2020;2020年高考英語一輪語法復習：情態(tài)動詞一、情態(tài)動詞表示說話人的情感態(tài)度。它有一定的實在詞義（如：能、會、可能、以前、最好、寧愿。），只有謂語特性，必須和其他動詞一起構成謂語，（一般來說）在各種人稱后都用同樣的形式。二、中學階段常見的情態(tài)動詞:情態(tài)動詞Can could may might must will would shall shouldOught to had better would rather可用著情態(tài)動詞Used to need dare與情態(tài)動詞相關的短語Be able to have to情態(tài)動詞的固定謂語結構：情態(tài)動詞+（不帶to）動詞不定式形式do例如： +be done+be doingmust +have done+have been done+have been doing注意：ought (to)和used ( to)例外，動詞不定式要帶上”to”He can speak 5 languages 他會講五種語言。Why did you return the book to me ? You neednt have done so.你為什么把書還給我呢？其實你沒必要。The student may be playing computer game. 這個學生或許在打電腦游戲。Our teacher couldnt have been watching us outside our classroom.我們的老師不可能一直在教室外面監(jiān)視我們。Our maths teacher ought to be in the office now. 數(shù)學老師現(xiàn)在應該在辦公室吧。三、情態(tài)動詞的用法：1Can(過去式could)1）表示能力”能夠、會”She can drive ,but she cant ride a bicycle .A blind man can not judge colours.盲人不能判斷顏色。Can you give me a lift to the station?Cant you lend me ten dollars ?請你借給我美元吧？2）表示對現(xiàn)在動作或狀態(tài)進行主觀的猜測“可能、會”，或表示驚異，懷疑，不相信等態(tài)度，主要用在否定句、疑問句或感嘆句中。例如：He cant have a lot of money.他們不會有很多錢。Can the man over there be our headmaster?那邊那個人會是我們校長嗎？Can it be that it was I ,not he ,who was mistaken ? 難道錯的會是我，而不是他嗎？Can this be an excuse for not giving them help ？這難道能成為不幫助他們的理由？This cant be true .這不可能是事實。How can you be so careless!你怎么這么粗心！3）表示客觀可能性“可能”，可用于肯定句As a human being,anyone can make a mistake.作為人類，任何人都可能犯錯誤。The temperature can fall to -60°C that is 60°C below freezing.氣溫可降至-60°，也就是零下60°。（一時的特性）4）表示允許“可以”，意思與may 相近，主要用在口語中Can I have a look at your copy of China Daily?我可以看看你的那份中國日報嗎？You can/may go now .現(xiàn)在你可以走了。This sort of thing cant go on .這類事再不可繼續(xù)下去了。5）構成下列特殊句式：（）can not /can never too 或 cannot enough無論怎么也不過分；越越好；非常。One cannot be too careful .越認真越好。I cannot thank you enough .我對你感激不盡。You cant praise him too highly .你怎么表揚他也不過.(他十分出色)（2）cannot help doing /cannot help but do /cannnot but do ”禁不住；不由得；不得不“。I cannot help admiring the picture whenever I look at it .When a close friend dies ,you cannot but feel sad2.could1)表示能力,指的是過去時間In those days few workers could support their family .那時很少有工人能養(yǎng)活家人.I couldnt follow the teacher in class.上課時我聽不懂教師的課.2)表示允許,指的是過去時間She asked whether she could take the books out of the reading-room.她問可不可以把書拿出閱覽室.3)表示可能,可以指過去時間;也可以指現(xiàn)在時間,表示語氣緩和例如:I didn't think the story could be true.我認為那件事不可能是真的.But you mustnt smoke while youre walking around in the bush either . You could start a bush fire.在叢林里走時也不準抽煙.這樣可能引起叢林大火.He looks young .He couldnt be over fifty .他看起來很年輕,他不可能超過五十歲.4)比較委婉客氣地提出問題或陳述看法,指的是現(xiàn)在時間Could I see your license?