PARTTWO,第二篇語(yǔ)法突破篇,語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)題（八）動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài),1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)及用法(1)結(jié)構(gòu):當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。,考點(diǎn)一一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),【中考考點(diǎn)】(1)動(dòng)詞第三人稱的單數(shù)形式、過(guò)去式、過(guò)去分詞和v.-ing形式的構(gòu)成。(2)動(dòng)詞的八種時(shí)態(tài)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)及用法。(3)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)及用法。(4)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義的用法。,|動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)|,(2)動(dòng)詞第三人稱單數(shù)形式的變化規(guī)則如下:一般情況下,在動(dòng)詞后直接加-s。如:workworks。以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的詞,先變y為i,再加es。如:carrycarries;crycries;trytries;studystudies。以s,x,o,ch,sh結(jié)尾的詞加-es。如:passpasses;fixfixes;gogoes;teachteaches;washwashes。特殊:havehas。,(3)用法:表示事實(shí)、現(xiàn)狀、性質(zhì)或經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。常與seldom,often,usually,always,sometimes,today,everyday,onceaweek,everyfiveminutes,onSundays等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。Igotoschoolatseveneveryday.我每天七點(diǎn)去上學(xué)。表示普遍真理和客觀事實(shí)。Theearthgoesaroundthesun.地球繞著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)。表示在現(xiàn)在時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。Herecomesthebus.公共汽車(chē)來(lái)了。在時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中表示將來(lái)。Illgoshoppingwithmymotherifsheisfreetomorrow.如果明天我媽媽有空的話,我將和她去購(gòu)物。,2.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的疑問(wèn)句和否定句,考點(diǎn)二一般過(guò)去時(shí),1.一般過(guò)去時(shí)的用法及標(biāo)志詞一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要變?yōu)檫^(guò)去式。常與yesterday,lastweek,twodaysago,in2016等表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。2.一般過(guò)去時(shí)的疑問(wèn)句和否定句,Didyouhaveanyproblemsonyourjourney?你在旅途中有什么困難嗎?Weremostpeoplebusymakingalivinginearlytimes?在早期,大部分人忙著謀生嗎?Nowadayssomeyoungpeopleslifestyleisnthealthy.如今一些年輕人的生活方式不健康。,動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式的變化規(guī)則:(1)一般情況下,在動(dòng)詞原形后加-ed。如:watchwatched。(2)以不發(fā)音字母e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞加-d。如:livelived。(3)以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,變y為i再加-ed。如:studystudied;carrycarried;crycried。(4)以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾,末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母的動(dòng)詞,先雙寫(xiě)該輔音字母,再加-ed。如:stopstopped;planplanned;preferpreferred。(5)不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式需特殊記憶。,考點(diǎn)三一般將來(lái)時(shí),1.一般將來(lái)時(shí)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)及用法(1)結(jié)構(gòu):“助動(dòng)詞shall/will+動(dòng)詞原形”或“begoingto+動(dòng)詞原形”。(2)用法:表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或未來(lái)的狀態(tài),常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有l(wèi)ater(on),soon,inamonth(in+時(shí)間段),nexttime,fromnowon,tomorrow等。Ishallbeeighteenyearsoldnextyear.明年我就18歲了。表示某種必然的趨勢(shì)。Fishwilldiewithoutwater.沒(méi)有水,魚(yú)就會(huì)死。,(3)will和begoingto的區(qū)別:will引導(dǎo)的將來(lái)時(shí)表示事情沒(méi)有經(jīng)過(guò)事先考慮而即將發(fā)生,begoingto引導(dǎo)的將來(lái)時(shí)表示事情經(jīng)過(guò)事先計(jì)劃、考慮而即將發(fā)生。Theywillarriveheretomorrowmorning.明天早晨他們將抵達(dá)這里。Imgoingtoseeafilmthisafternoon.今天下午我要去看電影。,2.一般將來(lái)時(shí)的肯定句、否定句和疑問(wèn)句,Dontworry.Youwontbelate.不用擔(dān)心,你不會(huì)遲到的。WillyouleaveforBeijingnextweek?下周你要去北京嗎?Whoisgoingtocleantheclassroomtoday?今天該誰(shuí)打掃教室了?,考點(diǎn)四過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí),過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)及用法(1)結(jié)構(gòu):“would+動(dòng)詞原形”或“was/were+goingto+動(dòng)詞原形”。