第7講 非謂語動詞非謂語動詞包括不定式(to do)、動名詞(ing)、現(xiàn)在分詞(ing)與過去分詞(ed)。它們不受主語人稱和數(shù)的限制，在句子中不能充當謂語，但可以充當句子的其他成分，并且有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化。所以，要正確使用非謂語形式，一定要充分理解不同形式所表現(xiàn)的意義，要明確非謂語動詞與邏輯主語之間是“主動”還是“被動(或狀態(tài))”，所表示的動作是“過去”、“現(xiàn)在”還是“將來”，以及和謂語動詞所表示的動作是同步發(fā)生還是有先后之分。一、不定式和動名詞作主語【例句觀察】吸煙在這兒是禁止的。Smoking is prohibited here. (抽象)吸煙太多對你不好。It is not very good for you to smoke so much. (具體)【結(jié)論1】動名詞作主語通常表示抽象動作， 而不定式作主語表示具體動作?！纠溆^察】Working in these conditions is not easy. (一般式)在這樣的條件下工作不容易。Having studied computer is an important qualification for the job. (完成式)學(xué)過電腦是獲得這份工作的重要條件。Their not being served by the waiter added to their anger. (被動式，Their不可用They和Them，not在doing前)沒有被服務(wù)增添了他們的憤怒。【結(jié)論2】動名詞和不定式作主語除了一般式和主動式，還有完成式、被動式。完成式表示該動作比謂語動詞動作先發(fā)生?！就瓿衫洹?1)他的到來將會是很大的幫助。His coming here will be a great help. (不可用He和Him)(2) Jack的突然消失使他們很擔憂。Jack's suddenly disappearing made them worried. (不可用Jack)【結(jié)論3】當動名詞帶邏輯主語時，只可在其前加上物主代詞或名詞的所有格，不可以用人稱代詞主格和賓格，也不可以用名詞的普通格。【完成例句】(3)我覺得他一個人是不可能做那份工作的。I found it impossible for him to do the job alone.(4)他那樣做是理智的。It was wise of him to do that.【結(jié)論4】It's adj. / n. for / of sb. to do sth.在表示人物性格、特性等的形容詞brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind, thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel, selfish, wicked, wrong等后面，常用of引出不定式的邏輯主語，否則用for?！痉g句子】(5)哭是沒有用的。It is no use / good crying.【結(jié)論5】It is no use, no good (fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time) doing sth.二、不定式和動名詞作賓語【例句觀察】你介意我看下你的報紙嗎？Do you mind my / me reading your paper?她不喜歡Mary那樣說話。She doesn't like Mary / Mary's talking that way.【結(jié)論1】動名詞作賓語時，可以帶邏輯主語。此時，帶邏輯主語既可以是物主代詞或名詞的所有格，也可以是人稱代詞賓格和名詞的普通格?！纠溆^察】I regret not having taken her advice. (not須放在having前)我很后悔沒有采納她的建議。They couldn't stand being treated like that.他們不能忍受被那樣對待。He decided to help me but I pretended to have finished my job.他決定幫助我但是我假裝已經(jīng)完成我的工作了?！窘Y(jié)論2】作賓語的動名詞和不定式除了一般式和主動式，還有完成式、被動式。完成式表示該動作比謂語動詞動作先發(fā)生。常見的帶不定式作賓語的動詞如下：(利用口訣進行記憶，事實上，口訣內(nèi)的動詞后跟動詞不定式，幾乎都有將來意味。建議考生要記牢口訣。想要干want, wish, hope, expect, seek, attempt, aim, claim，would like / love, desire, swear早打算plan, prepare, mean, arrange同意否agree, promise, undertake, offer, choose, refuse, afford問問看ask, beg，(ask to do 要求做)決定了decide, determine / be determined, make up one's mind盡力干try, manage(反義詞fail), struggle, strive別裝蒜pretend介詞以及少數(shù)動詞(“動詞不定式口訣”以外的動詞)和詞組后只能用動名詞作賓語： admit，dislike，appreciate，avoid，enjoy，bear(忍受)，envy，can't help(不禁)，delay，escape, can't stand(受不了)，deny，excuse(借口)，consider(考慮)，fancy，mind，miss(錯過)，mention, finish，pardon，resist，forgive，imagine，risk，practise，suggest(建議)，keep，quit，put off, give up, feel like, be worth, setabout, burst out, be / get / become used to(習(xí)慣于), look forward to, pay attention to, devoteto, lead to, stick to, get close to, object to, contribute to, get down to, be equal to(能勝任), turn to(求助于)等。