第14講 省略、插入語與反義疑問句省略在英語中，有時(shí)為了避免結(jié)構(gòu)上或內(nèi)容上的重復(fù)，并使上下文緊密連接；有時(shí)因?yàn)檎Z法的客觀要求，句子中的一個(gè)或幾個(gè)成分不需要表達(dá)出來，這種現(xiàn)象稱為省略。省略有詞法上的省略，也有句法上的省略，還有一種替代省略。省略部分的成分和含義可從上下文或具體語言環(huán)境中找到而且是有章可循的?！臼÷缘念愋汀恳?、簡單句中的省略【翻譯句子】(1)好久不見了！Haven't seen you for ages! (省略主語)(2)你要什么東西嗎？(Is there) Anything you want? (省略謂語)(3)我不知道他是誰。I don't know (who he is)(省略賓語)(4)你有墨水嗎？(Have you) Got any ink? (省略主語和謂語或謂語的一部分，只剩下表語、賓語、狀語或其他成分)【結(jié)論1】有些簡單句中可以省略主語、謂語、賓語或主語和謂語。二、 并列句中的省略【翻譯句子】(5)他教英語，他弟弟教數(shù)學(xué)。He teaches English and his brother maths.【結(jié)論】在并列句中，如果后面的分句與前面的分句有相同的部分，這一部分則常被省略掉，以免重復(fù)。三、復(fù)合句中的省略1. 在含有狀語從句的復(fù)合句中【翻譯句子】(6)當(dāng)被問到她是誰的時(shí)候，她一句話也沒說。When (she was) asked, she didn't answer a word.【結(jié)論1】在含有狀語從句的復(fù)合句中，若從句的主句是it或與主句的主語相同，且在謂語中含有be時(shí)，常省略從句的主語和be?！疽呻y1】Should it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit till next week.要是明天下雨的話，我們將不得不將訪問推遲到下個(gè)禮拜?！疽呻y剖析1】虛擬條件句中，含had, were, should時(shí)，若將它們提到句首，則需省略if?！疽呻y2】This car doesn't run as fast as that one.這輛車沒有那一輛開得快。I know you can do better than Peter.我知道你比彼得做得好?！疽呻y剖析2】在as (so)as， than引導(dǎo)的比較狀語從句中省略謂語?！疽呻y3】Child as he is, he knows a lot.盡管是個(gè)孩子，他卻懂得很多?！疽呻y剖析3】在as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中，當(dāng)作表語的名詞提前時(shí)，冠詞要省略。2在限定性定語從句中【翻譯句子】(7)他曾想做的就是去購物。All he ever wants to do is going shopping.(8)令我吃驚的不是他所說的內(nèi)容，而是他說話的方式。What surprised me was not what he said but the way he said it.【結(jié)論2】定語從句中作賓語的關(guān)系代詞that，which, whom可以省略；在以the same as和such as引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，可以省略與主句相同的部分；the way后面的定語從句中，可以省略that，in which。3. 名詞性從句中的省略【翻譯句子】(9) He said he had arrived here two days before and that he had lived in a hotel.他說他兩天前就到了，而且已經(jīng)在一家旅館住下了?！窘Y(jié)論3】引導(dǎo)賓語從句的連詞that在口語中常常省略，或并列的賓語從句中的第一個(gè)連詞that也能省略?！痉g句子】(10) Someone has used my bike, but I don't know who.有人用過我的自行車了，但我不知道是誰?！窘Y(jié)論4】作賓語的wh從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞與主句的相同，則what從句可以省略謂語，甚至主語?！就瓿衫洹?11)我們和老人說話要有禮貌，這很重要。It's important that we speak to the old politely.【結(jié)論5】在某些表虛擬語氣的主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句中，從句謂語動(dòng)詞中的助動(dòng)詞should可以省略。這些句子一般包含如下動(dòng)詞及其派生詞：一個(gè)堅(jiān)持(insist)，二個(gè)命令(order, command)，三個(gè)建議(suggest, propose, advise )，四個(gè)要求(demand, require, request, ask)?！就瓿衫洹?12)這個(gè)問題應(yīng)該馬上解決，這是必要的。It is necessary that the problem be solved at once.【結(jié)論6】 It is necessary (important, impossible, strange, natural, a pity, no wonder) that主語從句中，should可以省略。四、動(dòng)詞不定式中的省略【完成例句】(13)我認(rèn)為他很傻。I consider him (to be) stupid.【結(jié)論1】有些動(dòng)詞，如：believe, find, think, feel, consider, imagine, prove等后作賓補(bǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)to be n. / adj. 中的to be可以省略?！纠溆^察】They made the workers work more than 16 hours a day. (主動(dòng))The workers were made to work more than 16 hours a day. (被動(dòng))他們要求工人每天工作16個(gè)多小時(shí)?！窘Y(jié)論2】在see, watch, hear, feel, observe, notice, look at, listen to等感官動(dòng)詞及使役動(dòng)詞let, make, have 后的“賓語動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語”的結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式符號(hào)to須省略，但這類結(jié)構(gòu)變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，其后的不定式要還原加上to?！