第三講概要寫作,典例展示,(2016浙江高考樣題)閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Gettingridofdirt，intheopinionofmostpeople，isagoodthing.However，thereisnothingfixedaboutattitudestodirt.Intheearly16thcentury，peoplethoughtthatdirtontheskinwasameanstoblockoutdisease，asmedicalopinionhaditthatwashingoffdirtwithhotwatercouldopenuptheskinandletillsin.Aparticulardangerwasthoughttolieinpublicbaths.By1538，theFrenchkinghadclosedthebathhousesinhiskingdom.SodidtheKingofEnglandin1546.ThusbeganalongtimewhentherichandthepoorinEuropelivedwithdirtinafriendlyway.Henry，KingofFrance，wasfamouslydirty.Uponlearningthatanoblemanhadtakenabath，theKingorderedthat，toavoidtheattackofdisease，thenoblemanshouldnotgoout.,Thoughthebeliefinthemerit(好處)ofdirtwaslong-lived，dirthasnolongerbeenregardedasaniceneighboreversincethe18century.Scientificallyspeaking，cleaningawaydirtisgoodtohealth.Cleanwatersupplyandhandwashingarepracticalmeansofpreventingdisease.Yet，itseemsthatstandardsofcleanlinesshavemovedbeyondsciencesinceWorldWar.Advertisementsrepeatedlyselltheidea:Clothesneedtobewhiterthanwhite，clothseversofter，surfacestoshine.Hasthehatefordirt，however，gonetoofar?Attitudestodirtstilldifferhugelynowadays.Manyfirst-timeparentsnervouslytrytowarntheirchildrenofftouchingdirt，whichmightberesponsibleforthespreadofdisease.Onthecontrary，MaryRuebush，anAmericanimmunologist(免疫學(xué)家)，encourageschildrentoplayinthedirttobuildupastrongimmunesystem.Andthelatter(后者)positionisgainingsomeground.,【參考范文】Peoplehavemixedopinionsaboutdirtonourskin.(要點(diǎn)1)Foralongtimeinhistory，peopleofsomeEuropeancountriesbelievedthatdirtprotectedpeoplefromgettingill.(要點(diǎn)2)However，peoplebegantochangetheirattitudestowardsdirtabout200yearsago.Peoplehavebeentoldthatwashingdirtoffourbodycankeepushealthy.(要點(diǎn)3)Yet，somescientistsbelievethatexposuretosomedirtmayhelpourimmunesystem.(要點(diǎn)4),一、審題,思路導(dǎo)航,二、要點(diǎn)分析1.文章第一段就是本篇文章的主題句，亮明了總的觀點(diǎn)：“However，thereisnothingfixedaboutattitudestodirt.”換句話說(shuō)：“Differentpeoplehavedifferentattitudestowardsdirt.”再結(jié)合下文談到的主題可知“Differentpeoplehavedifferentattitudestowardsdirtontheskin.”范文中的要點(diǎn)1“Peoplehavemixedopinionstowardsdirtonourskin.”概括非常精練。,2.第二段主要談到了在16世紀(jì)，人們認(rèn)為“dirtontheskinwasameanstoblockoutdisease”尤以英、法兩國(guó)的貴族為代表。結(jié)合第三段第一句“Thoughthebeliefinthemerit(好處)ofdirtwaslonglived，dirthasnolongerbeenregardedasaniceneighboreversincethe18century.”可知，直到18世紀(jì)之前，人們都認(rèn)為dirt是很“友好的”，有助于預(yù)防疾病。范文中的要點(diǎn)2“Foralongtimeinhistory，peopleofsomeEuropeancountriesbelievedthatdirtprotectedpeoplefromgettingill.”很好地總結(jié)了這些要點(diǎn)。,3.第三段用“Though”引出人們對(duì)dirt觀點(diǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)變“.sincethe18thcentury.Scientificallyspeaking，cleaningawaydirtisgoodtohealth.”