專題二閱讀七選五2016年全國(guó)卷考情分析試卷類型命題角度試題特點(diǎn)小標(biāo)題、副標(biāo)題主題句或主要觀點(diǎn)解釋、引申、例證類語(yǔ)句方法、措施、建議過(guò)渡性語(yǔ)句結(jié)論性語(yǔ)句短文的體裁多為事理說(shuō)明文，針對(duì)某個(gè)問(wèn)題或現(xiàn)象加以說(shuō)明，然后提出合理的解決方法、應(yīng)對(duì)措施。文章層次分明，邏輯性強(qiáng)。此類題型屬于綜合能力考查，有一定難度。全國(guó)甲卷102110全國(guó)乙卷012020全國(guó)丙卷021110真題例釋(2016全國(guó)乙卷)Secret codes(密碼) keep messages private.Banks，companies，and government agencies use secret codes in doing business，especially when information is sent by computer.People have used secret codes for thousands of years. 36 Code breaking never lags(落后) far behind code making.The science of creating and reading coded messages is called cryptography.There are three main types of cryptography. 37 For example，the first letters of “My elephant eats too many eels” spell out the hidden message “Meet me.” 38 You might represent each letter with a number，for example.Lets number the letters of the alphabet，in order，from 1 to 26.If we substitute a number for each letter，the message “Meet me” would read “13 5 5 20 13 5.”A code uses symbols to replace words，phrases，or sentences.To read the message of a real code，you must have a code book. 39 For example，“bridge” might stand for “meet” and “out” might stand for “me.” The message “Bridge out” would actually mean “Meet me.” 40 However，it is also hard to keep a code book secret for long.So codes must be changed frequently.AIt is very hard to break a code without the code book.BIn any language，some letters are used more than others.COnly people who know the keyword can read the message.DAs long as there have been codes，people have tried to break them.EYou can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out.FWith a code book，you might write down words that would stand for other words.GAnother way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet.本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。人們用密碼來(lái)傳遞信息已有幾千年歷史。設(shè)置密碼與破解密碼的斗爭(zhēng)也是永久不變的話題。36D句間過(guò)渡性語(yǔ)句?？崭袂耙痪湔f(shuō)“人們使用密碼已有幾千年了”，空格后又說(shuō)“破解密碼從不遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)落后于設(shè)置密碼”，由此語(yǔ)境可知選D項(xiàng)“只要有過(guò)的密碼，人們就試圖破解”。37E前句說(shuō)有三種密碼，空格內(nèi)應(yīng)是介紹第一種。由該空的后一句可知，此空選E(你可以拼寫每個(gè)單詞的首字母來(lái)隱藏信息)。38G段落主題句，也是段間過(guò)渡性語(yǔ)句。前一段作者說(shuō)有三種主要類型的密碼學(xué)并介紹了第一種，根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系可推知，本段應(yīng)介紹第二種。39F句間過(guò)渡性語(yǔ)句。通過(guò)對(duì)前面的進(jìn)一步解釋和后面的例證得出正確答案。空格前說(shuō)“要讀取真正代碼的信息，你必須要有一個(gè)密碼本”，由a code book可鎖定F項(xiàng)中的With a code book。F項(xiàng)“有了密碼本，你可以寫下代表其他單詞的單詞”符合上下文語(yǔ)境。40A分析語(yǔ)境可知，該空仍然在談?wù)撁艽a本的事情，由此可鎖定A項(xiàng)“沒有密碼本很難破解密碼”，這與后一句“但是，長(zhǎng)期保持密碼本的秘密也很難”語(yǔ)意銜接緊密，可確定為答案。模式1| 設(shè)空在段首考查要點(diǎn)(1)小標(biāo)題或段落主題句：如章首或段首設(shè)空，一般考查文章或段落主題。(2)注釋小標(biāo)題：如在小標(biāo)題之后接著設(shè)空，一般是對(duì)小標(biāo)題加以注釋。(3)段落間的過(guò)渡句：如首段之后的段首設(shè)空，一般是考查承上啟下的過(guò)渡語(yǔ)句。1小標(biāo)題、副標(biāo)題考題回放(2016全國(guó)甲卷) 17 Some people may think that a garden is no more than plants，flowers，patterns and masses of color.Others are concerned about using gardening methods that require less water and fewer fertilizers (肥料).18.Still others may simply enjoy being outdoors and close to plants.However，there are a number of other reasons that might explain why you want to garden.One of them comes from our earliest years.AKnow why you garden思路分析由該空所在位置可知這是一個(gè)小標(biāo)題。由其后內(nèi)容“有些人可能認(rèn)為花園，有些人關(guān)心然而，還有很多其他原因”可知本段的主題應(yīng)該是A項(xiàng)“知道你為什么要做園藝工作”。