纠溆^察】你買到票了嗎？ Did you get a ticket?沒有。我想買的，可是賣完了。 No, I meant to (get one), but there weren't any left.【結(jié)論3】動(dòng)詞不定式在like, love, care, want, hope, wish, expect, prefer, refuse, decide, mean, intend, try, promise等動(dòng)詞后作賓語時(shí)，為了避免重復(fù)，常承前省略不定式后的內(nèi)容，但要保留不定式符號(hào)to。特別注意：want, like用在 when, if, what，as 引導(dǎo)的從句中，其后的to也?？墒÷?，如：I've decided to do what I like.【翻譯句子】(14)除了等待，我們什么也做不了。We do nothing now but wait. We have nothing to do but wait.(15) I can not but admire his courage.我不得不敬佩他的勇氣。(16)他別無選擇，只好接受事實(shí)。He has no choice but to accept the fact.【結(jié)論4】在can not but, can not choose but, do nothing but， can't help but， prefer to do rather than do ， would do rather than 之后的動(dòng)詞不定式一般不帶to；but之前有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do的某個(gè)形式do, does, did, done 而且其賓語是something，nothing，anything和everything等不定代詞時(shí)，也不帶to, 否則要帶to?！纠溆^察】I'm really puzzled what to think or say.我真不知該想什么，該說什么?！窘Y(jié)論5】在并列結(jié)構(gòu)中為了避免重復(fù)，后一個(gè)to省略。但兩個(gè)不定式有對(duì)照或?qū)Ρ鹊囊饬x時(shí)，則后一個(gè)to不能省略。如：I can not to scold but to praise you.【例句觀察】Why talk so much about it?關(guān)于此事你為什么說了那么多？Why not try it again?為什么不再試試？【結(jié)論6】在why, why not 引導(dǎo)的特殊問句中后跟省略to的動(dòng)詞不定式?！纠溆^察】I don't want to wait for him, but I have to.我并不想等他的，可我又不得不這樣。He doesn't like fish, but he used to.他不喜歡吃魚，但他以前很喜歡。 Why didn't you come to our party?你為什么不來參加舞會(huì)？ I was going to，but I had a report to write.我本想來的，但我有個(gè)報(bào)告要寫，來不了?！窘Y(jié)論7】動(dòng)詞不定式與 be able to, be going to, have to, ought to, used to等構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語時(shí)，不定式結(jié)構(gòu)?？墒÷?，但要保留不定式符號(hào)to?！就瓿删渥印?17) You may go if you wish to.你想去就去吧。(18) Don't go till I tell you to.我沒叫你走就別走?！窘Y(jié)論8】動(dòng)詞不定式中動(dòng)詞原形部分是否省略，主要看句子前面是否已出現(xiàn)過同樣的動(dòng)詞。如果句子前面出現(xiàn)過同樣的動(dòng)詞，為了避免重復(fù)，句子后面的不定式常省略動(dòng)詞原形，而保留不定式符號(hào)to?！纠溆^察】The students want to enter the lab, but the monitor advises them not to (enter the lab)學(xué)生們都想進(jìn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室，但班長建議他們別進(jìn)去?！窘Y(jié)論9】動(dòng)詞不定式在 ask, warn, tell, advise, force, wish, expect, allow, permit, invite, persuade, order, would like, forbid等動(dòng)詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語或主語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，?？墒÷??！纠溆^察】陪我去購物好嗎？ Could you go shopping with me?我很樂意。 I'm glad to (go shopping with you)【結(jié)論10】系動(dòng)詞(be)形容詞，即be afraid / ready / glad / happy / willing等后面接不定式時(shí)有時(shí)為了避免重復(fù)，常省略與上文表達(dá)相同意思的不定式符號(hào)to之后的內(nèi)容，只保留不定式符號(hào)。特別注意：承前省略的動(dòng)詞不定式如果有助動(dòng)詞have或be，則要保留be或have，如： Are you a doctor? No, but I used to be五、某些詞法上的省略1. 名詞所有格后修飾的名詞在以下情況可以省略1)這些是約翰的書，那些是瑪麗的。These are John's books and those are Mary's.【結(jié)論1】如果名詞所有格修飾的名詞在前文已出現(xiàn)，則可以省略。2)懷特先生現(xiàn)在在診所。Mr. White is now at the doctor's.【結(jié)論2】名詞所有格所修飾的名詞，若表示住宅、店鋪、教堂或上文已暗示或明確指出過的事物時(shí)，常?？梢允÷?。如：at Mr. Green's ，to my uncle's，at the barber's。2. 冠詞的省略1)第二天我們來到農(nóng)場幫助農(nóng)場主收獲莊稼。We went to the farm to help the farmers with the harvest (the) next day.【結(jié)論1】在the next day (morning, week, year)等短語中，有時(shí)為了使語氣緊湊，定冠詞the ?？梢允÷?。2)她在班上歌唱得最好。She sings best in the class.【結(jié)論2】在副詞的最高級(jí)前面的定冠詞?？梢允÷?。