例如：I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.He used to be late for work, but now he has been used to getting up early.【完成例句】(6)你要聽話好好待在家里。You would be well advised to stay indoors.(7)老師建議采取不同的方法。The teacher advised taking a different approach.【結(jié)論3】動詞advise / allow / permit / forbid后跟doing，也可跟sb. to do?！就瓿衫洹?8)路被落葉覆蓋住了，它們需要被清理。The road is covered with some fallen trees and they need removing / to be removed.【結(jié)論4】need, require, want, deserve doing / to be done表示被動意義?！痉g句子】(9) I forgot buying a pen for him yesterday, and returned home directly.昨天我忘記給他買筆，而是直接回家了。(10) Thank you for reminding me，or I forget to post my letter.非常感謝你提醒我，否則我就會忘記去寄信的?！窘Y(jié)論5】有些動詞后使用動名詞和動詞不定式作賓語有差別：forget to do 忘記要去做某事(此事未做)forget doing忘記做過某事(此事已做過或已發(fā)生)stop to do 停止、中斷(某件事)，目的是去做另一件事stop doing 停止正在或經(jīng)常做的事remember to do 記住去做某事(未做)remember doing記得做過某事(已做)regret to do對要做的事遺憾(后常跟動詞say, tell, inform等)regret doing對做過的事后悔try to do努力、企圖做某事try doing試驗、試一試某種辦法mean to do打算，有意要mean doing意味著go on to do 繼而(去做另外一件事情)go on doing 繼續(xù)(原先沒有做完的事情)propose to do 打算(要做某事)propose doing建議(做某事)like / love / hate / prefer to do表示具體行為；doing sth. 表示抽象、傾向概念。如果這幾個動詞前有should / would，其后賓語只跟不定式，不能跟動名詞。Don't you remember seeing the man before?You must remember to leave tomorrow. I should like to see him tomorrow.【注意】不定式和動名詞作賓語時還有一些固定句型：There is no use (good / point / sense / harm)doing sth. 做某事沒用(不好 / 沒意義 / 沒害處)have difficulty / trouble / problem / a hard time / a good time / fun (in)doingspend / waste / lose time (in) doing sth.There is no doing(there is no 表“不可能”)【疑難1】I think you'll grow to like him when you know him better.【疑難剖析1】come / become / grow / get to like / love / realize / understand / know等表示心理活動的過程，意為“漸漸地喜歡上 / 意識到 / 懂了 / 知道了”【疑難2】Last night I did nothing but watch TV.The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.【疑難剖析2】do / did / doesnothing/anything/everything but(except)動詞原形，如果謂語動詞不是do / did / does，but(except)，所跟的不定式須帶to?！疽呻y3】When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift.【疑難剖析3】can not (help / choose)but do，can do nothing but do，have no choice / alternative to do表示“不得不”?！疽呻y4】Why not take a holiday?【疑難剖析4】“Why not 動詞原形”表達向某人提出建議，翻譯為：“為什么不？”“干嘛不？”【疑難5】You had better have your eyes examined.【疑難剖析5】“would rather / had better(not)動詞原形”意為“寧愿 / 最好(不)做某事”?！疽呻y6】We don't want there to be any comrades lagging behind.I don't mind there being a chair here.There being nobody else at hand, I had to do by myself.【疑難剖析6】there be的非謂語形式：作動詞expect，like，mean，intend，want，prefer，hate賓語時，通常用there to be結(jié)構(gòu)，在mind, object to等后面用there being。作狀語多用there being結(jié)構(gòu)?！疽呻y7】John didn't pass his driving test, but I expected him to. Hasn't he finished writing the report？ No, but he ought to have. Aren't you the headmaster? No, and I don't want to be.【疑難剖析7】為避免重復(fù)，在hope, expect, wish, want, like, love, decide, plan, need, mean, forget, refuse, tell, know, have to, be going to, used to, ought to等動詞后面再次出現(xiàn)相同的不定式作賓語時，常出現(xiàn)單獨使用的to，而把曾出現(xiàn)過的動詞省略掉。