2主題句、主要觀點(diǎn)考題回放(2016北京高考) 75 For the riskseekers，a part of the brain related to pleasure becomes active，while for the rest of us，a part of the brain related to fear becomes active.GNew brain research suggests our brains work differently when we face a nervous situation.思路分析由空格后句子For the riskseekers .while for the rest of us .“對(duì)于愛冒險(xiǎn)者而對(duì)于我們其他人”可斷定本段主題為“新的大腦研究表明，當(dāng)我們面臨緊張局勢(shì)時(shí)，我們的大腦工作方式不同”。3段落過(guò)渡語(yǔ)句考題回放(2016全國(guó)丙卷)Everyone knows that fish is good for health.36.The fats in fish are thought to help prevent heart disease. But it seems that many people dont cook fish at home.Americans eat only about fifteen pounds of fish per person per year，but we eat twice as much fish in restaurants as at home.Buying，storing，and cooking fish isnt difficult.37.It just requires a little knowledge. This text is about how to buy and cook fish in an easy way. 38 Fresh fish should smell sweet: you should feel that youre standing at the oceans edge.Any fishy or strong smell means the fish isnt fresh.39.Do not buy it. When you have bought a fish and arrive home，youd better store the fish in the refrigerator if you dont cook it immediately，but fresh fish should be stored in your fridge for only a day or two.Frozen fish isnt as tasty as the fresh one.FWhen buying fish，you should first smell it.思路分析空格內(nèi)的句子承上啟下，前一段的最后一句說(shuō)“這篇文章是關(guān)于如何輕松地買魚和烹飪魚的”，下一段介紹的是買魚時(shí)的注意事項(xiàng)。根據(jù)空格后的Fresh fish should smell sweet可判定選F，句意為“買魚時(shí)，你應(yīng)該先聞一聞”。A(2016武漢市調(diào)研測(cè)試)How to Pick a Great Book to ReadThe world is full of great books，just waiting to be read.How can you pick one youll really like? Here are some tips：What makes you happy? 1 Are you really into dinosaurs or dogs or a specific person? Are there a few careers youre interested in? You can find books about almost anything you like，and youre more likely to enjoy reading a book if youre already interested in its subject.Fact or fiction?Some books are entirely made up and imagined.Those are called fiction books.Novels，short stories are all examples of fiction.These books can transport you to another world or help you imagine something beyond your own experience.Nonfiction books give you the who，what，when and why. 2 Nonfiction books can bring everything to life from the first trip to the moon to what its like to explore the deepest oceans.Try both fiction and nonfiction books to see which you like better.Find a family favorite.What was your mothers favorite book when she was your age? Or your dads？ 3 Then you can talk about what they liked about it and share your thoughts.Its a fun way to get to know your family a little better，and to find a book youll enjoy!Ask an expert. 4 Tell a librarian about your interestsrock stars，sports teams，historical events，whatever youre intoand the names of some books you already like.Your librarian can help you find other books that youre sure to love.Launch a book swap. 5 Its always fun to see what your friends are reading.Even if theyre not exactly bookworms，you can all encourage each other to read and share books and authors you like.You also can look for book swaps in your area.Its a great way to build your personal library for free!AAsk them and give it a read.BMany of them read novels from start to finish.CWhy not get some friends together and trade favorite books?DIf you have a favorite hobby，look for books about that activity.EThey tell stories using factsbut that doesnt mean theyre boring.FRead the passage and decide for yourself whether it seems knowledgeable.GYour local library is a great place to find books that youll love，and you dont have to search all by yourself.