歷年考研英語完形填空真題（2009）The human nose is an underrated tool.Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals,1 this is largely because,2 animals,we stand upright.This means that our noses are 3 to perceiving those smells which float through the air,4 the majority of smells which stick to surfaces.In fact5,we are extremely sensitive to smells,6 we do not generally realize it.Our noses are capable of 7 human smells even when these are 8 to far below one part in one million.Strangely,some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another,9 others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers.This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate 10 smell receptors in the nose.These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send 11 to the brain.However,it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell 12 can suddenly become sensitive to it when 13 to it often enough.The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that brain finds it 14 to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can 15 new receptors if necessary.This may 16 explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells we simply do not need to be.We are not 17 of the usual smell of our own house but we 18 new smells when we visit someone elses.The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors 19 for unfamiliar and emergency signals 20 the smell of smoke,which might indicate the danger of fire.1.Aalthough Bas Cbut Dwhile2.Aabove Bunlike Cexcluding Dbesides3.Alimited Bcommitted Cdedicated Dconfined4.Acatching Bignoring Cmissing Dtracking5.Aanyway Bthough Cinstead Dtherefore6.Aeven if Bif only Conly if Das if7.Adistinguishing Bdiscovering Cdetermining Ddetecting8.Adiluted Bdissolved Cdetermining Ddiffused9.Awhen Bsince Cfor Dwhereas10.Aunusual Bparticular Cunique Dtypical11.Asigns Bstimuli Cmessages Dimpulses12.Aat first Bat all Cat large Dat times13.Asubjected Bleft Cdrawn Dexposed14.Aineffective Bincompetent Cinefficient Dinsufficient15.Aintroduce Bsummon Ctrigger Dcreate16.Astill Balso Cotherwise Dnevertheless17.Asure Bsick Caware Dtired18.Atolerate Brepel Cneglect Dnotice19.Aavailable Breliable Cidentifiable Dsuitable20.Asimilar to Bsuch as Calong with Daside fromThe homeless make up a growing percentage of Americas population.1 homelessness has reached such proportions that local government cant possibly 2.To help homeless people 3 independence,the federal government must support job training programs,4 the minimum wage,and fund more low-cost housing.5 everyone agrees on the numbers of Americans who are homeless.Estimates 6 anywhere from 600,000 to 3 million.7 the figure may vary,analysts do agree on another matter:that the number of the homeless is 8,one of the federal governments studies 9 that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade.Finding ways to 10 this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult.11 when homeless individuals manage to find a 12 that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night,a good number still spend the bulk of each day 13 the street.Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs.And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders.Many others,14 not addicted or mentally ill,simply lack the everyday15 skills needed to turn their lives 16.Boston Globe reporter Chris Reedy notes that the situation will improve only when there are 17 programs that address the many needs of the homeless.18 Edward Zlotkowski,director of community service at Bentley College in Massachusetts,19 it.There has to be 20 of programs.What we need is a package deal.1.AIndeed BLikewise CTherefore DFurthermore2.Astand Bcope Capprove Dretain3.Ain Bfor Cwith Dtoward4.Araise Badd Ctake Dkeep5.AGenerally BAlmost CHardly DNot6.Acover Bchange Crange Ddiffer7.ANow that BAlthough CProvided DExcept that8.Ainflating Bexpanding Cincreasing Dextending9.Apredicts Bdisplays Cproves Ddiscovers10.Aassist Btrack Csustain Ddismiss11.AHence BBut CEven DOnly12.Alodging Bshelter Cdwelling Dhouse13.Asearching Bstrolling Ccrowding Dwandering14.Awhen Bonce Cwhile Dwhereas15.Alife Bexistence Csurvival Dmaintenance16.Aaround Bover Con Dup17.Acomplex Bcomprehensive Ccomplementary Dcompensating18.ASo BSince CAs DThus19.Aputs Binterprets Cassumes Dmakes20.Asupervision Bmanipulation Cregulation DcoordinationBy 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations.The roughly 20 million 1 of these nations looked 2 to the future.Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism,many of the leaders of independence 3 the ideals of representative government,careers 4 to talent,freedom of commerce and trade,the 5 to private property,and a belief in the individual as the basis of society.6 there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states,large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a 7 set of laws.On the issue of 8 of religion and the position of the church,9,there was less agreement 10 the leadership.Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one 11 by the Spanish crown.12 most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism 13 the official religion of the new states,some sought to end the 14 of other faiths.The defense of the Church became a rallying 15 for the conservative forces.The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian,valuing equality of everything.Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had 16 in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated.By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spains 17 colonies.Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much18 because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies 19.Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was 20 self-rule and democracy.1.Anatives Binhabitants Cpeoples Dindividuals2.Aconfusedly Bcheerfully Cworriedly Dhopefully3.Ashared Bforgot Cattained Drejected4.Arelated Bclose Copen Ddevoted5.Aaccess Bsuccession Cright Dreturn6.APresumable BIncidentally CObviously DGenerally7.Aunique Bcommon Cparticular Dtypical8.Afreedom Borigin Cimpact Dreform9.Atherefore Bhowever Cindeed Dmoreover10.Awith Babout Camong Dby11.Aallowed Bpreached Cgranted Dfunded12.ASince BIf CUnless DWhile13.Aas Bfor Cunder Dagainst14.Aspread Binterference Cexclusion Dinfluence15.Asupport Bcry Cplea Dwish16.Aurged Bintended Cexpected Dpromised17.Acontrolling Bformer Cremaining Doriginal18.Aslower Bfaster Ceasier Dtougher19.Acreated Bproduced Ccontributed Dpreferred20.Apuzzled by Bhostile to Cpessimistic about Dunprepared forThe idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name.But Gregory Cochran is 1 to say it anyway.He is that 2 bird,a scientist who works independently 3 any institution.He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not 4 thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections,which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.5 he,however,might tremble at the 6 of what he is about to do.Together with another two scientists,he is publishing a paper which not only 7 that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others,but explains the process that has brought this about.The group in 8 are a particular people originated from central Europe.The process is natural selection.This group generally do well in IQ test,9 12-15 points above the 10 value of 100,and have contributed 11 to the intellectual and cultural life of the West,as the 12 of their elites,including several world-renowned scientists,13 hey also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases,such as breast cancer.These facts,14 ave previously been thought unrelated.The former has been 15 social effects,such as a strong tradition of 16 ucation.The latter was seen as a(an)17 genetic isolation.Dr.Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately18 is argument is that the unusual history of these people has 19 em to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this 20 ate of affairs.1.Aselected Bprepared Cobliged Dpleased2.Aunique Bparticular Cspecial Drare3.Aof Bwith Cin Dagainst4.Asubsequently Bpresently Cpreviously Dlately5.AOnly BSo CEven DHence6.Athought Bsight Ccost Drisk7.Aadvises Bsuggests Cprotests Dobjects8.Aprogress Bfact Cneed Dquestion9.Aattaining Bscoring Creaching Dcalculating10.Anormal Bcommon Cmean Dtotal11.Aunconsciously Bdisproportionately Cindefinitely Dunaccountably12.Amissions Bfortunes Cinterests Dcareers13.Aaffirm Bwitness Cobserve Dapprove14.Amoreover Btherefore Chowever Dmeanwhile15.Agiven up Bgot over Ccarried on Dput down16.Aassessing Bsupervising Cadministering Dvaluing17.Adevelopment Borigin Cconsequence Dinstrument18.Alinked Bintegrated Cwoven Dcombined19.Alimited Bsubjected Cconverted Ddirected20.Aparadoxical Bincompatible Cinevitable DcontinuousResearch on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are.1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmers piece in the Science Times on Tuesday.Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives.This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer,that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence,it 5,is a high-priced option.It takes more upkeep,burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning-a 7 process-instead of instinct.Plenty of other species are able to learn,and one of the things theyve apparently learned is when to 8.Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence?Thats the question behind this new research.I like it.Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species weve left in the dust I.Q.-wise,it implicitly asks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might be.This is 12 the mind of every animal Ive ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance.Every cat with an owner,14,is running a small scale study in operant conditioning.We believe that 15 animals ran the labs,they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience,our faithfulness,our memory for terrain.They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17,not merely how much of it there is.18,they would hope to study a 19 question:Are humans actually aware of the world they live in?20 the results are inconclusive.1.ASuppose BConsider CObserve DImagine2.Atended Bfeared Chappened Dthreatened3.Athinner Bstabler Clighter Ddimmer4.Atendency Badvantage Cinclination Dpriority5.Ainsists on Bsums up Cturns out Dputs forward6.Aoff Bbehind Cover Dalong7.Aincredible Bspontaneous Cinevitable Dgradual8.Afight Bdoubt Cstop Dthink9.Ainvisible Blimited Cindefinite Ddifferent10.Aupward Bforward Cafterward Dbackward11.Afeatures Binfluences Cresults Dcosts12.Aoutside Bon Cby Dacross13.Adeliver Bcarry Cperform Dapply14.Aby chance Bin contrast Cas usual Dfor instance15.Aif Bunless Cas Dlest16.Amoderate Bovercome Cdetermine Dreach17.Aat Bfor Cafter Dwith18.AAbove all