第8講 定語從句1. 定語從句：修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞的從句稱為定語從句，一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞后面。2. 先行詞：被定語從句修飾的那個(gè)名詞或代詞稱為先行詞。3. 關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞稱為關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞：who, whom, whose, which, that, as等；關(guān)系副詞：where, when, why等。關(guān)系詞常有三個(gè)作用：引導(dǎo)定語從句；代替先行詞；在定語從句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分。例如：Harry Potter is the most interesting novel that I have read. (that I have read是定語從句；novel是先行詞；that 是關(guān)系代詞，代替先行詞novel，在從句中作have read的賓語。)關(guān)系詞指代人或物以及在定語從句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞株P(guān)系詞指代人或物定語從句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞株P(guān)系代詞that人或物主語、賓語、表語或狀語which物或主句內(nèi)容主語、賓語或定語who人主語或賓語whom人賓語whose人或物定語as人或物或主句內(nèi)容主語或賓語關(guān)系副詞when時(shí)間狀語where地點(diǎn)狀語why原因狀語4. 限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句限制性定語從句形式上不用逗號和主句隔開，是先行詞不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明確，翻譯成先行詞的定語，“的”。非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明，去掉了也不會影響主句的意思，它與主句之間通常用逗號分開，通常翻譯成主句的并列句。關(guān)系代詞that和關(guān)系副詞why不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。His brother who is now a lawyer always encourages him to go to college.他那個(gè)現(xiàn)在是律師的哥哥總是鼓勵(lì)他上大學(xué)。(他還有其他的哥哥)His brother, who is now a lawyer, always encourages him to go to college.他的哥哥，現(xiàn)在是律師，總是鼓勵(lì)他上大學(xué)。(他只有一個(gè)哥哥)一、關(guān)系代詞的使用【例句觀察】She is the woman (whom / that / who)I wanted to see yesterday.她是我昨天想看的那個(gè)女的。The package (which / that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你扛著的包裹馬上要拆開。Obama won the Nobel Prize for Peace in the year 2020;2020, which we hadn't expected.Obama在2020;2020年得諾貝爾和平獎(jiǎng)是大家都沒想到的。Your parents are the ones to whom you can turn when you are in trouble.你父母是你困難時(shí)可以求助的人?！纠浞治觥縲hom / that / who指人，在限制性定語從句中作wanted to see的賓語，可以省略。which / that指物，在限制性定語從句中作are carrying的賓語，可以省略。which指前面主句內(nèi)容，在非限制性定語從句中作賓語，但不能省略。whom前有介詞to，雖然作賓語，但不能省略?！窘Y(jié)論1】關(guān)系代詞若在限制性定語從句中作賓語并且前面無介詞時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞可省略，其他情況不可省?！就瓿衫洹?1)我，你的好朋友，當(dāng)你陷入困境的時(shí)候會幫你的。I, who am your close friend, will try my best to help you whenever you are in trouble.(2) 哈利·波特是最受青少年歡迎的暢銷書之一。Harry Potter is one of the bestsellers that are popular with teenagers.哈利·波特是唯一一本讓作者成為億萬富翁的暢銷書。Harry Potter is the only one of the bestsellers that makes the author a billionaire.(3)他通過了考試，這使我們很驚訝。He has passed the exam, which makes us surprised.眾所周知，中國發(fā)生了巨大的變化。Great changes have taken place in China, as is known to all.(4)每家有臺電視,30年前我們認(rèn)為是不可能的，現(xiàn)在實(shí)現(xiàn)了。To own a TV set in each family, which we think was impossible 30 years ago, now has become true.【結(jié)論2】定語從句中的主謂一致問題(1)關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時(shí)，從句謂語動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。(2) one of 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 關(guān)系代詞 復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞；而the only one of 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 關(guān)系代詞 單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。(3)非限制性定語從句中，由關(guān)系代詞as或which代替整個(gè)主句時(shí)，從句謂語動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)。(4)關(guān)系代詞和謂語動(dòng)詞之間有插入語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)要看關(guān)系代詞的指代?！就瓿衫洹?5)所有能做的都做了。All that can be done has been done.(6)這就是我想要買的電影。This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.(7)他們在倫敦參觀的第一個(gè)地方是大本鐘。The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.(8)站在那兒的是誰？Who is the man that is standing there?(9) They have set up a company, which deals with the things that are related to environment protection.他們創(chuàng)立了一家環(huán)保公司。(10)杭州不再是過去的杭州了。Hangzhou is no more the city that it used to be.【結(jié)論3】指物時(shí)，定語從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用that的情況：當(dāng)先行詞為everything, anything, nothing, the one, none, all, much, few, any, little等不定代詞時(shí)，只用that。當(dāng)先行詞被the only, the very, all, much, few, any, little, no修飾時(shí)，只用that。