(2)用法:表示從過(guò)去的某一時(shí)刻看,將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。Hisunclesaidthattherewouldbeagoodharvestthenextyear.他叔叔說(shuō)第二年會(huì)有一個(gè)好收成。注意在由if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句中,如果主句用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí),那么if從句需用一般過(guò)去時(shí)代替過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。IfheimprovedhisITskills,hewouldeasilygetajob.如果他提高了自己的IT技能,他就會(huì)容易找到工作。,考點(diǎn)五現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),1.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)及用法(1)結(jié)構(gòu):am/is/are+v.-ing形式(2)用法:表示目前正在發(fā)生(進(jìn)行)的動(dòng)作(不指狀態(tài)),常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有now,atthemoment等。當(dāng)句子中有l(wèi)ook,listen等起提示作用的詞時(shí),后面的句子常用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。Areyouwritingane-mailtoyourfriendnow?你現(xiàn)在正在給你的朋友寫(xiě)電子郵件嗎?Listen!Agirlissinginginthenextroom.聽(tīng)!有個(gè)女孩正在隔壁房間唱歌。,表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行,但此刻不一定在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。Weareplantingtreesthesedays.這些天我們?cè)谥矘?shù)。表示位移的動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作將要發(fā)生。此類(lèi)詞有come,go,leave,arrive,fly等,常與表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。TheyareleavingforEnglandtomorrowafternoon.他們明天下午要去英格蘭。,2.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的肯定句、否定句和疑問(wèn)句,Maryislisteningtomusicinthenextroomnow.瑪麗現(xiàn)在正在隔壁房間聽(tīng)音樂(lè)。Jackisntplayingfootballnow.杰克現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有在踢足球。IsMikeplayingthepianointheroomnow?邁克現(xiàn)在在房間里彈鋼琴嗎?,v.-ing形式的變化規(guī)則:(1)一般直接在動(dòng)詞后加-ing。如:playplaying(2)以不發(fā)音字母e結(jié)尾的,去e加-ing。如:comecoming;makemaking;liveliving(3)以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾,末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母的,先雙寫(xiě)該輔音字母,再加-ing。如:runrunning;sitsitting;beginbeginning(4)特殊:diedying;lielying;tietying,考點(diǎn)六過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí),1.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)及用法(1)結(jié)構(gòu):was/were+v.-ing形式(2)用法:過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)主要表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)或某一時(shí)間段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。Tomsfatherfelldownwhilehewasridinghisbicycleandhurthimself.湯姆的爸爸騎自行車(chē)時(shí)摔倒了,弄傷了自己。(3)常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):atthattime/moment,thewholemorning,alldayyesterday,fromninetotenlastnight等。Whatwereyoudoingattenoclocklastnight?你昨晚十點(diǎn)鐘在做什么?Theywerebuildingalargehouselastweek.上周他們一直在建造一所大房子。(過(guò)去某階段一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作),2.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的肯定句、否定句和疑問(wèn)句Iwasnttryingtoannoyyou.我沒(méi)想要讓你煩惱。Wereyouworkingalltheweekend?你整個(gè)周末都在工作嗎?,考點(diǎn)七現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),1.結(jié)構(gòu):have/has+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞(動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞的變化規(guī)則基本與過(guò)去式的變化規(guī)則相同,不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞需單獨(dú)記憶)2.用法:(1)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果,常與just,already,yet,recently,before,ever,never,twice,threetimes等連用。Ithefilmalready.我已經(jīng)看過(guò)這部電影了。(現(xiàn)在我知道電影的內(nèi)容了),haveseen,(2)表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻開(kāi)始并一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。