BAfter all CHowever DOtherwise19.Afundamental Bcomprehensive Cequivalent Dhostile20.ABy accident BIn time CSo far DBetter still歷年考研英語完形填空真題（2018）In 1924 Americas National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago.It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting workers productivity.Instead,the studies ended giving their name to theHawthorne effect,the extremely influential idea that the very to being experimented upon changed subjects behavior.The idea arose because of the behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant.According to of the experiments,their hourly output rose when lighting was increased,but also when it was dimmed.It did not what was done in the experiment;something was changed,productivity rose.A(n)that they were being experimented upon seemed to be to alter workers behavior itself.After several decades,the same data were to econometric the analysis.Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store the descriptions on record,no systematic was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to interpretation of what happed.,lighting was always changed on a Sunday.When work started again on Monday,output rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17 to rise for the next couple of days.,a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday,workers to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case,before a plateau and then slackening off.This suggests that the allegedHawthorne effectis hard to pin down.1.Aaffected Bachieved Cextracted Drestored2.Aat Bup Cwith Doff3.Atruth Bsight Cact Dproof4.Acontroversial Bperplexing Cmischievous Dambiguous5.Arequirements Bexplanations Caccounts Dassessments6.Aconclude Bmatter Cindicate Dwork7.Aas far as Bfor fear that Cin case that Dso long as8.Aawareness Bexpectation Csentiment Dillusion9.Asuitable Bexcessive Cenough Dabundant10.Aabout Bfor Con Dby11.Acompared Bshown Csubjected Dconveyed12.Acontrary to Bconsistent with Cparallel with Dpeculiar to13.Aevidence Bguidance Cimplication Dsource14.Adisputable Benlightening Creliable Dmisleading15.AIn contrast BFor example CIn consequence DAs usual16.Aduly Baccidentally Cunpredictably Dsuddenly17.Afailed Bceased Cstarted Dcontinued20.Abreaking Bclimbing Csurpassing DhittingAncient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.” But -_1_some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness. Laughter does _2_short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, _3_ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to _4_, a good laugh is unlikely to have _5_ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does._6_, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the _7_, studies dating back to the 1930s indicate that laughter_8_ muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.Such bodily reaction might conceivably help _9_the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of _10_ feedback, that improve an individuals emotional state. _11_one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted _12_ physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry _13_they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow.Although sadness also _14_ tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow _15_ muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of wrzburg in Germany asked volunteers to _16_ a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile or with their lips, which would produce a(n) _17_ expression. Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles _18_ more exuberantly to funny cartoons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown, _19_ that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around. _20_ , the physical act of laughter could improve mood.1.Aamong Bexcept Cdespite Dlike2.Areflect Bdemand Cindicate Dproduce3.Astabilizing Bboosting Cimpairing Ddetermining4.Atransmit Bsustain Cevaluate Dobserve5.Ameasurable Bmanageable Caffordable Drenewable6.AIn turn BIn fact CIn addition DIn brief7.Aopposite Bimpossible Caverage Dexpected8.Ahardens Bweakens Ctightens Drelaxes9.Aaggravate Bgenerate Cmoderate Denhance10.Aphysical Bmental Csubconscious Dinternal11.AExcept for BAccording to CDue to DAs for12.Awith Bon Cin Dat13.Aunless Buntil Cif Dbecause14.Aexhausts Bfollows Cprecedes Dsuppresses15.Ainto Bfrom Ctowards Dbeyond16.Afetch Bbite Cpick Dhold17.Adisappointed Bexcited Cjoyful Dindifferent18.Aadapted Bcatered Cturned Dreacted19.Asuggesting Brequiring Cmentioning Dsupposing20.AEventually BConsequently CSimilarly DConverselyTheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticeshavebecomeanimportantissuerecently.Thecourtcannot_1_itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflaw_2_justicesbehavelikepoliticians.Yet,inseveralinstances,justicesactedinwaysthat_3_thecourtsreputationforbeingindependentandimpartial.JusticeAntoninScalia,forexample,appearedatpoliticalevents.Thatkindofactivitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourtsdecisionswillbe_4_asimpartialjudgments.Partoftheproblemisthatthejusticesarenot_5_byanethicscode.Attheveryleast,thecourtshouldmakeitself_6_tothecodeofconductthat_7_totherestofthefederaljudiciary.Thisandothersimilarcases_8_thequestionofwhetherthereisstilla_9_betweenthecourtandpolitics.TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw_10_havingauthorityapartfrompolitics.Theygavejusticespermanentpositions_11_theywouldbefreeto