再結(jié)合本段最后一部分“Advertisementsrepeatedlyselltheidea.”可得出要點(diǎn)3“However，peoplebegantochangetheirattitudestowardsdirtabout200yearsago.Peoplehavebeentoldthatwashingdirtoffourbodycankeepushealthy.”4.文章最后一段第一句指出，現(xiàn)在人們對(duì)于dirt的態(tài)度還是有所不同，“Onthecontrary”引出專家的觀點(diǎn)，一位免疫學(xué)家認(rèn)為dirt有助于增強(qiáng)免疫系統(tǒng)。這一觀點(diǎn)得到了一些支持。范文中的要點(diǎn)4“Yet，somescientistsbelievethatexposuretosomedirtmayhelpourimmunesystem.”表達(dá)很恰切。,三、要點(diǎn)連接在寫完了要點(diǎn)之后，下一步的工作就是要把這些要點(diǎn)用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞進(jìn)行連接，使上下句之間具有連貫性。本篇文章整篇結(jié)構(gòu)是總分結(jié)構(gòu)，要點(diǎn)2和要點(diǎn)3在觀點(diǎn)上截然相反，因此，兩者之間需要表示轉(zhuǎn)折的連接詞，范文用了“However”恰到好處。要點(diǎn)3和要點(diǎn)4在觀點(diǎn)上又存在不同，因此，范文用了連接詞“Yet”。,一、必備能力概要寫作是基于閱讀理解和書面表達(dá)的有機(jī)結(jié)合體，是閱讀理解和書面表達(dá)的溝通橋梁。這一題型主要考查學(xué)生對(duì)文章主旨大意的概括和準(zhǔn)確獲取關(guān)鍵詞的能力，同時(shí)考查學(xué)生用簡(jiǎn)潔的語(yǔ)言概括文章重要信息的能力以及對(duì)文章整體結(jié)構(gòu)的把握能力。因此考生必須具備以下三種能力：1.要具有準(zhǔn)確理解文章的能力要看清楚文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，設(shè)法反映出原文中的所有要點(diǎn)和作者的觀點(diǎn)。,技法指導(dǎo),2.要具有意義篩選的能力學(xué)會(huì)區(qū)分事實(shí)和觀點(diǎn)、重要和次要、普遍與特殊、相關(guān)與不相關(guān)、原因和結(jié)果等復(fù)雜的邏輯關(guān)系。3.要具有用英文解釋英文的能力用自己簡(jiǎn)單的語(yǔ)言解釋比較復(fù)雜的語(yǔ)言文字，切記不可抄襲原文。二、寫作步驟1.閱讀全文首先要通讀全文，對(duì)文章的體裁和大意有所了解。閱讀時(shí)要快速地找到主題句，以便抓住中心，理解全文。考生還需要根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容列出一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的提綱，以便在寫作過(guò)程中不會(huì)遺漏要點(diǎn)，總結(jié)全面。,2.寫出初稿在寫作過(guò)程中，考生要注意詞數(shù)要求，使用精煉的句子概括文章的要點(diǎn)，可以引用所給閱讀材料的重要詞語(yǔ)，但不可過(guò)多，否則便失去了概要的意義；考生還需謹(jǐn)記：概要必須全面、清晰地表達(dá)所給閱讀材料的信息，客觀、準(zhǔn)確地反映所給閱讀材料的真實(shí)意圖，不可隨意添加或增減內(nèi)容。3.修正定稿初稿完成后，要將其與所給閱讀材料核對(duì)一遍，看原材料中的要點(diǎn)是否在概要中都得到了體現(xiàn)，語(yǔ)句間的銜接是否符合邏輯，同時(shí)還需要檢查句子是否有錯(cuò)誤，時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的使用是否正確，標(biāo)點(diǎn)、格式、大小寫是否有誤等。通過(guò)細(xì)致的修正與調(diào)整，力爭(zhēng)使文章在各個(gè)方面都萬(wàn)無(wú)一失。,三、應(yīng)試技巧1.議論文,議論文類型的文章通常包括論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和結(jié)論三部分，其關(guān)鍵是找出主題句或結(jié)論句。因此寫議論文的概要主要是找出主題句、支撐句和結(jié)論句。若文中有一分為二的觀點(diǎn)的，兩種觀點(diǎn)都要概括，不要漏掉其中一方的觀點(diǎn)。概要模板：論點(diǎn)論據(jù)(結(jié)論)。議論文可用以下開頭語(yǔ)：Thepassage/authorarguesthat.本文/作者主張Thepassage/authorhighlightstheimportanceof.本文/作者強(qiáng)調(diào)了的重要性。Thepassage/authordiscussestheimpactof.本文/作者討論了的影響。Thepassage/authorpares.with.本文/作者比較了與,2.說(shuō)明文,此類文章通常會(huì)有中心句(多在首段)，寫概要時(shí)要注意找出中心句，抓住關(guān)鍵詞，然后重組文章的信息，用自己的話表述出來(lái)。不同類型的說(shuō)明文的幾種參考模板：(1)描寫某事物的性質(zhì)功用。即“對(duì)象性質(zhì)功用利好”：(Inthepassage)thewriterintroduces.(對(duì)象)tous.(性質(zhì)或功用)(對(duì)象帶來(lái)的利好)(2)針對(duì)某個(gè)問(wèn)題提出解決方法或措施。