Lecture Three The Literary Scene in Colonial America 1The First American Writer in Colonial AmericaJohn Smith (1580-1631): the first American writer2 Captain John Smith is best known for his excellent leadership in the colonys early years. He arrived at Jamestown still imprisoned for dissent during the voyage and was eventually released. While exploring the Chickahominy River region, he was captured by Powhatan in December 1607. Captain John Smith: Life experiences3Captain John Smith: Life experiences Chief Powhatan, the supreme leader in the Chesapeake region, released Smith on January 2, 1608, after Powhatans favorite daughter, Pocahontas, intervened. Smith says of Pocahontas that she hazarded the beating out of her owne braines to save mine. 4Captain John Smith: Life experiences On September 10, 1608, Smith became president of the council in the colony and orchestrated （organize）such improvements as expanding the settlement around the fort and repairing many buildings. 5 John Smith remained in Virginia until fall of 1609, when he sailed back to England. Smith was instrumental in disseminating knowledge about Virginia, publishing such works as True Relation of Virginia in 1608, Map of Virginia in 1612, General Historie of Virginia beginning in 1624 (there were six editions in eight years), and True Travels in 1630. Captain John Smith: Contributions6Captain John Smith: Contributions While his writing contains important factual information about Virginia as it was when inhabited only by Indians, Smith is also noted for embellishing(make sth. beautiful) his stories with boasts and conceit. 7約翰.斯密斯的作品關于弗吉尼亞的真實敘述： “這里的氣溫同英國的確十分相近。夏天之炎熱有如西班牙，冬天之寒冷近似法蘭西或英格蘭。這里四季有風，但這里能令空氣為之清新的雷電，我在歐洲還從未有聞。從海上進入這片土地只有一處進口，那是一處寬達十八至二十海里，風平浪靜的灣口。這片土地可能比我們所知的任何地方都更令人愉悅。這里有可供航行的美麗河流，有高山、坦坡、平原、深谷，河流小溪都注入那片美麗的海灣，四周的土地肥沃，碩果累累。” 摘自新編美國文學史（第一卷）8Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672) Anne Bradstreet: the first notable poet in America9Anne Bradstreet: Contributions The first notable poet in American literature; The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America (1650, in England); “Tenth Muse” that appeared in America; her lyrics had been of the first rank among the women poets before Emily Dickinson; An authoritative spokesman of the Puritanical thought; One of her well-known poems is “Upon the Burning of Our House” (1666), which is highly religious.10Anne Bradstreet: Contemplations (9) Contemplations (9) I heard the merry grasshopper then sing. The black-clad cricket (蟋蟀) bear a second part; They kept one tune and played on the same string, Seeming to glory in their little art. Shall creatures abject thus their voices raise And in their kind resound their Makers praise, Whilst I, as mute, can warble (sing in a high voice but not steady) forth no higher lays?11就是那只蟋蟀就是那只蟋蟀 _余光中余光中 臺灣臺灣Y Y先生說：先生說：“在海外，夜在海外，夜間聽到蟋蟀叫，間聽到蟋蟀叫， 就會以為那是四川鄉(xiāng)下聽到就會以為那是四川鄉(xiāng)下聽到的那一只。的那一只?！?” 就是那一只蟋蟀就是那一只蟋蟀 鋼翅響拍著金風鋼翅響拍著金風 一跳跳過了海峽一跳跳過了海峽 從臺北上空悄悄降落從臺北上空悄悄降落 落在你的院子里落在你的院子里 夜夜唱歌夜夜唱歌 就是那一只蟋蟀就是那一只蟋蟀 在豳（在豳（binbin）風）風七月里唱過七月里唱過 在唐風在唐風蟋蟀里唱過蟋蟀里唱過 在古詩十九首里唱過在古詩十九首里唱過 在花木蘭的織機旁唱過在花木蘭的織機旁唱過 在姜夔的詞里唱過在姜夔的詞里唱過 勞人聽過勞人聽過 思婦聽過思婦聽過 12就是那只蟋蟀就是那只蟋蟀 _余光中余光中 就是那一只蟋蟀就是那一只蟋蟀 在深山的驛道邊唱過在深山的驛道邊唱過 在長城的烽臺上唱過在長城的烽臺上唱過 在旅館的天井中唱過在旅館的天井中唱過 在戰(zhàn)場的野草間唱過在戰(zhàn)場的野草間唱過 孤客聽過孤客聽過 傷兵聽過傷兵聽過 就是那一只蟋蟀就是那一只蟋蟀 在你的記憶里唱歌在你的記憶里唱歌 在在我的記憶里唱歌我的記憶里唱歌 唱童年的驚喜唱童年的驚喜 唱中年的寂寞唱中年的寂寞 想起雕竹做籠想起雕竹做籠 想起呼燈籬落想起呼燈籬落 想起月餅想起月餅 想起桂花想起桂花 想起滿腹珍珠的石榴果想起滿腹珍珠的石榴果 想起故園飛黃葉想起故園飛黃葉 想起野塘剩殘荷想起野塘剩殘荷 想起雁南飛想起雁南飛 想起田間一堆堆的草垛想起田間一堆堆的草垛 想起媽媽喚我們回去加衣裳想起媽媽喚我們回去加衣裳 想起歲月偷偷流去許多許多想起歲月偷偷流去許多許多 13就是那只蟋蟀就是那只蟋蟀 _余光中余光中 就是那一只蟋蟀就是那一只蟋蟀 在海峽那邊唱歌在海峽那邊唱歌 在海峽這邊唱歌在海峽這邊唱歌 在臺北的一條巷子里唱歌在臺北的一條巷子里唱歌 在四川的一個鄉(xiāng)村里唱歌在四川的一個鄉(xiāng)村里唱歌 在每個中國人腳跡所到之處在每個中國人腳跡所到之處 處處唱歌處處唱歌 比最單調的樂曲更單調比最單調的樂曲更單調 比最諧和的音響更諧和比最諧和的音響更諧和 凝成水凝成水 是露珠是露珠 燃成光燃成光 是螢火是螢火 變成鳥變成鳥 是鷓鴣是鷓鴣 啼叫在鄉(xiāng)愁者的心窩啼叫在鄉(xiāng)愁者的心窩 就是那只蟋蟀就是那只蟋蟀 在你的窗外唱歌在你的窗外唱歌 你在傾聽你在傾聽 你在想念你在想念 我在傾聽我在傾聽 我在吟哦我在吟哦 你該猜到我在吟些什么你該猜到我在吟些什么 我會猜到你在想些什么我會猜到你在想些什么 中國人有中國人的心態(tài)中國人有中國人的心態(tài) 中國人有中國人的耳朵中國人有中國人的耳朵14Edward Taylor: A Great Puritan PoetEdward Taylor (1642-1729) 15Edward Taylor: Contributions A great Puritan poet in colonial America; A meditative poet; metaphysical poems, reminiscent of John Donne, Richard Crashaw, and George Herbert in the early 17th century England; One of his highly religious poem is “Huswifery”; his poetry and that of Bradstreet rose to the professional level.16Edward Taylor: Huswifery Huswifery Make me, O Lord, thy spinning wheel（旋轉的車輪） complete. Thy holy word my distaff （紡紗桿）make for me. Make mine affections thy swift flyers （飛行物）neat. And make my soul thy holy spool（一軸線） to be. My conversation make to be thy reel（卷筒）. And reel the yarn（紗線） thereon spun of thy wheel.17Jonathan Edwards: The Countrys last Medieval ManJonathan Edwards (1703-1758) 18Jonathan Edwards: Position and Education A preacher and theologian, graduated from Yale University, and the president of New Jersey University (later Princeton University) in the last year of his life. His importance is more seen in his Puritanical doctrines; a representative of the idealistic aspect of American Puritanism and an emblem of the Calvinist beliefs and tenets. 