但是，如果在省略的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)中含有be, have, have been時，要保留這些詞。三、不定式、動名詞和分詞作表語【完成例句】(11)我的建議是馬上開始工作。What I would suggest is to start work at once.(12)他的愛好是集郵。His hobby is collecting stamps.【結(jié)論1】不定式作表語一般表示具體動作，特別是表示將來的動作。動名詞作表語，表示抽象的一般性的行為?！就瓿衫洹?13)旅行很有趣但有些累。Travelling is interesting but tiring.(14)學(xué)生被迫學(xué)得太多會混亂的。The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.【結(jié)論2】表心理狀態(tài)的interesting, exciting, delighting, disappointing, encouraging, worrying, puzzling, satisfying, surprising, pleasing等形容詞化分詞作表語時，表示“令人的”；interested, excited, delighted, disappointed, encouraged, pleased, puzzled, worried, surprised等表示“感到”?！就瓿衫洹?15)工人們被告知他們按小時計酬。What the workers have been told is that they get paid by the hour.【結(jié)論3】除be done外， get, become, look, seem, appear, remain等系動詞都可跟done。如remain seated / hidden，get paid / dressed / changed / stuck / hurt / injured / burnt等?！就瓿衫洹?16)他一直沉迷于電腦游戲，所以他得不了好成績。He was addicted to computer games, so he couldn't get good marks.【結(jié)論4】下列be done表示所處的狀態(tài)be addicted to沉迷于be absorbed in全神貫注于be aimed at旨在 / 意圖be armed with 有裝備be buried in埋葬在be based on / upon以為基礎(chǔ)be born出生于be burdened with擔負著be crowded with擠滿了be covered with / by覆蓋著be coated with涂抹了be combined with與聯(lián)合be compared with與相比較be caught in 陷入be lost in沉迷于be concerned about關(guān)心be dressed in穿著be devoted to專心致志于be divided into分成be engaged in忙于be engaged to sb. 與訂婚be fixed on專注于be faced with面臨著be filled with裝滿了be greeted with受到了問候be grown up 已經(jīng)長大了be hidden in躲在be linked to 與有關(guān)be paved with鋪著be loaded with載有be located in位于be matched 很般配be mistaken 弄錯了be replaced with更換為be related to / with與有關(guān)be seated 坐著be married(to sb. )與某人結(jié)婚了be separated from與隔開be shouldered with肩負著be stationed in駐扎在be surrounded with / by四周環(huán)繞著be supposed to do應(yīng)該做be recovered from 從中康復(fù)be connected with與相連 / 有關(guān)be made of / from / up of由制成 / 組成be designed / meant / intended for專為而設(shè)計be known as / for / to以著稱 / 因著名 / 為所知四、不定式、動名詞和分詞作定語【完成例句】(17)我遺憾地告訴你還有東西沒解決。I regret to tell you that there is something unsolved.(18)水被工廠污染應(yīng)該受到批評。The water polluted by the factory should be to blame.【結(jié)論1】單個非謂語動詞作定語一般在名詞前，但修飾不定代詞時在代詞后；非謂語動詞短語作定語一般要跟在名詞后?！纠溆^察】The meeting to be held tomorrow is important.明天要開的會很重要。The meeting being held now is important.現(xiàn)在正在開的這個會很重要。The meeting held yesterday was important.昨天開的那個會議很重要?！窘Y(jié)論2】不定式、動名詞和分詞作定語的區(qū)別如下：to do sth. 與被修飾的名詞有主謂關(guān)系；動賓關(guān)系；名詞前有序數(shù)詞或最高級；不定式修飾一些表示方向、原因、時間、機會、權(quán)利等抽象名詞名詞doing sth. 正在進行的動作；經(jīng)常性動作或現(xiàn)在(或當時)的狀態(tài)；即將發(fā)生的動作to be done表示將要被做done表示已經(jīng)完成的或表被動的動作having (been)done不可作定語being done表示正在發(fā)生的被動動作【完成例句】(19)我沒有登山鞋。I have no climbing shoes.(20)那個睡覺的男孩是他弟弟。The sleeping boy was his brother.【結(jié)論3】動名詞作定語只放在名詞前，說明該名詞的性能或用途，不表動作，被修飾的名詞與動名詞在邏輯上沒有主謂關(guān)系，反之則是現(xiàn)在分詞作定語?！就瓿衫洹?21)地上有很多落葉。There are a lot of fallen leaves on the ground.