即“問(wèn)題解決方法”：Thepassagetellsus.(問(wèn)題)(方法1)(方法2)(方法3)(3)介紹某現(xiàn)象及其原因和結(jié)果。即“現(xiàn)象原因結(jié)果”：Theauthor/writersaid/talksabout.(現(xiàn)象)(原因/本質(zhì)1)(原因/本質(zhì)2)(結(jié)果),說(shuō)明文可用以下開頭語(yǔ)：Accordingtothepassage，wecanknow.根據(jù)文章我們可知Thispassage/articleismainlyabout.這篇文章主要是關(guān)于Inthepassage，thewriter/authormainlytellsus.在這篇文章中作者主要告訴我們Anewstudyfound.一個(gè)新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Thepurposeofthereportistoshow.這一報(bào)告的目的是表明,3.記敘文,記敘文的概要，一般包括記敘文的六個(gè)要素：找出時(shí)間(when)，地點(diǎn)(where)，什么人(who)，做了什么事(what)，原因是什么(why)，結(jié)果怎么樣(how)，也就是考生應(yīng)先通讀閱讀短文，找出這六個(gè)要素，然后用自己的話將這六個(gè)要素串成幾句話即可。當(dāng)然，不一定每篇記敘文都包含這六個(gè)要素，但某人做了某事，結(jié)果如何是應(yīng)當(dāng)包括的。如果是夾敘夾議的文章，作者對(duì)故事的內(nèi)容發(fā)表了議論，或指出了故事給人們的啟示的，我們概括時(shí)要加上這一內(nèi)容。因此，概要中一般應(yīng)包括：(1)誰(shuí)做了什么？(whodidwhat),(2)結(jié)果怎么樣？(whatwastheresult)(3)文章揭示了什么？(包括作者的看法、觀點(diǎn)、感悟，或?qū)懽髂康?。假如原文沒(méi)有提及，概括時(shí)可以不寫)記敘文可用以下開頭語(yǔ)：Thepassage/storyismainlyabout.本文/這個(gè)故事主要是關(guān)于Theauthortellsusastoryabout.作者告訴我們一個(gè)關(guān)于的故事Thepassageisastoryabout.本文是一個(gè)關(guān)于的故事Accordingtothepassage，weknow.根據(jù)短文，我們知道,四、概要寫作四項(xiàng)原則1.概要寫作時(shí)，一定要使用第三人稱。2.概要寫作時(shí)，一定不可加入自己的觀點(diǎn)。3.概要寫作時(shí)，一定不可對(duì)原文內(nèi)容加以評(píng)論。4.概要寫作時(shí)，一定不要引入與原文內(nèi)容無(wú)關(guān)的信息。,實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練,閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Areyoushy?Ifyouare，youarenotalone.Infact，closeto50percentofpeopleareshy.Almost80percentofpeoplefeelshyatsomepointintheirlives.Thesedays，shynessisbeingmoreandmoremon.Now，scientistsaretryingtounderstandshyness.Theyhavesomeinterestingideasaboutwhypeopleareshy.,Isitpossibletobebornshy?Manyscientistssayyes.Theysay15to20percentofbabiesbehaveshyly.Thesebabiesarealittlequieterandmorewatchfulthanotherbabies.Interestingly，theseshybabiesusuallyhaveshyparents.Asaresult，scientiststhinkthatsomeshynessisgenetic.Familysizemightcausepeopletobeshyaswell.ScientistsatHarvardUniversitystudiedshychildren.Theyfoundthat66percentofthemhadolderbrothersandsisters.Asaresult，theybecameshy.Atthesametime，childrenwithnobrothersandsistersmaybeshyaswell.Growingupalone，theyoftenplaybythemselves.Theyarenotabletolearnthesamesocialskillsaschildrenfrombigfamilies.,Youmayalsobeshybecauseofwhereyouwereborn.Whenscientistsstudiedshynessindifferentcountries，theyfoundsurprisingdifferences.InJapan，mostpeoplesaidtheywereshy.ButinIsrael，onlyoneofthreepeoplesaidso.Whatexplainsthedifference?OnescientistsaystheJapaneseandIsraelishavedifferentopinionsoffailure.InJapan，whenpeopledonotsucceed，theyfeelbadaboutthemselves.Theyblamethemselvesfortheirfailure.InIsrael，theoppositeistrue.Israelisoftenblamefailureonoutsidereasons，suchasfamily，teachers，friends，orbadluck.InIsrael，freedomofopinionandrisktakingarestronglysupported.ThismaybewhyIsraelisworrylessaboutfailureandarelessshy.,【寫作指導(dǎo)】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。