19Jonathan Edwards: Position and Education He was probably the last great voice that was heard in America to reassert the Calvinist stance; born into and brought up in a very religious environment, no one could be more religious and pious than him. What Edwards tried to do in his lifetime was to reinstate in his preaching such Calvinist ideas as the power of God, the depravity of man and mans need to communicate with the Holy Spirit (God) to receive Gods grace. 20 He holds that God is the source of all being, the substance of all life. God created the world out of Himself by diffusing Himself into time and space. God manifests Himself in nature and man, and man, being a part of God, is divine.Jonathan Edwards and Religion21 In a word, God is omnipotent and immanent. His ideas asserted deep influence upon the Transcendentalist doctrines of such great Transcendentalists as Emerson, and in this sense, he was a f orerunner of New E ngl a n d Transcendentalism in the 19th century. Of Edwards writings the famous which reveal Edwards doctrines are “Personal Narrative” and “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God.” Jonathan Edwards: Contributions 22Jonathan Edwards: Personal Narrative The structure of Personal Narrative I. From 1 to 5, the narrators first began to experience with his religion; II. From 6 to 13, the narrators sense of religion developed as he became more and more pious; III. From 14 to 32, the narrator recorded his religious thoughts and reflections in detail.23Jonathan Edwards: Personal Narrative 1. Have you found the two more remarkable seasons of awakening in the passage? What do you think about them? 2. How did the narrator become more and more religious? 3. How do you evaluate the passage as well as Jonathan Edwards? 24Jonathan Edwards: Personal Narrative Edwards cried with joy and recorded the experience of ecstasy in his Personal Narrative: I felt an ardency of soul to be. empties and annihilated; to lie in the dust, and to be full of Christ alone; to love him with a holy and pure love; to trust in him; to live upon him; to serve and follow him; and to be perfectly sanctified and made pure, with a divine and heavenly purity.25Jonathan Edwards: Personal NarrativeWhy do we regard Edwards as one of the forerunnersof New England Transcendentalism?.The appearance of every thing was altered; there seemed to be, as it were, a calm, sweet cast, orappearance of divine glory, in almost everything. Godsexcellency, His wisdom, His purity and love, seemed toappear in every thing; in the sun, and moon, and stars;in the clouds and blue sky; in the grass, flowers, trees;in the water, and all nature; which used greatly to fix mymind. (p.6-7)26Selected Stories of the BibleAn Angel Visits Mary A FEW months later God sent the angel Gabriel to the town of Nazareth in Galilee, to visit a young girl. She had been promised in marriage to a man named Joseph, who was descended from the family of King David. The girls name is Mary. The angel appeared to her and said, Greetings, Mary, Gods blessing is on you. When Mary saw the angel and heard what he said she was filled with wonder and unease. 27Selected Stories of the Bible Do not be afraid, Mary, the angel continued, God loves you; he has filled you with his grace. You will have a child, a son whom you will call Jesus. He will be great, and people will call him the Son of the Highest. God will give him the throne of his forefather David, and he will reign over Israel for ever. His kingdom will never cease to exist.28Selected Stories of the Bible How can this be? asked Mary. I have never slept with a man. The angel Gabriel replied, The Holy Spirit of God is with you; God will take possession of you. And because of this, the holy child that will be born from your body will be called the Son of God.29Selected Stories of the Bible The God went on, Through Gods will your cousin Elizabeth will also have a son. You know she could not have children before and seemed too old to bear any now, but she will give birth before you. God can make everything possible. Mary said, I am Gods servant. May everything happen just as you have said.3031