當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級或者先行詞被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級修飾時(shí)，只用that。先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)，只用that。當(dāng)主句的主語是疑問詞who或which時(shí)，為避免重復(fù)要用that。有兩個(gè)定語從句時(shí)，其中一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞已用which，另一個(gè)宜用that。當(dāng)先行詞在主句中作表語，而關(guān)系代詞也在從句中作表語時(shí)，只用that?！就瓿衫洹?11)那棵四百年的老樹很有名。The tree, which is four hundred years old, is very famous here.(12)我們自給自足。We depend on the land from which we get our food.(13)這本書是關(guān)于我們要去參觀的那座有名的建筑嗎？Is this the book that refers to the famous building which we will go to visit?【結(jié)論4】只能用 which的情況：引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)，只能用which。介詞后只用which，且不能省略。有兩個(gè)定語從句時(shí)，其中一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞已用that，另一個(gè)宜用which?！就瓿衫洹?14)有人愿意幫助受傷的人嗎？Is there anyone who is ready to help the injured person?(15)這就是那位幫助在事故中受傷的人的醫(yī)生嗎？Is this the doctor that helped the people who were injured in the accident?【結(jié)論5】指人時(shí)，定語從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用who的情況：當(dāng)先行詞是anyone, those時(shí)，只用who。有兩個(gè)定語從句皆指人時(shí)，其中一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞已用that，另一個(gè)宜用who。【完成例句】(16)那個(gè)門破了的教室在二樓。The classroom whose door / the door of which / of which the door is broken is on the second floor. 【結(jié)論6】whose可以指代人或物，在定語從句中作定語， 后跟名詞。指物時(shí)，whose 名詞 of which 名詞 名詞 of which。【完成例句】(17)我們都知道，吸煙有害健康。 As we all know, smoking is harmful to one's health.太陽照射地球，這對我們是很重要的。The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.(18)她和她妹妹穿一樣的衣服。She wore the same dress as her young sister wore.這不是我們想到的那所房子。This house is not such as I expect.(19)就像我們指出的那樣，這種物質(zhì)是有毒的。As was pointed out, this kind of substance is poisonous.【結(jié)論7】關(guān)系代詞as和which在非限制性定語從句中，as和which可代替整個(gè)主句，相當(dāng)于and this或and that。二者的區(qū)別主要在于：as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句既可以在主句前，也可以在主句后，有時(shí)還可以在插入句中，常帶有“正如，正像”的意思。而which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只能放在主句之后，翻譯成“這”。as常用于以下固定搭配中：the same名詞as “和同樣的”，such名詞as“像一樣的，像之類的”，such as“這樣的人 / 物”。(such為代詞，作先行詞； as在從句中作賓語)在以下結(jié)構(gòu)中，一般也用as:as (it)appears, as (it)seems, as (it)often happens, as (it)was pointed out / said / reported / announced, as (it)was said earlier, as I remember (it), as is wellknown, as is known to all, as anybody can see等?！就瓿衫洹?20)這就是我一直在找的書。This is the book which / that / 不填I(lǐng) am looking for.(21)他深愛對他慈愛的父母。He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.He loved his parents deeply, of whom both are very kind to him.(22)我沒有足夠的錢去買那條昂貴的裙子。I don't have enough money with which to buy such an expensive dress.(23)從1998年到2020;2020年Mike在這所大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)，在此期間，他學(xué)習(xí)很努力并當(dāng)選為學(xué)生會主席。Mike studied at the university from 1998 to 2020;2020, during which time he studied very hard and was made chairman of the Students' Union.【結(jié)論8】“介詞關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句，關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)用whom，指物時(shí)用which。某些帶有介詞的動(dòng)詞短語，介詞可以提至關(guān)系代詞之前，但是在一些固定搭配的短語動(dòng)詞中，由于動(dòng)詞和介詞不可以分割，因此不能將介詞置于關(guān)系代詞之前，如take care of, look for, look after, care for等?！敖樵~關(guān)系代詞”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代詞或者數(shù)詞，有時(shí)數(shù)詞或代詞也可以放在“介詞關(guān)系代詞”之后。介詞which / whomto do結(jié)構(gòu)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)可以改為：介詞which / whom定語從句。在非限制性定語從句中，which可作定語，指先行詞(短語或句子)所表示的信息，形成“介詞which 名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，相當(dāng)于and in / at / during this / that名詞。二、關(guān)系副詞的使用【完成例句】(24)我仍然記得我們第一次上學(xué)的那天。I still remember the day when / on which we first came to the school.(25)十年前我住的房子已經(jīng)被推倒了。The house where / in which I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.(26)我不知道他今天看起來不高興的原因。I don't know the reason why / for which he looks unhappy today.【結(jié)論1】關(guān)系副詞的分類和作用when指時(shí)間，在定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語；when表示時(shí)間的介詞(in / at / on / during)which。where指地點(diǎn)，在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，where表示地點(diǎn)的介詞(in / at / on / under)which。