3)我們老師手里拿著書走了進(jìn)來。Our teacher came in, a book in hand.Our teacher came in, with a book in his hand.【結(jié)論3】在某些獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，冠詞?？梢允÷?。3. 介詞的省略1) Both (of)the films were interesting.這兩部電影都很有趣。She invited both of us to her birthday party.她邀請(qǐng)了我們倆參加她的生日聚會(huì)?！窘Y(jié)論1】 both 后常跟of短語，其后可以接名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式，也可以接代詞賓格復(fù)數(shù)形式。接復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí)，介詞of可以省略，但接代詞賓格時(shí)，of不能省略。2)These shoes are worn out. They have lasted (for) a long time.這些鞋子很舊了。它們已經(jīng)穿了好長時(shí)間了。 【結(jié)論2】在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表持續(xù)和重復(fù)的句型中，一段時(shí)間前的介詞for可以省略。3)The letter was posted yesterday.這封信是昨天寄的。【結(jié)論3】被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中，如果沒有必要強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，則可以省略介詞by短語。4)Can you stop him (from)going swimming in the river?你能否阻止他去河里游泳？【結(jié)論4】和一些動(dòng)詞搭配構(gòu)成的短語中的介詞，如：consider (as)， prevent / stop (from) doing， have trouble / difficulty (in) doing，spend (in / on) doing 中的介詞可以省略。六、替代性省略1) Do you suppose he is going to attend the meeting?你認(rèn)為他會(huì)去參加會(huì)議嗎？I suppose not.我想不會(huì)?！窘Y(jié)論1】在一些交際用語中的某些動(dòng)詞，如：think, suppose, expect, believe，guess等后常常和so, not等連用，以替代上文出現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容。2) I don't think I can walk any further.我想我是再也走不動(dòng)了。 Neither can I. Let's stop here for a rest.我也是。我們停下休息一會(huì)兒吧?！窘Y(jié)論2】“So / Nor (Neither)謂語主語”這種句型是用來替代前面提到的情況，表明它也適用于后者?！咎貏e提醒】省略在語言中，尤其在對(duì)話中，是一種十分普遍的現(xiàn)象；省略的考查已成為高考中的熱點(diǎn)。插入語插入語通常與句中其他成分沒有語法上的關(guān)系，插入語多半用逗號(hào)與句子隔開，用來表示說話者對(duì)句子所表達(dá)的意思的態(tài)度，對(duì)句子表達(dá)起修飾、強(qiáng)調(diào)、緩和語氣等作用。插入語可能是一個(gè)詞、一個(gè)短語或一個(gè)句子。掌握插入語不僅有助于正確理解句意，靈活運(yùn)用插入語于書面表達(dá)中還能提高作文的得分。一、常用作插入語的副詞【例句觀察】Surely, she won't go to China Telecom with you.Strangely, he has not been to China Unicom. Still more strangely, he has not called me.Fortunately, I found the book that I had lost.【結(jié)論1】indeed 的確 surely 無疑however 然而 obviously 顯然frankly 坦率地 naturally 自然而然的fortunately 幸運(yùn)地 strangely 奇怪honestly 真誠地 briefly 簡單地說 luckily 幸運(yùn)的是二、常見的作插入語的形容詞或其短語【例句觀察】Strange to say, he should have done such a thing.Most important of all, you each over fulfilled your own task.【結(jié)論2】strange to say 說來也怪needless to say 不用說most important of all 最為重要的是worse still 更糟糕的是三、常用作插入語的介詞短語【例句觀察】Of course, he did not succeed for the lack of experience.She knows much more about computer science than the other students do, for instance.in a few words (或in sum, in short) 簡而言之【結(jié)論】in his opinion (judgment) 按照他的意見(判斷)in other words 換句話說in a sense 在某種意義上in general 一般說來in my view 在我看來in conclusion 總之in summary 概括地說in fact 事實(shí)上in addition 此外of course 當(dāng)然as a matter of fact 事實(shí)上to our knowledge 據(jù)我們所知for instance (或example) 例如to my joy (delight, satisfaction)使我欣慰(高興、滿意)的是to their surprise (astonishment, amazement)使他們驚奇的是to her regret (disappointment)使她遺憾(失望)的是四、常用作插入語的分詞短語【例句觀察】Judging from his letter, a campaign against “white pollution” has been under taken in his hometown.Generally speaking, boys like football much more than girls.