【結(jié)論4】一些形容詞化的過去分詞表示已完成的動作或所處的狀態(tài)，意為“已經(jīng)的”。a fallen leaf落葉(已經(jīng)落在地上)a falling leaf 飄零的落葉(尚在空中)a developed country發(fā)達國家a developing country 發(fā)展中國家a risen sun升起的太陽a rising sun 冉冉升起的太陽a returned student歸國學(xué)生a retired worker退休工人an advanced worker先進工作者boiled water開水 (boiling water 沸水)a bent branch彎曲的樹枝determined opposition強烈的反對a devoted soldier忠誠的士兵a wellinformed professor見多識廣的教授【疑難1】The teacher is satisfied with our satisfying performance in class, which can be seen from her satisfied expression on her face.老師對我們在課堂上令人滿意的表現(xiàn)很滿意，這可以從她臉上滿意的表情看出來?！疽呻y剖析1】表示心理狀態(tài)的ing形式，表示“令人的”； ed形式，表示“(人)感到”，也可修飾體現(xiàn)內(nèi)心感受的look, expression, tears, smile, voice等名詞。【疑難2】The man who came this morning is our legal adviser. ()The man coming this morning is our legal adviser. (× )Is there anyone who can answer this question? ()Is there anyone answering this question? (× )Those who have finished their work can go home now. ()Those having finished their work can go home now. (×)【疑難剖析2】不宜用現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語的情況：不能用doing表達過去動作(見)；用answering表達can answer的意思是錯的(見)；完成式不能作定語(見)。五、不定式和分詞作狀語【例句觀察】Standing on the tower, the whole city could be seen. (×前后主語不一致)Standing on the tower, we could see the whole city. (前后主語一致)站在塔上，我們可以看見整個城市。We found the room too small to hold so many people.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)房間太小，容不下這么多人。He made a long speech only to show his ignorance of the subject. (出乎意料的結(jié)果)他作了很長的演說，結(jié)果卻是偏離主題的。Being watched by the audience, the young speaker felt very nervous. (因為正在被)被觀眾一直看著，年輕的演說者感到有些緊張。Encouraged by these successes, they decided to expand the business. (被動，先發(fā)生但不強調(diào))被這些成功鼓舞，他們決定拓展他們的貿(mào)易。When leaving the airport, they waved again and again to us.(主動，同步)當離開機場的時候，他們一次又一次地向我們揮手。Not having received an answer, he decided to write another letter to them. (主動，先發(fā)生且強調(diào))沒有收到來信，他決定再寫一封信給他們。Having been criticized by the teacher, Li Ming gave up smoking. (被動，先發(fā)生)被老師批評后，李明戒了煙?！窘Y(jié)論1】only to do 表示意想不到的結(jié)果。doing sth. 與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生的動作(主動關(guān)系)being p.p. 強調(diào)與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生的被動動作(“因為正在被”)done已經(jīng)發(fā)生的被動動作having done先于謂語動詞發(fā)生的動作(主動關(guān)系)having been done先于謂語動詞發(fā)生的動作(被動關(guān)系)【翻譯句子】(22) He worked deep into the night, preparing a speech for the president. (worked與preparing同時發(fā)生)他為總統(tǒng)準備演說，工作到深夜。(23) I got up very early this morning to prepare breakfast for my family. (got up先，prepare breakfast后)我今天早上起床很早給我的家人準備早餐?！窘Y(jié)論2】不定式“to do sth. ”作目的和結(jié)果狀語時總是在謂語動詞后發(fā)生，而分詞一般式 “doing sth.”作狀語時總是與謂語動詞同時或幾乎同時發(fā)生?！痉g句子】(24) She is so kind as to help me. She is so kind that she helps me.她和善地來幫我。(25) She is such a kind girl as to help me. She is such a kind girl that she helps me.她是一個和善的女孩，常來幫我?！