我能否看看你的證件?I have a few friends . I could ring to see if theyre free . 我有幾位朋友,我可以給他們打電話,看他們是否有空.Can(could)與be able toCan (could)和be able to 都可以表示能力,意思上沒有區(qū)別.但can 只有現(xiàn)在式和過去式,而be able to 則有更多的形式.例如:No one is able to do it .沒人能做這件事.Will you be able to come tonight ?你今晚能來嗎?Im sorry I havent been able to answer your letter .對不起我一直沒能給你回信.She said she had not been able to come earlier .她說她沒有能夠來得更早一些.但是,在表示成功地完成某一具體動作時,通常不用could ,而用was /were able to 來表示.這時,was /were able to 相當于managed to 或succeeded in doing ,表示經(jīng)過一番努力，終于能夠。例如： 1） Were able to escapeBelow the 11th 2）Managed to escape into the street .Floor， people 3）succeed in escaping11樓以下的人們逃到了大街上。3May1)表示許諾“可以”或詢問、說明一件事。注意：回答may 引起的問句時，否定形式用must not /mustnt (禁止)，had better not (最好別)。May not 比明確的表示禁止的must not 較為委婉，一般很少用。例如：May I trouble you with a quesiton?我能打擾一下問你一個問題嗎？Could I call you by your first name ?我可以直接稱呼你的名字嗎？Yes ,you may .行。（98上海高考）People may not pick flowers in this garden .本園花木不得攀折。May I smoke here ?我可以在這兒抽煙嗎？- No ,you mustnt .不行。No ,youd better not . 你最好別在這兒抽。2).表示表示主觀的的推測“或許”，通常用在肯定句和否定句中。例如：He may be very busy now .他這會兒可能很忙。At present ,there may be some problems .目前可能還存在著一些問題。He may not be at home . 他可能不在家。注意：表示可能性時，cant 語氣強表示“不可能”；may not 語氣弱，表示“可能不（或許）”。4Might1)表示可以做的事，指的是過去時間He asked if he might look through my album. 他問可不可以翻翻我的影集。I asked if I might called on her . 我問她我是否可以去拜訪她。2）表示口氣比較婉轉(zhuǎn)客氣，指的是現(xiàn)在時間Might I ask for a photograph of your baby?我可否要一張你寶寶的照片？I wonder if I might borrow some coffee. 不知可否向你借點咖啡。3）表示可能發(fā)生的事，可以指過去時間；也可以指現(xiàn)在時間，但表示語氣更加不肯定She was afraid they might not like the idea . 她擔心他們可能不贊成這個主意。They might have a lot of work to do now but I m not sure. 他們現(xiàn)在可能有很多事要做，不過我下肯定。5Must1)表示必須要做的事We mustnt move someone if they are badly hurt . 如果一個人受了重傷，你一定不要挪動他。注意：在回答由must 引起的問句時，如果是否定回答，不能用mustnt ,而要用neednt 或dont have to ,因為mustnt 是“不準、禁止”的意思。- Must we send in our plan this week ?我們這周必須交上計劃嗎？-Yes ,you must .是的，必須交。-No,you neednt ./No,you dont have to .不，不用交。2）表示猜測，意為“想必，準是，一定”，只用于肯定句中This must be your room . 這一定是你的房間了You must be joking . 你一定是在開玩笑Look at his new car. He must have a lot of momey . 看他那輛新車，他準是有很多錢。3)表示討厭情緒“偏偏”I am sleeping when you must turn your radio on.注意：Have to 表示“必須”，“不得不”，在這個意義上與must 很接近，但must 表示的是說話人的主觀看法，而 have to 表示的卻是客觀需要。另外， have to 比must 有更多的形式。You must be back by ten. 到十點鐘你必須回來。（命令或叮囑）You have to be back by ten . 到十點鐘你得回來。（客觀需要）We had to go home on foot . 我們不得不走回家。Well have to reconsider the whole thing . 這一切我們將不得不重新考慮。6Should 和 ought to “應該”1)表示應該做的事，should 和 ought to 一般可以通用。但ought to 語氣更強些，強調(diào)“有責任，有義務做”或“按道理應該如何”；should 含有“勸告、建議”的語氣，即“按我的想法應該如何”。試比較- Ill start the work tomorrow .