why指原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語， why表示原因的介詞(for)which?！痉g句子】(27)他回答這個(gè)問題的方式是令人驚訝的。The way in which / that / 不填he answered the question was surprising.(28) The way which / that he explained to us was quite simple.【結(jié)論2】在以the way為先行詞的定語從句中，若the way 在從句中充當(dāng)狀語，則通常由in which或that引導(dǎo)，而且通?？梢允÷?。若the way 在從句中充當(dāng)賓語，則通常由which或that引導(dǎo)?！就瓿衫洹?29)中國是風(fēng)箏的起源地，并從那里傳播到日本、韓國、泰國和印度。China is the birth place of kites, from where kites spread to Japan, Korea, Thailand and India.【結(jié)論3】有時(shí)為了表達(dá)更清楚，可以在關(guān)系副詞where / when前加上介詞to, from等?！疽呻y】There is one point that we must insist on.有一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)我們必須堅(jiān)持。(定語從句可還原為：we must insist on the point，所以先行詞point在定語從句中作賓語，故用that / which或省略。)We're just trying to reach a point where both sides will sit down together and talk.我們正努力做到能讓雙方坐下來對話。 (定語從句可還原為：at the point both sides will sit down together and talk, 故先行詞point在定語從句中作狀語，所以關(guān)系詞用where / at which。)【疑難剖析】一些特殊的先行詞如situation, point, case, activity，scene及period, festival, occasion等要注意具體情況具體分析，作主語、賓語和表語用that / which，作狀語用where / when / 介詞which。三、關(guān)系代 / 副詞的選擇技巧【完成例句】(30)我會記住我們一起度過的日子。I will remember the days that / which / 省略 we spent together.(根據(jù)把定語從句還原成we spent the days together，判斷出the days作spent的賓語)(31) 6月7日是我們開始高考的日子。June 7 is the day when / on which we begin to take the college entrance examination.(根據(jù)把定語從句還原成we begin to take the college entrance examination on the day，判斷出on the day作狀語。)(32 )這是他工作過10年的地方。This is the place where / in which he worked for ten years.(根據(jù)把定語從句還原成he worked in the place for ten years，判斷出in the place作狀語。)【結(jié)論】用還原法：將先行詞放入定語從句中，找到它的原有位置，判斷它做什么成分以及判斷先行詞指人還是指物。一般說來，作主語、賓語或表語時(shí)，用關(guān)系代詞；作狀語時(shí)，用關(guān)系副詞或介詞which；作定語時(shí)，用whose。四、定語從句和其他句型之間的關(guān)系【例句觀察】He is such a good boy that everyone likes him. (不缺句子成分，that引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句)他是如此好的一位男孩以至于大家都喜歡他。He is such a good boy as everyone likes. (likes缺賓語，用as充當(dāng)并引導(dǎo)定語從句)他是一個(gè)大家都喜歡的男孩。The great white shark is so fierce a fish as eats most of the others. (as充當(dāng)eats的主語，并引導(dǎo)定語從句)大白鯊是大多數(shù)魚都吃的一種兇狠的魚?！窘Y(jié)論】區(qū)別such / soas引導(dǎo)的定語從句和such / sothat引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句判斷用that還是as, 只要看從句的結(jié)構(gòu)是否完整即可。如果從句缺了主語或賓語就是定語從句；如果從句的結(jié)構(gòu)完整，就是結(jié)果狀語從句?！疽呻y1】區(qū)別非限制性定語從句與并列句 He wrote a lot of novels, none of _ were popular. It's the same with his wife. She wrote some plays, but none of _ was a success.A. these; them B. which; whichC. those; which D. which; them【疑難剖析1】此題應(yīng)選 D。很容易誤選A、B。選對該題的關(guān)鍵是：要注意前面一句的 none of沒有并列連詞(說明它才是非限制性定語從句，所以其后填which)，而后面一句的none of前有一并列連詞but (說明它與前面一句構(gòu)成并列句，所以其后填them)。【疑難2】區(qū)別定語從句與名詞性從句As is known to all, the moon travels around the earth.It is known to all that the moon travels around the earth.That the moon travels around the earth is known to all.What is known to all is that the moon travels around the earth.【疑難剖析2】as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句；it作形式主語，that引導(dǎo)主語從句；that引導(dǎo)主語從句；what引導(dǎo)主語從句， that引導(dǎo)表語從句?！疽呻y3】區(qū)別定語從句與地點(diǎn)狀語從句When you read the book, you'd better make a mark in the place where you have any questions.When you read the book, you'd better make a mark where you have any questions.Please put the book in the place where you got it.Please put the book where you got it.【疑難剖析3】定語從句修飾place; 地點(diǎn)狀語從句；定語從句修飾place；地點(diǎn)狀語從句?！疽呻y4】區(qū)別定語從句與強(qiáng)調(diào)句、狀語從句It was this small village (that / which) we got to know each other.It was in this small village that we got to know each other.It was 1914 when the war broke out.It was in 1914 that the war broke out.It was 1914, when the war broke out.【疑難剖析4】定語從句；強(qiáng)調(diào)句；時(shí)間狀語從句；強(qiáng)調(diào)句；非限制性定語從句?！疽呻y5】定語從句中含有插入語He made another wonderful discovery, which I think is of great importance to science.The Chinese government has decided to develop the west of China, which, I dare say, will benefit the people there, especially those who are still leading a poor life.【疑難剖析5】I think作插入語；I dare say作插入語。