Unit 4 astronomy: the science of stars導(dǎo)讀：據(jù)研究,6500萬年前的小行星撞擊地球，對地球造成了幾乎是毀滅性的破壞，有人認(rèn)為這可能是恐龍滅絕的原因。如果是這樣，那么未來再有這樣的小行星或彗星撞擊地球，會不會導(dǎo)致人類的毀滅呢？It's said that a huge asteroid(小行星)smashed(撞擊) into the earth 65 million years ago, which certainly sent the earth's ecosystem(生態(tài)系統(tǒng)) into a disaster which took thousands of years to recover from. Scientists say that it's probable that such disaster could happen again.Asteroids are rocky bodies which tend to live in orbits(軌道) between Mars and Jupiter. Comets, on the other hand, are a mix of rock and ice, and they can swing into the earth's orbit from anywhere in the Solar System. Comets have an icy tail which reflects the sunand can therefore be seen from the earth. But asteroids have far less visibility(可見度) and have to be at least half a kilometre across to be found. There are millions of such rocky and icy bodies out there which have not been discovered yet.But did an asteroid kill the dinosaurs and could another kill us?Despite what you may have heard, it hasn't been proved that the hitting was the only reason for the dinosaurs' dying out. But the asteroid which created thehitting would certainly have had a great effect on the environment, and a mass extinction(滅絕)did take place around the time.So far we have no idea when the next one will be because we haven't spotted it yet and not many organizations are spending money on asteroiddetection, because a deathly hitting is such a faraway possibility.請根據(jù)語義及提示寫出單詞1. There is a friendly _(氛圍)of helping each other with difficulties in study in our class.2. Most of the students in China benefit from the new educational _(體制).3. She listened with a _(困惑的)expression on her face.4. I believe his words will do _(危害) to our company.5. The warm spring wind brush our faces _(輕柔地).6. Nothing can _(阻止) him doing research into the issue of water pollution.7. The results of the test are very _(令人振奮).8. Health _(依賴于) upon good food, fresh air and enough sleep.atmosphere2. system 3. puzzled 4. harm5. gently 6. prevent7. cheering8. depends9. existence 10. develop9. In the opinion of some philosophers, everything in _(exist) is reasonable.10. The best method of teaching, I think, is to _(啟迪) the mind of students.請根據(jù)語義寫出短語1. _ system 太陽系2. _ time 及時(shí)，最終3. _ birth to 生(孩子)4. _ from 阻止5. _ out 阻擋6. _ up 歡呼雀躍7. _ that 既然8. _ out 爆發(fā)1. solar 2. in 3. give 4. prevent5. block6. cheer7. now 8. break1. What it was to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe. (P25)2. Although its origin may still be a puzzle, the moon can never be anything more than a satellite of the earth. (P28) harmful adj.根據(jù)語境猜詞義(1) Fruit juices can be harmful to children's teeth.(2) Many households products are potentially harmful.根據(jù)語義找匹配有害的B. 危害(1) A(2) B鏈接harm n. 傷害； 損害 vt. 傷害； 損害harmless adj. 無害的； 無惡意的短語do sb. harm do harm to sb. 對某人有害be harmful to 對有害句型It does no harm to do sth. /There is no harm (in) doing sth. 不妨做某事It wouldn't do sb. any harm to do sth. 做某事對某人并無害處No harm done! (對別人做錯事的一種勸慰) 沒事兒！ 不要緊！單詞拼寫(1) Your smoking may be _ (有害) to the health of your baby.(2) The storm has done great _(有害) to the crops.(3) The dog seems fierce, but actually he's _.(1) harmful(2) harm(3) harmless根據(jù)語境猜詞義(1) The heavy rain prevented us (from) going to school.(2) They have been prevented by the traffic jam from going there on time. prevent v.根據(jù)語義找匹配A. 阻礙 B. 阻止(1) B(2) A鏈接“阻止某人做某事”的幾種表達(dá)式：ban sb. from doing sth.stop sb. (from) doing sth.keep sb. from doing sth.單項(xiàng)填空()(1) We must take firm and efficient measures to prevent pollution _our life even better.A. to make B. makingC. make D. against makingA考查非謂語動詞的使用。本題的語義是： 為了使我們的生活更加美好，我們必須采取果斷而卓有成效的措施阻止污染。根據(jù)語境非謂語動詞在本句是目的狀語，所以答案是A。本題極容易造成學(xué)生們的思維定勢而誤選B。()(2) We'll spare no effort to prevent the river _.A. from polluting B. pollutingC. being polluted D. pollutedC考查非謂語動詞的使用。本題的語義是：我們將不遺余力地阻止河流污染。根據(jù)語境河流與污染形成了被動關(guān)系，所以答案是C。develop v.根據(jù)語境猜詞義(1) We should develop the habit of reading, because reading can develop the mind.(2) Shanghai has developed into a commercial center of our country.(3) We must develop many more new products in order to satisfy the demands of market.根據(jù)語義找匹配A. 養(yǎng)成(習(xí)慣) B. 發(fā)展C. 開發(fā)(1) A(2) B(3) C鏈接developed adj. 發(fā)達(dá)的developing adj. 發(fā)展中的development n. 發(fā)展用develop的正確形式填空With the _ of science and technology, some _ countries have developed into _ ones.development; developing; developed puzzle n&v.根據(jù)語境猜詞義(1) It's a puzzle to me why he hasn't come for my birthday party.(2) Can you help me out with the math puzzle?(3) Her word puzzled him.(4) I was puzzled how to handle the situation.(1)B(2)C(3) A(4) D根據(jù)語義找匹配使迷惑不解B. 謎C. 難題D. 使為難鏈接puzzling adj. 令人困惑的；使人感到困惑的puzzled adj. 困惑的；感到困惑的puzzlement n. 困惑，迷惑be in a puzzle about 對大惑不解work out a puzzle 猜謎；解決難題puzzle over 對冥思苦想puzzle out (苦苦思索而)搞清楚puzzle one's brain about / over 對而大傷腦筋用puzzle的正確形式填空The (1) _ boy (2) _ his mother, so there was a (3) _ expression on her face. Much to (4) _ of his mother, he left home without saying a word.puzzling(2) puzzled(3) puzzled(4) puzzlement gentle adj.根據(jù)語境猜詞義(1) Mothers are always gentle with their children.(2) It's very comfortable to let the gentle wind blow on your face.根據(jù)語義找匹配輕輕的，輕柔的 B. 溫柔的，文雅的(1) B(2) A gentle adj.鏈接gentlelooking adj. 看起來彬彬有禮的、看起來很紳士的gentleman n. 紳士，先生gently adv. 溫柔地，輕柔地，輕輕地gentleness n. 溫柔，和善短語be gentle with sb. 對某人體貼入微，對某人溫柔有加gentle in voice / action 聲音溫柔，舉止文雅have a gentle manner of doing sth. 做某事風(fēng)度高雅 gentle adj.辨析gentle/mild/softgentle 用于人時(shí)，指溫柔文雅的舉止，出于自我約束或?qū)λ说捏w貼。指物時(shí)，強(qiáng)調(diào)物體運(yùn)動的輕緩。mild 指出于本性性格溫柔，脾氣好，強(qiáng)調(diào)自己“態(tài)度安詳，不粗野”。He has too mild a nature to lose his temper.soft 指人心腸柔軟，言語婉轉(zhuǎn)。I am always too soft with you. gentle adj.單項(xiàng)填空()(1) Strolling at the lake, the _ wind is brushing your face. How romantic!A. mild B. softC. gentle D. light gentle adj.C考查形容詞詞義辨析。題意是：信步于湖畔，清風(fēng)輕拂著你的臉。多么富有詩情畫意?。⊥ㄟ^語境體現(xiàn)出是物體運(yùn)動輕緩的語義，所以答案是C。()(2) The teacher was too _ with her class, so they were out of control.A. mild B. softC. gentle D. light gentle adj.B考查形容詞詞義辨析。題意是：老師對學(xué)生們心太軟了，他們都不聽她的。語境體現(xiàn)出的是人的心腸柔軟，所以答案是B。 pull n&v.根據(jù)語境猜詞義(1) To escape the pull of the earth, a rocket must reach a speed of 28,440 km/h.(2) He pulled the door open and rushed out. pull n&v.根據(jù)語義找匹配拉B. 吸引力(1) B(2)A短語pull down 拆除； (把身體)拖垮pull off (匆忙地)脫下(衣物); (成功地)完成pull on (匆忙地)穿上pull out 拔出； 駛出； 擺脫(困難)pull in 進(jìn)站；靠岸pull away 駛離；開走pull together 通力合作； 整頓； 控制(感情)pull through 恢復(fù)健康；渡過難關(guān) pull n&v.辨析pull/draw/dragpull 一般用法，指各種情況的“拉”，但有時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)一時(shí)或突然拉的動作。I pulled the handle and the door opened.draw 指平穩(wěn)、較輕地拉。After some time, the fisherman began to draw the net.drag 往往指用大力氣拖拉笨重物體，有“拖拉”的意思。He dragged a heavy box upstairs alone. pull n&v.單項(xiàng)填空()(1) The bus _ the bus station and the passengers got off one after another.A. drove away B. pushed inC. pulled in D. rushed in pull n&v.C考查動詞短語辨析。 語義是：班車駛進(jìn)車站，乘客一個(gè)個(gè)地下來了。drive away開走；push in 是不存在的短語；rush in 沖進(jìn)，不合題意，所以答案是C。()(2) The brave man _ his clothes and jumped into the river to save the drowning boy.A. pulled on B. put offC. took off D. pulled off pull n&v.D考查動詞短語辨析。 語義是：勇士匆忙脫下衣服跳進(jìn)河里救那落水兒童。pull on匆忙穿上；put off 推遲；take off脫下，在語境中不是最佳答案；pull off匆忙脫下，所以答案是D。 cheer up根據(jù)語境猜詞義(1) It's said that thousands packed the city center to cheer her.(2) Everybody cheered when the medical team arrived.(3) When the rescuers appeared, cheers ran out of the waiting crowd.根據(jù)語義找匹配為喝彩B. 歡呼C. 歡呼聲；喝彩聲(1) A(2) B(3) C cheer up鏈接Cheers! 干杯！cheerful adj. 興高采烈的； 精神振奮的短語cheer up (使)高興起來； (使)振作起來cheer on 為鼓氣； 向喝彩 cheer up根據(jù)語境感悟其用法(1)Last year EV71 virus broke out in many parts of China.(2)Last night a fire broke out in his house.根據(jù)語境break out意思是：_。 break out(戰(zhàn)爭、火災(zāi)、疫病)發(fā)生、爆發(fā)注意：“發(fā)生”在英漢表達(dá)形式上有不同。漢語“發(fā)生”后接賓語，但英語不可以，它要把漢語中的賓語放在主語位置上，且不能用被動語態(tài)。 break out單項(xiàng)填空()(1) To understand the grammar of the sentence, you must break it _ into parts.A. down B. upC. off D. outA考查動副詞的搭配。題意是：要想理解這句話的語法，你必須把它劃分開。所以答案是A。 break out()(2) News reports say peace talks between the two countries _ with no agreement reached.A. have broken downB. have broken outC. have broken inD. have broken upA題意是：據(jù)新聞報(bào)道，兩國和談由于沒有達(dá)成一致意見而破裂。所以答案是A。 break out come on根據(jù)語境猜詞義(1)Come on! we'll be late.(2)Come on, guys! You can do it.(3)Come on! Our future is bright. We will be successful.(4)Oh! Come on, don't lie to me.(5)Come on! Baby.根據(jù)語義找匹配A用于表示催促，相當(dāng)于Hurry up! 趕快！ 抓緊！抓緊時(shí)間！B表示對對方的鼓勵。 加油！ 加把勁！C表示對對方的勸慰。 高興點(diǎn)兒！樂觀點(diǎn)兒！D用于對對方的挑釁。 來呀！來吧！E表示對對方所說的早有耳聞。算了吧！得了吧！ 別逗了！(1)A(2)B(3)C(4)E(5)D come on短語come about 發(fā)生，產(chǎn)生come along (表示催促)快點(diǎn)！一道去，進(jìn)展come back to life 蘇醒，復(fù)活come down 下來，降價(jià)come out 出現(xiàn)，結(jié)果，出版(出版之物在主語位置上，不能用被動語態(tài))come over 過來，短暫造訪，順便來訪，從(遠(yuǎn)道)而來 come oncome around 再度出現(xiàn)、改變(觀點(diǎn)、心態(tài))come to 來到，總計(jì)，結(jié)果是come up 上來，上升，提出(賓語在主語位置上，不能用被動語態(tài))come up with 提出(直接接賓語)，想出，趕上come into being 出現(xiàn)，產(chǎn)生，形成come for 來取，為而來 come on單項(xiàng)填空()(1) It's already 10 o'clock, I wonder how it _ that she was two hours late on such a short trip.A. came over B. came outC. came about D. came up come onC考查come有關(guān)短語的語義辨析。