我明天開始這工作。-think you should start at once .我想你應當立刻開始。-Ill start the work tomorrow . 我明天開始這工作。-No , you ought to start at once . 不行，你得立即開始。2）表示推測，意為“想必一定，照說應該，估計”。Should 和 ought to 在這一意義上含義比must 弱。試比較Mr Black must be home by now . 布萊克先生現(xiàn)在一定到家了。（肯定）Mr Black ought to (should )be home by now . 布萊克先生估計是到家了。（不能肯定）7Shall1) 用于第一、三人稱，構成疑問句，表示征求對方意見或請求指示Shall I open the window ? 我打開窗戶好嗎？Shall we sit here ?我們坐這兒好嗎？Shall the boy wait outside ?(=Do you want the boy to wait outside ?)讓那男孩在外面等嗎？）用于第二、三人稱，表示說話人的意愿，有“命令、警告、威脅、強制、允諾、決心”等意思You shall do as I say . 按我說的做。（命令）Tell him that he shall have the book tomorrow . 告訴他他明天可以拿到那本書。（允諾）If you children dont do as I tell you ,you shall not go to the party . 如果你們這些孩子不按我的話去做，你們就不能去參加晚會。（威脅）You shall be sorry for what you did . 對你的所作所為你會感到后悔的。（警告）Nothing shall stop us from carrying out this plan . 什么也不能阻止我們實現(xiàn)這項計劃。（決心）8Will 1)表示“意志，意愿”，可用于多種人稱I will do anything for our souldiers .我愿意為我們的戰(zhàn)士做任何事。Who will go with me ? 誰愿意和我去？If you will read the book , I will lend it to you . 如果你愿意讀這本書，我會把它借給你。注意：從句中的will 是情態(tài)動詞 ，表示“意愿”；主句中的will 是助動詞，幫助構成將來時。2）will 在疑問句中用于第二人稱，表示詢問對方的意愿或向?qū)Ψ教岢稣埱骔ill you open the door for me ,please ? 請你為我打開門好嗎？Pass me the glass ,will you ? 遞給我杯子，好嗎？有時，這種句子也可由wont you have a little more rice ? 再來一點米飯好嗎？Wont you come over ? 你要不要過來一下？3）表示某種傾向或習慣性動作，意為“總是會，老是，就是”；否定結構意為“不肯、不能”。這種用法并不指將來時間，因此，不能與表示將來時間的狀語連用Some birds will fly south when winter comes . 冬天一到，有些鳥就要飛往南方。Boys will be boys . They are always naughty. 孩子就是孩子，他們總是很頑皮。Whats the matter with the door? It wont lock . 這門怎么回事？門就是鎖不上。9Would1) 是will 的過去式，表示過去時間的“意志、意愿”，可用于多種人稱They said that they would help us . 他們說愿意幫助我們。I promised that I would do my best . 我答應會盡我所能的。2）would 指的是現(xiàn)在時間，表示說話人的意愿或向?qū)Ψ教岢稣埱?，語氣比will 婉轉(zhuǎn)。也可表示委婉地提出看法、請求、建議等I would like to have a try . 我想試試。Would you like me to carry it for you ? 我?guī)湍隳眠@個好嗎？Im afraid the journey would be too expensive . 恐怕這次旅行費用太貴了。That would be kind of you . 你太好了。3）表示反復發(fā)生的動作或過去的一種傾向He told me the box wouldnt open . 他告訴我盒子就是打不開。10 .used to在肯定句中，used to 表示過去（曾經(jīng)）的動作或狀態(tài)，二現(xiàn)在“已不”.I used to get along very well with my cousin and we used to be very good friends . 我過去同我的表弟相處得很好，我們曾經(jīng)是好朋友。I used to live in Nanjing ,but now I live in Shanghai . 我過去住在南京，現(xiàn)在住在上海。在疑問句或否定句中，可以有兩種形式。Used you to go to the same school?Did you use to go to the same school? 你們曾經(jīng)就讀于同一所學校嗎？I usednt to smoke .I didnt use to smoke . 我過去不抽煙。在反意問句或簡略回答中，也有兩種形式。John used to be a policeman ,didnt he ?John used to be a policeman ,use (d )nt he ?約翰過去是個警察，是嗎？Did you use to take a walk in the morning ?你過去常常早晨散步嗎？