窘Y(jié)論3】so adj. / adv. as to do或such(a / an)adj. n. as to do, 可以轉(zhuǎn)化為so that 或such that 引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句?！疽呻y1】tooto do表示肯定的情況I'm only too pleased to help you.我很高興能幫助你。One is never too old to learn. 活到老，學(xué)到老。 【疑難剖析1】當only too和 all too與動詞不定式連用時，表示肯定意義。too ready (anxious，eager, glad, willing)to do，其后的動詞不定式具有肯定意義。never (not)tooto句型為“不會太所以能”之意?！疽呻y2】Seating himself / Seated / Sitting in the room, he is absorbed in reading.Have you noticed the student losing himself / lost in thought?【疑難剖析2】devote，absorb，lose，seat，dress，hide等動詞作狀語和定語時可以用它們的ed形式(devoted, absorbed，lost，seated，dressed，hidden)或ingoneself形式(devoting / absorbing / losing / seating / dressing / hiding oneself)?！疽呻y3】Generally speaking，the more expensive the camera, the better its quality .【疑難剖析3】有些to do 短語，doing短語和done 短語已經(jīng)當作插入語使用，此時，句子的主語在邏輯上與它們不存在主動或被動關(guān)系： to tell you the truth(實話說)，needless to say(不用說)，to be honest / frank(老實說，坦白說)，to be more exact(更確切地說)，to make things worse (更糟的是)，not to mention(更不用說) Generally / Frankly / Roughly speaking (一般說來 / 坦白說 / 粗略地說)，considering(鑒于 / 考慮到)，judging by / from(從來看，依據(jù)來判斷)，supposing that(假定)，providing that (假定)，according to(依據(jù))，including(包括)，owing to(由于)，talking / speaking of(談及)given(考慮到), provided that(如果)【疑難4】It being Sunday, we needn't go to school. Because it is Sunday, we needn't go to school.All the work done, you can have a rest. If all the work is done, you can have a rest.【疑難剖析4】獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)：n. / pron. doing / done / to do / adv. / adj. / prep. 短語前后主語不一致時，分詞作狀語需有自己的邏輯主語，且分詞與邏輯主語之間存在著邏輯上的主動或被動關(guān)系，此時，視為獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。若把獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)還原為狀語從句，則主句的主語與從句的主語是不同的?！疽呻y5】連詞分詞(短語)While waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building.He will not attend the party unless invited.【疑難剖析5】有時為使分詞短語與主句關(guān)系更清楚，可在分詞前加連詞。連詞有when，while，if，unless，though，after, before, as等。但分詞的主語和主句的主語必須為同一個。六、不定式和分詞作賓語補足語【完成例句】(26)我爸爸允許我周末上網(wǎng)。My father permits me to surf the Internet at the weekend.【結(jié)論1】like, hate, encourage, wish, warn, tell, want, desire, expect, get, permit, order, allow, invite, force, ask, cause, advise, request, prefer, beg, persuade, teach, lead等動詞賓語to do sth. ，賓語與to do 為主動關(guān)系。do sth. (用于let, make, have以及感官動詞后)to do sth. (主動) / to be done(被動)doing sth. (主動，正在進行或持續(xù)進行)done (被動，狀態(tài)或完成)being done(被動，正在進行)動詞賓語賓補究竟用何種形式，取決于帶復(fù)合賓語的動詞的特征?！咎貏e提醒】hope, welcome, agree, suggest, demand不能跟sb. to do。()hope sb. to do sth.應(yīng)改為 wish / expect sb. to do sth.()welcome sb. to do sth.應(yīng)改為 sb. be welcome to do sth.()agree sb. to do sth.應(yīng)改為 allow / permit sb. to do sth.()suggest sb. to do sth.應(yīng)改為advise sb. to do sth. / suggest sb. (should)do sth.()demand sb. to do sth.應(yīng)改為require sb. to do / demand sb. (should )do sth.【完成例句】(27)他看見老人過馬路。He saw the old man cross the road. The old man was seen to cross the road.