這篇文章的主題段是第一段，主要告訴人們害羞是一種普遍的現(xiàn)象。因此，在概括時(shí)要把文章主題段的中心詞(shy，mon，why)用自己的話概括出來(lái)。為了避免雷同，用自己的話概括時(shí)要注意同義詞的轉(zhuǎn)換，如原文中的why可用thereason轉(zhuǎn)述。其次，還應(yīng)注意不能遺漏要點(diǎn)，即害羞的原因，不同國(guó)家間的原因是不一樣的以及專家給出的克服害羞的建議等。最后，注意詞數(shù)在60詞左右，恰當(dāng)使用過(guò)渡詞與亮點(diǎn)句型，以使行文連貫。,【參考范文】Shynessismonandsomereasonsmayaccountforitaccordingtoscientists.(要點(diǎn)1)Theythinkshynessmayefromgenetics，familysizeandbirthplace.(要點(diǎn)2)Forinstance，youngerchildrenortheonlychildaremorelikelytobeshy.(要點(diǎn)3)IsraelisarelessshythanJapanesebecauseoftheirdifferentattitudestowardsfailure.(要點(diǎn)4)Tohelppeoplesufferingfromshyness，scientistsalsogivesomeusefulsuggestions.(要點(diǎn)5),閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Wevereachedastrangesomewouldsayunusualpoint.WhilefightingworldhungercontinuestobethematterofvitalimportanceaccordingtoarecentreportfromtheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)，morepeoplenowdiefrombeingoverweightthanfrombeingunderweight.Itsthegoodlifethatsmorelikelytokillusthesedays.Worse，nearly18millionchildrenundertheageoffivearoundtheworldareestimatedtobeoverweight.Whatsgoingon?,Wereallydonthavemanyexcusesforourweightproblems.Thedangersoftheproblemhavebeendrilledintousbypublic-healthcampaignssince2001andthemessageisgettingthroughuptoapoint.Inthe1970s，F(xiàn)inland，forexample，hadthehighestrateofheartdiseaseintheworldandbeingoverweightwasitsmaincause.Notanymore.Apublic-healthcampaignhasgreatlyreducedthenumberofheartdiseasedeathsby80percentoverthepastthreedecades.MaybethatexplainswhythepercentageofpeopleinFinlandtakingdietpillsdoubledbetween2001and2005，anddoctorsevenoffersurgeryofremovingfatinsideandchangetheshapeofthebody.Nowonderitranksastheworldsmostbody-consciouscountry.,【寫作指導(dǎo)】本文是一篇議論文。文章以論證的方式說(shuō)明了優(yōu)質(zhì)生活導(dǎo)致的肥胖問(wèn)題給人們的健康帶來(lái)的危害，呼吁人們積極行動(dòng)遠(yuǎn)離肥胖，不要再找借口。寫作時(shí)應(yīng)注意把握文章要點(diǎn)：1.優(yōu)質(zhì)生活成了人們健康的殺手；2.始于2001年的公眾健康運(yùn)動(dòng)讓人們意識(shí)到肥胖的危害以及在減少肥胖方面所起的作用；3.人們采取消極行動(dòng)去減肥；4.人們不要再找借口，應(yīng)該積極采取行動(dòng)遠(yuǎn)離肥胖。寫作時(shí)還應(yīng)特別注意上下文的連貫和詞數(shù)的要求。,【參考范文】Nowadays，goodlifebeesthekillerofourhealth.(要點(diǎn)1)Since2001，peoplehavegraduallyrealizedthedangersofoverweightbypublic-healthcampaigns.(要點(diǎn)2)Buttheytooksomenegativemeasurestoloseweight.(要點(diǎn)3)Althoughtherearesomeexcuseslikelackingofexercise，goodfoodorgenes，peopleshouldactpositivelytoloseweight.(要點(diǎn)4),