Used you to go to school in Australia ? 你曾經(jīng)在澳大利亞念過書嗎？Yes ,I did ,Yes ,I used to . 念過。Used to 常用來表示表示已不復存在的過去的習慣，側(cè)重與現(xiàn)在的對比，而would 用來表示過去反復發(fā)生的動作。He would go to that bookstore when he was at college. 他在上大學時經(jīng)常去那個書店。11 NeedNeed 作為情態(tài)動詞，主要用于否定句，疑問句及表示疑問的從句中。Need he do it all at once ? 他需要馬上做這件事嗎？Why need you go today ?為什么你今天需要去？I wonder if I need bring my computer .我想知道我是否需要帶上電腦。注意：回答由need 引起的問句時，肯定回答一般用must ,否定回答時用needn.-Need I give you the book ?我需要給你這本書嗎？ -Yes ,you must .是的，你必須。-No ,you neednt .不，你不必。另外，need 用作及物動詞，和不定式連用，可用于各種結構。Does he need to know it ?他需要知道這件事嗎？You dont need to do it yourself .這事你不必親自做。The question needs to be discussed .這問題需要討論。在個別情況下，need 作為及物動詞和情態(tài)動詞的句子結構在意思上略有差別。He doesnt need to be told .不必告訴他了（他已經(jīng)知道了）。He neednt be told . 勿需告訴他（告訴他沒好處）。12. Dare(dared )Dare 及其過去式dared 作為情態(tài)動詞，主要用于疑問句、否定句及條件狀語從句中。Dare you go home alone ?你敢一個人回家嗎？She dare not say what she thinks .她不敢說出她的想法。No one dared speak of it .沒有人敢談這件事。Ill support you if you dare do it .如果你敢做我就支持你。除了在I dare say 這種習慣用語中，dare 在肯定結構中用作情態(tài)動詞的情形是很少的。If you die ,who will get your money ?如果你死了，誰會得到你的錢呢？I dare say my uncle will.我敢說就是叔父。Dare 還可以作及物動詞，跟不定式，用于各種結構。We must dare to act .我們要敢干。I wonder how he dared to say such a thing . 我奇怪他怎么敢說這樣的話。I did not dare (to )look up .我不敢抬頭看。They do not dare (to )speak .他們不敢講話。否定句中to 可以省略。四、情態(tài)動詞后的某些動詞(不定式)形式情態(tài)動詞must表示主觀揣測時只能用在肯定的陳述句中，后面可跟have done和be doing.1）情態(tài)動詞must 后跟have done，表示主觀上對過去情況的一種肯定揣測，不能用否定形式-Why isnt he here ?他為什么還未到。-He must have missed the train.他肯定是沒趕上火車。Dr Manette realized that the sister must have been very badly treated .曼奈特醫(yī)生意識到這位姐姐準是慘遭虐待。2）Must 后跟be doing，意為想必（一定）正在They must be waiting for us .Lets hurry .他們一定在等我們了，快點走2Can/could用來表推測常用在疑問句和否定句中，后可跟be doing和have done。1）在否定句中Cant 后跟be doing，意為不會正在He cant be telling the truth .他說的不可能是真話）在疑問句中The light is still on .Can (Could )he still be working ? 燈還亮著，他會是還在工作嗎？3）Cant /couldnt 后跟have been doing, 意為想必不可能一直在進行The guards couldnt have been watching very carefully . 衛(wèi)兵不可能一直進行嚴密的監(jiān)視的4）cant 或couldnt 后跟動詞的完成式，表示對過去情況的否定揣測。疑問式也由can 或could 后跟have done構成He cant have finished the work so soon.這項工作他不可能完成得這樣快。She passed me in the street without speaking .She couldnt have seen me .她沒跟我說話就從我身邊過去了，她不可能看到我。Where can (could )he have gone ?他會到哪里去了呢？5）could 后跟have done，表示“（那時）本來可以，差點就要”-We could have walked to the station ;it was so near .我們本來可以走著去車站，路這么近。-es .A taxi wasnt at all necessary .是的，沒必要坐出租車。We didnt go out last night .We could have gone to the cinema but we decided to stay at home .昨天晚上我們沒出去。我們差點就要去看電影了，但又決定待在家里。3. may/ might后可跟have done和be doing表示人們的主觀推測。