(28)小孩子最后被看見在河邊玩。The children were last seen playing by the river.【結(jié)論2】感官動詞see, observe賓語do sth.(主動，全過程或經(jīng)常性動作)hear, notice, watch, feel 賓語doing(主動，正在進行)feel，look at, listen賓語to be done(與賓語是被動關(guān)系)【注意】若感官動詞在被動語態(tài)中，則to 要還原?！痉g句子】(29) His words sent me thinking.他的話令我深思。(30) The teacher often gets us to recite texts.老師經(jīng)常叫我們背課文。(31) I'd like to get my car repaired before the New Year.我想新年前把車修好。(32) To our surprise, he was sent to work abroad.令我們驚訝的是他被送往國外工作了?！窘Y(jié)論3】get / send / set 賓語doing表示“使起來”，動作由靜止到運動并持續(xù)下去get賓語to dolet / have sb. to do表示“讓某人做某事”get賓語donehave sth. done表示“使某事被做”send賓語to do表示“派某人去做某事”【翻譯句子】(33) I made my little brother cry. / My little brother was made to cry.我把弟弟弄哭了。(34) I spoke clearly and slowly to make myself heard and understood.我說得又慢又清楚好讓自己被聽明白?！窘Y(jié)論4】使役動詞make賓語do / done；賓語與do 為主動關(guān)系，與done是被動關(guān)系；如make 在被動語態(tài)中，to要還原?！纠溆^察】The teacher often has us debate in class.老師經(jīng)常叫我們在課堂上辯論。They had the lights burning while working.他們工作的時候把燈亮著。Nancy will have her house painted.Nancy要漆房子。I am going to the supermarket and have many things to buy. Do you have anything to be bought?我要去超市買點東西，你有東西要買嗎？do sth. (主動，讓某人做某事)doing sth. (主動，讓某人或某物一直做某事)done(被動，叫人做某事遭遇某事)使役動詞have 賓語have表示“有”時，用have賓語to do，表示“有某事要做(主語本人做)”；用have賓語to be done，表示“有某事被做(不是主語本人做)”?！窘Y(jié)論5】【例句觀察】Sorry to have kept you waiting for me for such a long time.不好意思讓你等了這么久。They went home, leaving much work unfinished.他們回家了，留下很多事情都沒做。I have once seen the child caught stealing money.我曾經(jīng)看到一個小孩偷錢被抓。I found the little boy lying under the tree when I passed by.我路過的時候發(fā)現(xiàn)那個小男孩躺在樹底下。She found a small boy seated at the back of the classroom.她發(fā)現(xiàn)一個小男孩坐在教室后面。The teacher wanted the paper (to be)finished in an hour.老師想讓試卷在一個小時內(nèi)完成?！窘Y(jié)論6】 keep / leave賓語doing(主動，且持續(xù)進行) / done(被動) catch賓語doing表示“發(fā)現(xiàn)某人正在做某事”，賓語與doing為主動，且正在進行。find賓語doing(主動，正在進行) / done(被動、狀態(tài)或完成) want / order / ask / wish 賓語(to be )done (賓語與done之間為被動關(guān)系)七、with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)【完成例句】(35)小孩跟著他，他不得不回到公園。With the children following him, he had to go back to the park.(36)工作完成了，他可以回家了。With the work finished, he could go home.(37)這么多書要看，我不能外出。With so many books to read, I could not go out.(38)天氣這么熱，他們?nèi)胧倚菹⒘恕ith the weather so hot, they went in to have a rest.(39)隨著彩電價格降了50%，公司處境艱難。With the prices of color TV down by 50%, the company has a very hard time.(40)他妻子走下樓梯，手里拿著一本書。His wife came down the stairs, with a book in her hand / a book in her hand / a book in hand.(41)升國旗的時候?qū)W生們站成一線。The students stood in line with the national flag being raised.【結(jié)論】with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)是獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的一種，常在句中充當狀語和定語，是英語中的一種常見結(jié)構(gòu)。它由“with賓語補語”組成，其中，賓語和賓補之間必須有邏輯一致關(guān)系。其結(jié)構(gòu)為：adv. / prep.adj.to do(表示將要發(fā)生的動作)doing(主動，同時) / being done(正在被)done(被動或完成)