表語(yǔ)，意思是：聽(tīng)起來(lái)。A、B兩項(xiàng)均是副詞。D項(xiàng)well可作形容詞，但是有一個(gè)意思：身體好，well在這里不適當(dāng)。故選C。選A。動(dòng)名詞或不定式作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，但如果有and連接兩個(gè)不相關(guān)的動(dòng)名詞或不定式，不指同一概念時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)，指同一個(gè)概念則仍然用單數(shù)，如：Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy.早睡早起身體好。這個(gè)and連接的兩個(gè)不定式就是同一概念，所以謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)makes。選C. with+賓語(yǔ)+doing .run out 快用完了。選D。turn變得，強(qiáng)調(diào)性質(zhì),狀態(tài)，顏色的改變；make有素質(zhì)成為-，能成為-。另外連個(gè)選項(xiàng)learn“學(xué)習(xí)”，have“擁有”與題干語(yǔ)言環(huán)境相差較遠(yuǎn)。選A。根據(jù)句意“雖然他上班很忙，她仍然花大量的時(shí)間在孩子身上?！笨蛇x出A。其中a lot of time 直接賓語(yǔ)，children間接賓語(yǔ)。選。該題既考查offer一詞的用法，有考查主謂一致的用法。主語(yǔ)with（as well as；along with;rather than-）+動(dòng)詞（動(dòng)詞的數(shù)和主語(yǔ)一致）。Offer為及物動(dòng)詞。選A。is considered to be +n./adj. 被認(rèn)為是-，該題的useful是主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。選B。it是形式賓語(yǔ)，strange是賓補(bǔ)，不能選A。因?yàn)榫渲幸延兄^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞felt。