第10講 名詞性從句【定義】一個句子在另一個句子中充當主語、賓語、表語、同位語，相當于名詞，故稱為名詞性從句?！舅拇髲木洹棵~性從句分為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。一、主語從句一個句子在另一個句子中充當主語，即句子充當主語，該句子稱為主語從句?！就瓿衫洹扛鶕?jù)句意選詞填空(that, if, whether, why, when, what)(1) That he will succeed is certain.(2) Whether he will go there is not known.(3) What he said is not true.(4) When the meeting will be held has not been decided yet.【結(jié)論】 that從句，從句為一個句意完整的陳述句，沒有具體意義，不充當句子成分，只起標志性作用，但that 不能省略。whether 從句，從句來源于一般疑問句，whether不能省略，意為“是否”，不能用if替換。特殊疑問詞從句，從句來源于特殊疑問句，特殊疑問詞不能省略，意思為特殊疑問詞本來的意思，在從句中充當句子成分。【疑難1】Who he is is none of my business.【疑難剖析1】任何從句要用陳述句語序，即主謂語序?！疽呻y2】That he likes English is known to us all.What he said at the meeting made me sad.【疑難剖析2】主句時態(tài)為過去時，從句時態(tài)為過去的某一時態(tài)；主句時態(tài)為現(xiàn)在時或?qū)頃r，從句時態(tài)視具體情況而定?！疽呻y3】That 2020;2020 Asian Games are successful is known to all.【疑難剖析3】單個句子作主語，視為單數(shù)?！疽呻y3】It is a pity that you didn't go to see the film.It doesn't interest me whether you succeed or not.It is in the morning that the murder took place.It is John that broke the window.【疑難剖析3】1主語從句通常由it充當形式主語，而本身放在句子末尾。2it作形式主語和it引導強調(diào)句的比較it作形式主語代替主語從句，主要是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，主語從句的連接詞沒有變化。而it引導的強調(diào)句則是對句子某一部分進行強調(diào)，無論強調(diào)的是什么成分，都可用連詞that。被強調(diào)部分指人時也可用who / whom。3. 用it 作形式主語的常用結(jié)構(gòu) It is 名詞 從句It is a fact that事實是It is an honor that非常榮幸It is common knowledge that是常識It is 形容詞 從句It is natural that很自然It is strange that奇怪的是It is 不及物動詞 從句It seems that似乎It happened that碰巧It appears that似乎It 過去分詞 從句It is reported that據(jù)報道It has been proved that已證實It is said that據(jù)說【疑難5】It is said that Chairman Hu will visit our school next week. ()That Chairman Hu will visit our school next week is said. (×)【疑難剖析5】主語從句不可位于句首的五種情況：1. if 引導的主語從句不可位于復合句句首。2. It is said / reported結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。3. It happens / occurs結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. ()That he failed in the examination occurred to him. (×)4. It doesn't matter how / whether結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。It doesn't matter whether he is wrong or not. ()Whether he is wrong or not doesn't matter. (×)5. 含主語從句的復合句是疑問句時，主語從句不可提前。Is it likely that it will rain in the evening？()Is that will rain in the evening likely？(×)【疑難6】 what 與that 在引導主語從句時的區(qū)別What you said yesterday is right.That she is still alive is a consolation.【疑難剖析6】 what 引導主語從句時在從句中充當主語、賓語或表語，而that則不充當任何成分。二、賓語從句在復合句中作賓語的名詞性從句是賓語從句，通常放在主句謂語動詞 (及物動詞)或介詞之后?！就瓿衫洹扛鶕?jù)句意選詞填空(that, if, whether, where, what，who)(5)I heard that he joined the army.(6)She did not know what had happened.I wonder whether you can change this note for me.(7)She told me that she would accept my invitation.【結(jié)論9】由that引導的賓語從句(that 通?？梢允÷?，that在從句中不充當任何成分。由what引導的賓語從句，what在從句中充當主語、賓語或表語。whether (if)引導的賓語從句，在從句中不充當任何成分，只起連接作用，意為“是否”?！疽呻y1】引導賓語從句時if和whether的區(qū)別I asked her if / whether she had a bike.They discussed whether they will go back right now.We're worried about whether he is safe.I don't know whether or not he will come.I don't know whether to go.【疑難剖析1】引導賓語從句時用if和whether都可以，但有只用whether的特殊情況：動詞discuss后；介詞后；whether與or not連用時； whether to do?！疽呻y2】I am afraid (that) I've made a mistake.【疑難剖析2】作形容詞的賓語時，可以省略that?！咀⒁狻肯铝行稳菰~后常跟that引導的從句作賓語：anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content等。(有時也將此類詞后的that 從句看作原因狀語從句。 )【疑難3】We heard it that she would get married next month.【疑難剖析3】it 不僅可以作為形式主語，還可以作為形式賓語，而真正的賓語that 從句則放在句尾(特別是在帶復合賓語的句子中)?！疽呻y4】I admire their winning the match. ()I admire that they won the match. (×)【疑難剖析4】后邊不能直接跟that 從句的動詞有：allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。這類詞后可以用不定式或動名詞作賓語，但不可以用that引導的賓語從句?！疽呻y5】He impressed the manager as an honest man. ()He impressed the manager that he was an honest man. (×)【疑難剖析5】有些動詞不可用于“動詞間接賓語that從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中，這類動詞常見的有envy，order，accuse，refuse，impress，forgive，blame，denounce，advise，congratulate等?！疽呻y6】我認為這件衣服不適合你穿。I don't think this dress fits you well.【疑難剖析6】否定的轉(zhuǎn)移：若主句謂語動詞為think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的賓語從句若含有否定意義，一般要把否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語上，從句謂語用肯定式。三、表語從句在復合句中作表語的名詞性從句為表語從句，一般結(jié)構(gòu)是“主語連系動詞表語從句”?！就瓿衫洹扛鶕?jù)句意填空(8) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.(9) This is why we can't get the support of the people.(10) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.(11) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.【結(jié)論1】完整陳述句充當表語時用that引導，且不可省略；表“是否”含義時用whether；語義不完整時根據(jù)情況選用對應的特殊疑問詞，如what，when，where，why等；兩種特殊句型：the reason is that和It is because等結(jié)構(gòu)。四、同位語從句在復合句中作名詞的同位語的名詞性從句為同位語從句?！就瓿衫洹扛鶕?jù)句意選詞填空(12) The king's decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.(13) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.【結(jié)論】同位語從句對名詞作進一步解釋，說明名詞的具體內(nèi)容，一般由that引導，可以接同位語從句的名詞主要有：fact, information, problem, decision, suggestion, proposal, order等?！疽呻y1】同位語在句子中的位置He got the news from Mary than the sports meeting was put off.【疑難剖析1】同位語從句有時可以不緊跟在它所說明的名詞后面，而是被別的詞隔開?！疽呻y2】同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.他告訴我的消息是湯姆明年將出國。The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.湯姆將出國的消息是他講的?！疽呻y剖析2】 (1)定語從句中的that既代替先行詞，同時可以在從句中作某個成分(主語或賓語)，而同位語從句中的that是連詞，只起連接主句與從句的作用，不充當句中任何成分。(2)定語從句是形容詞性的，其功能是修飾先行詞，對先行詞加以限定，描述名詞的性質(zhì)或特征；同位語從句是名詞性的，其功能是對名詞的具體內(nèi)容進行補充說明。