【結(jié)論】strictly speaking 嚴(yán)格地說generally speaking 一般地說judging from根據(jù)判斷given鑒于 considering考慮到【注意】不要把以上插入語理解為現(xiàn)在分詞短語作狀語，因?yàn)樗鼈兣c主語之間沒有主謂關(guān)系也無動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，如上兩句中speaking和judging的動(dòng)作都不是句中主語發(fā)出的。五、常用作插入語的不定式短語【例句觀察】To be sure, community service can aid reemployment.【結(jié)論】to be sure 無疑地 to sum up 概括地說to tell the truth 老實(shí)說 to start with 首先六、插入句【例句觀察】It will result in success, I suppose.One day, it is said, Newton saw an apple fall from a tree.What is more important, information superhighways can carry great amounts of information around the country quickly and cheaply.【結(jié)論】I am sure 我可以肯定地說I believe 我相信I wonder 我想知道 you know 你知道you see 你明白 that is 也就是說it seems 看來是 as I see it 照我看來I'm afraid 恐怕 it is said 據(jù)說what is important (serious) 重要(嚴(yán)重)的是反意疑問句【例句觀察】Somebody phoned while I was out, didn't they?Everyone enjoyed the party, didn't they?Nobody wants to go there, does he?There's no help for it, is there?There's something wrong, isn't there?【結(jié)論1】當(dāng)陳述部分的主語是everybody, everyone, someone, nobody, no one, somebody等合成代詞時(shí)，附加疑問部分的主語通常用they。但亦可用he, 尤其是nobody, no one等作主語，具有否定概念時(shí)?！窘Y(jié)論2】當(dāng)陳述句為there be結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，附加疑問部分的主語也用there?！纠溆^察】Bob rarely got drunk, did he?Few people know him, do they?She seldom goes to the cinema, does she?【結(jié)論3】陳述部分帶有seldom, hardly, never, rarely, few, little, nowhere, nothing等否定詞或半否定詞時(shí)，附加疑問部分的動(dòng)詞用肯定形式?！纠溆^察】He was unsuccessful, wasn't he?Tom dislikes the book, doesn't he?【結(jié)論4】如果陳述部分的否定詞帶有否定前綴，那么，該陳述部分作肯定處理，附加疑問部分一般仍用否定形式?！纠溆^察】She says that I did it, doesn't she?I told them not everybody could do it, didn't I?.【結(jié)論5】當(dāng)陳述部分為主從復(fù)合句時(shí)，附加疑問部分一般應(yīng)與主句的主語和謂語動(dòng)詞保持對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系。【注意】但當(dāng)陳述部分的主語是I, 謂語是think, believe, suppose, expect這類動(dòng)詞時(shí)，附加疑問部分則往往與從句中的主語和謂語動(dòng)詞保持對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系，但要注意否定轉(zhuǎn)移。I suppose that he's serious, isn't he?I don't think she cares, does he?【例句觀察】Xiao Lin has been writing letters all afternoon but he should finish them now, shouldn't he?【結(jié)論6】當(dāng)陳述部分為主從復(fù)合句時(shí)，附加疑問部分一般應(yīng)與主句的主語和謂語動(dòng)詞保持對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系?！纠溆^察】Don't open the door, will you?Give me some cigarettes, can you?Take a rest, why don't you?【結(jié)論7】在由“祈使句附加疑問”構(gòu)成的附加疑問句中，附加疑問部分一般用will you, won't you, would you, 有時(shí)也可用can you, can't you, why don't you, could you等?！咀⒁狻康?，以let's開頭的祈使句，附加疑問部分用shall we；以let us開頭的祈使句，附加疑問部分用will you。Let's have a basketball match this afternoon, shall we?Let us go out for a rest, will you?【例句觀察】The old man used to smoke, didn't/ usedn't he?Tom used to live here, usedn't /didn't he?【結(jié)論8】當(dāng)陳述部分含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞used to時(shí)，疑問部分可用usedn't或didn't?！纠溆^察】Learning how to repair motors takes a long time, doesn't it?Between six and seven will suit you, won't it?Where to hold the meeting has not been decided, has it?【結(jié)論9】陳述句子中的主語為動(dòng)詞不定式短語、動(dòng)名詞短語或其他短語時(shí)，疑問部分的主語通常用it?！纠溆^察】I wish to have a chance to learn English, may_I?【結(jié)論10】陳述句中的謂語動(dòng)詞是wish, 表示愿望時(shí)用may, 且用肯定形式。