語義是：已經(jīng)10點(diǎn)了。我納悶這么短的一段路他遲到兩個(gè)小時(shí)是怎么回事。依據(jù)語境語義說明這一局面的產(chǎn)生。come over過來，短暫造訪，順便來訪，從(遠(yuǎn)道)而來；come out 出現(xiàn)，結(jié)果，出版；come about 發(fā)生，產(chǎn)生；come up上來，上升，提出，所以答案是C。 come on()(2) I am dead tired. I can't walk any further, Jenny. _， Tommy. You can do it!A. No problem B. No hurryC. Come on D. That's OK come onC考查交際英語的使用。語義是：我都累死了。詹妮，我一步都不能走了。加把勁吧，湯米，你一定能行的！表示鼓勵。No problem是對別人請求你做某事的應(yīng)允；No hurry漢語式的表達(dá)；Come on表示鼓勵；That's OK. 對道歉的回應(yīng)，所以答案是C。 come on()(3) The dictionary is being printed and it will soon_.A. turn out B. come out C. start out D. go outB考查動詞短語語義的辨析。語義是：這本詞典正在付印中且不久就要出版了。turn out雖然有“出版”的意思，但在這里要用被動語態(tài)；come out表示“出版”，在這里不用被動語態(tài)；start out動身，出發(fā)；go out 出去，所以答案是B。 come on What it was to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe. (P25)隨后它將變成什么樣子無人知曉，直到38到45億年之間它才形成了一個(gè)固體的球體。when 在這個(gè)句子中是并列連詞引導(dǎo)并列句。when引導(dǎo)并列句不能放在句首，它所體現(xiàn)出的語義是：“就在這時(shí)；就在那時(shí)；此時(shí)此刻；屆時(shí)”。一般它有兩個(gè)極具有代表性的句式：(1) be doing sth. when 表示“正在做某事就在 這個(gè)時(shí)候發(fā)生了另外的一件事” 。(2) be about to do sth. when 表示“正要做某事 就在這個(gè)時(shí)候發(fā)生了另外一件事”。I was about to leave when the phone rang. when我正要出去就在這個(gè)時(shí)候電話響了。I was walking in the street when I heard my name called from behind.我正在街上散步就在這時(shí)我聽到有人在背后叫我的名字。Professor Wang will come for a visit to our school in May when he will give away his works to our library.王教授將在5月份訪問我校，屆時(shí)他會把他的著作捐贈給我校。 whenwhen除了引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句外，它還能引導(dǎo)哪些狀語從句呢？(1) How can he learn anything when he has spent all of his spare time surfing the Internet playing computer games?(2) They kept digging when they must have known there was no hope. when(1) 引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句，表示“既然”。既然他把所有的業(yè)余時(shí)間都用在上網(wǎng)玩游戲上了，他又怎能學(xué)到什么呢？(2) 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，表示“盡管”。他們明明知道沒任何希望，但他們還是不停地挖。 when Although its origin may still be a puzzle, the moon can never be anything more than a satellite of the earth.(P28)盡管月球的起源撲朔迷離，但它只不過就是地球的一顆衛(wèi)星。neveranything more than no more than only 只是，只不過The building can never be anything more than a big house.這個(gè)建筑物充其量就是一座大房子。He is much of a talker, but, as a matter of fact, he is never anything more than an unknown person.他侃侃而談，但實(shí)際上他就是一個(gè)無名之輩。 never more than辨析more than/no more than/not more thanmore than(1) more than 數(shù)詞 over 數(shù)詞 “多于”；(2) more than 形容詞 “十分地”；(3) more than 名詞 “不只是”(4) more than 句子 “超出了的范圍”； “是某人不能做的”Well done! I am more than pleased with you.I love you more than I can say. never more thanno more than(1) no more than 數(shù)詞 only “僅僅”(2) no more than 名詞 “就是”、“只是”We need no more than two persons to do the job.The leaders of our Party is no more than servants for the people. never more thannot more thannot more than 數(shù)詞 “不多于”、“不超過”It's not more than a mile to the downtown. You can go there on foot. never more than