1）may或might 后跟have done，表示對過去可能發(fā)生的事進行推測。用might 表示懷疑或更加不肯定，意為“本來可能，簡直可以，可能已了，說不定已了，不一定都是虛擬語氣，也許是事實用于肯定和否定句式You may have learnt the news . 你們可能知道這個消息了He may not have heard his name called .他或許沒聽見叫他的名字Sorry Im late .I might have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again .對不起我遲到了我可能把鬧鐘關閉了，然后又睡著了2）May /might 后跟be doing，意為可能正在At the moment she may be playing with her friends .這時她可能在和朋友玩呢They are not in the room .They might （could） be working in the field .他們沒在房里，可能正在地里干活呢注意：（簡單小結）1）情態(tài)動詞must ,can/could ,may /might 都可以用來對事情進行推測。Must 表推測時只能用于肯定句，是對現(xiàn)在或過去的事情進行的推測，不能表對將來事情的推測，證據(jù)非常肯定，譯為“一定can/could 表推測時一般用于否定句或疑問句，也是對現(xiàn)在或過去的事情進行推測，但could 偶爾可用于肯定推測May /might 表推測時一般用于肯定句，可對現(xiàn)在、過去或?qū)淼氖虑檫M行推測，語氣不很肯定，譯為“可能。”2）情態(tài)動詞must ,can/could ,may /might 表推測句子的反義問句的構成。要先將情態(tài)動詞去掉按照常規(guī)句子的方式進行變換。例如：He must be working in the office now ,isnt he?Tom may have missed the bus again,hasnt he?Jack cant have arrived this morning,did he?4Should 或ought to 后跟have done，表示過去本應該做某事卻沒有做We ought to have given you more help .我們本應該給你們更多幫助的。You shouldnt have done that .你們本不應該做那件事的。There was a lot of fun at yesterdays party .You ought to have come ,but why didnt you ?昨天的舞會非常有趣。你本應該來的，為什么你不來呢？5neednt 后跟have done，表示過去本來沒有必要做某事，但實際上卻做了You neednt have told them that . 你本可不必告訴他們的You neednt have gone there yesterday .昨天你本來沒必要去那兒的He didnt need to worry.他不必擔心（是否擔心，我們不知道）He neednt have worried .他本不必擔心（不必做的事情已經(jīng)做了）真題演練 Theres no light on -they_be at home .A. cant B. mustnt C. neednt D. shouldnt解析：對現(xiàn)在事實的否定猜測，故A2. If it were not for the fact that she _sing .I would invite her to the party.A. couldnt B. shouldnt C. cant D. might not解析：在此處cant表示不具備某種能力（不會） 故C3. -Must he come to sign this paper himself ?-Yes ,he _.A. need B. must C. may D. will解析：回答must的一般疑問句若肯定用yesmust 故B4. -ay I smoke here ?-If you_,choose a seat in the smoking section.A. should B. could C. may D. must解析：本句must 表示“你一定要的話” 故D5. We _have proved great adventurers ,but we have done the greatest march ever made in the past ten years .A. neednt B. may not C. shouldnt D. mustnt解析：May not have done ,可能沒能做某事，故B6. Some aspects of a pilots job _be boring ,and pilots often _work at inconvenient hours .A. can; have to B. may ;can C. have to ;may D. ought to; must解析：Can表示“有某種可能性”；have to比暗示客觀上“不得不”故A7 The weather turned out to be fine yesterday .I _the trouble to carry my umbrella with me .A. should have taken B. could have taken C. neednt have taken D. mustnt have taken解析：neednt have done意為“本不需要做而做了” 故C8.hats the name ?-Khulaifi._I spell that for you?A. Shall B. Would C. Can D. Might解析：Shall用于第一人稱，表示征求意見 故A