常與“since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)”,“since+從句(一般過(guò)去時(shí))”,“for+時(shí)間段”及howlong,eversince,ever,before,sofar,inthelast/pastfewyears,uptonow,tillnow等連用。Weveplantedthousandsoftreesinthepastfewyears.在過(guò)去幾年中,我們種了成千上萬(wàn)棵樹(shù)。Sofartherenobadnews.到現(xiàn)在為止還沒(méi)有什么壞消息。,hasbeen,(3)一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別一般過(guò)去時(shí)只強(qiáng)調(diào)在過(guò)去發(fā)生過(guò)某事,關(guān)注的是動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式等。而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)則強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響,因此,若不強(qiáng)調(diào)某事對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響就不用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。Isawthemovieyesterday.昨天我看了這部電影。(強(qiáng)調(diào)電影是昨天看的)Ihavealreadyseenthefilm.我已經(jīng)看過(guò)這部電影了。(強(qiáng)調(diào)到現(xiàn)在為止看過(guò)這部電影了),(4)延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中,如果有表示持續(xù)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),則要把非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞變?yōu)檠永m(xù)性動(dòng)詞。Ihavehadthebookfortwodays.這本書(shū)我已經(jīng)買(mǎi)了兩天了。(用had而不用bought)IhavebeeninTokyofortwoweeks.我已經(jīng)來(lái)東京兩周了。(用beenin而不用cometo),常見(jiàn)的非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞變延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞:havearrivedat/insp.,havegotto/reachedsp.,havecome/gone/movedtosp.havebeeninsp.havebecomehavebeenhavegotuphavebeenuphavediedhaveleftsp.havefallenasleep/gonetosleephavebeenasleephavefinished/ended/completedhavemarriedhavebeenmarried,havebeendead,havebeenawayfromsp.,havebeenover,havebegunhaveborrowedhaveboughthavehadhavecaught/gotacoldhavehadacoldhavegottoknowhaveknownhavejoinedtheLeague/theParty/thearmyhavebeenamemberoftheLeague/theParty/thearmy或havebeenintheLeague/theParty/thearmy,havebeenon,havekept,(5)havebeento,havegoneto,havebeenin的區(qū)別:havebeento表示“曾去過(guò)某地”,說(shuō)話時(shí)已從該地回來(lái),現(xiàn)在已不在該地;havegoneto表示“已經(jīng)去了某地”,說(shuō)話時(shí)已到達(dá)某地或在去某地的途中,現(xiàn)在還未回來(lái);havebeenin表示“已經(jīng)在某地待了多久”,后面跟副詞時(shí)不用in。WhereisMrs.Smith?史密斯夫人在哪兒?Sheisnthere.ShehasgonetoEngland.她不在這兒。她去了英格蘭。,考點(diǎn)八過(guò)去完成時(shí),1.結(jié)構(gòu):had+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞2.用法:(1)表示過(guò)去的某一時(shí)刻以前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),也就是“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。常以by,before短語(yǔ)或when,before,after,until等引導(dǎo)的從句作為前提。MyteachersaidshehadneverbeentoLondon.我的老師說(shuō)她從來(lái)沒(méi)去過(guò)倫敦。Whenthepolicearrived,thethieves.當(dāng)警察到達(dá)時(shí),小偷們已經(jīng)逃跑了。,hadrunaway,(2)表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到另一過(guò)去時(shí)刻的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)一樣,過(guò)去完成時(shí)也常與howlong,forthreedays,before等表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。WhenJackarrived,helearnedMaryforalmostanhour.當(dāng)杰克到達(dá)時(shí),他得知瑪麗已經(jīng)離開(kāi)差不多一個(gè)小時(shí)了。,hadbeenaway,結(jié)構(gòu):助動(dòng)詞be+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞(1)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):am/is/are+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞(2)一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):was/were+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞(3)一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):will/shall/begoingto+be+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞(4)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):am/is/are+being+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞(5)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):have/has+been+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞(6)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):was/were+being+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞(7)過(guò)去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):hadbeen+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞,考點(diǎn)一被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成,|動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)|,(8)過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):wouldbe+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞(9)含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞(10)在使役動(dòng)詞have,make,let以及感官動(dòng)詞see,watch,notice,hear,feel等后面作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的不定式,在主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式符號(hào)to要省略,但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),要還原to。Someonesawastrangerwalkintothebuilding.被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu):Astrangerwasseenintothebuilding.有人看見(jiàn)一個(gè)陌生人走進(jìn)了這座樓。,towalk,1.英語(yǔ)中有很多動(dòng)詞,如break,catch,clean,drive,lock,open,sell,read,write,wash等,當(dāng)它們被用作不及物動(dòng)詞來(lái)描述主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)特征時(shí),常用其主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義,主語(yǔ)通常是物。Thiskindofcloth.這種布料很好洗。注意主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)特征,而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)則強(qiáng)調(diào)外界作用造成的影響。試比較:Thedoorwontlock.(指門(mén)本身有毛病)Thedoorwontbelocked.(指不會(huì)有人來(lái)鎖門(mén),表示“門(mén)沒(méi)有鎖”是人為原因),考點(diǎn)二某些動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義,washeswell,2.不及物動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ),如happen,last,takeplace,comeout,cometrue,runout等,以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。Howdothenewspaperscomeout?這些報(bào)紙是如何出版的呢?3.系動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)形式。Yourreasonsoundsreasonable.你的理由聽(tīng)起來(lái)合理。,4.下列結(jié)構(gòu)中的v.-ing形式是主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。(1)need,require作“需要”講時(shí),其后常跟v.-ing形式,但當(dāng)這些動(dòng)詞后接不定式時(shí),則必須用被動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。Thebikeneedsrepairing.這輛自行車(chē)需要修理。Ourclassroomneedstobecleaned.我們的教室需要打掃。(2)beworthdoingsth.值得做某事Thebookiswellworthreading.這本書(shū)很值得一讀。,考點(diǎn)過(guò)關(guān)訓(xùn)練,用括號(hào)中所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空1.Betty(work)hardsincelastterm.Thatswhyherexamresultsaresogood!2.Howoftendoesyourfatherexercise?He(exercise)threetimesaweek.3.CanMr.Kingsparesometimeforthemeeting?Ifhe(invite),hewilltryhisbesttomakeit.4.Thechildrenrushedoutoftheclassroomassoonasthebell(ring)fortheendofclass.,hasworked,exercises,isinvited,rang,考點(diǎn)過(guò)關(guān)訓(xùn)練,5.Theearthisaplanetandit(go)aroundthesun.6.I(wash)thedisheswhilemysisterwassweepingthefloor.7.Ababysfirst-monthbirthdayisaspecialeventinChinaand(celebrate)withaspecialparty.8.DidyouwatchtheWorldCuponTVlastnight?Iwantedto,butmyfather(watch)hisfavoriteTVprogram.9.Teenagersshould(encourage)tosolvetheirproblemsbythemselves.10.Teenagershavetobe18yearsoldbeforethey(allow)todriveacar.,goes,waswashing,iscelebrated,waswatching,beencouraged,areallowed,考點(diǎn)過(guò)關(guān)訓(xùn)練,11.Mygrandparents(marry)forover30yearsandtheyloveeachotherverymuch.12.AsChinagrowsstrongerandstronger,Chinese(teach)inmoreandmoreschoolsintheworld.13.Hewasmade(leave)hishometown.14.Withthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,robotcooks(appear)inourfamiliesinthefuture.15.The24thWinterOlympicGames(hold)inBeijingandZhangjiakouin2022,fromFebruary4thto20th.,havebeenmarried,istaught,toleave,willappear,willbeheld,