本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。主要介紹了選擇課外書的方法，如根據(jù)興趣愛好選擇、找到家庭成員的共同愛好等。1D根據(jù)本段最后一句和標(biāo)題“What makes you happy？”可知，本段主要介紹要根據(jù)自己的興趣愛好選擇喜歡的書；空處為該段總起句，反映該段主題，故D項(xiàng)符合文意。2E根據(jù)該部分標(biāo)題“Fact or fiction？”可知，該部分主要介紹紀(jì)實(shí)類書籍和虛構(gòu)類書籍；該部分第一段介紹了虛構(gòu)類書籍；據(jù)此可以判斷，第二段將介紹紀(jì)實(shí)類書籍，故E項(xiàng)符合文意。3A根據(jù)空處前兩句可知，當(dāng)你的父母在你的年紀(jì)時(shí)，他們喜歡哪些書？據(jù)此可以判斷，空處建議向父母詢問(wèn)并閱讀父母喜歡的書，故A項(xiàng)正確。4G根據(jù)空處后的“Tell a librarian about your interests”可知，作者建議告訴圖書管理員你的興趣；據(jù)此可以判斷，空處與圖書館相關(guān)，故G項(xiàng)正確。G項(xiàng)的“you dont have to search all by yourself”與本段的“Your librarian can help you find”相呼應(yīng)。5C根據(jù)空后的“Its always fun to see what your friends are reading.”以及“encourage each other to read and share books and authors you like”可知，看朋友正在閱讀的書是很有趣的事情，要互相鼓勵(lì)去閱讀和分享書；據(jù)此可以判斷，C項(xiàng)正確。B(2016全國(guó)甲卷)A garden thats just right for youHave you ever visited a garden that seemed just right for you, where the atmosphere of the garden appeared to total more than the sum(總和) of its parts？ 6 But it doesnt happen by accident.It starts with looking inside yourself and understanding who you are with respect to the natural world and how you approach the gardening process. 7 Some people may think that a garden is no more than plants, flowers, patterns and masses of color.Others are concerned about using gardening methods that require less water and fewer fertilizers (肥料) 8 However, there are a number of other reasons that might explain why you want to garden.One of them comes from our earliest years.Recall(回憶) your childhood memoriesOur model of what a garden should be often goes back to childhood.Grandmas rose garden and Dads vegetable garden might be good or bad, but thats not whats important. 9 how being in those gardens made us feel.If youd like to build a powerful bond with your garden, start by taking some time to recall the gardens of your youth. 10 Then go outside and work out a plan to translate your childhood memories into your grownup garden.Have fun.AKnow why you gardenBFind a good place for your own gardenCIts our experience of the garden that mattersDIts delightful to see so many beautiful flowersEStill others may simply enjoy being outdoors and close to plantsFYou can produce that kind of magical quality in your own garden, tooGFor each of those gardens, write down the strongest memory you have本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。你是否參觀過(guò)一個(gè)正合你心意的花園呢？你是否也想擁有一個(gè)這樣完美的屬于自己的花園呢？本文作者給出了打造理想花園的兩個(gè)步驟。一起來(lái)看看吧！6F解本題可用句意判斷法?？崭袂懊枋隽艘粋€(gè)正合你意的花園，空格后語(yǔ)意為“但這不是偶然發(fā)生的。它開始于”，縱觀各選項(xiàng)，只有F項(xiàng)“你也可以使你自己的花園產(chǎn)生那樣一種魔力”能與此語(yǔ)意銜接。本設(shè)空類型為過(guò)渡句類。7A解本題可用設(shè)題位置法。由該空所在位置可知這是一個(gè)小標(biāo)題。由其后內(nèi)容“有些人可能認(rèn)為花園，有些人關(guān)心然而，還有很多其他原因”可知本段的主題應(yīng)該是A項(xiàng)“知道你為什么要做園藝工作”。文中的reasons與A項(xiàng)中的why是解題關(guān)鍵。本設(shè)空類型為段落主題句類。8E解本題可用關(guān)聯(lián)邏輯法。由本段中的Some.Others.可鎖定E項(xiàng)中的Still others。本設(shè)空類型為細(xì)節(jié)理解類。9C解本題可用句意判斷法。空格前說(shuō)“但那一點(diǎn)不重要”，由此可推測(cè)空格處會(huì)指出什么才是重要的，故選C項(xiàng)“我們做園藝工作的體驗(yàn)才是重要的”。本設(shè)空類型為過(guò)渡句類。10G解本題可用詞匯鎖定法。空格前說(shuō)“花一些時(shí)間回憶你小時(shí)候的花園”，空格后說(shuō)“然后走出去，制訂計(jì)劃，把你孩提時(shí)代的記憶變成你成年后的花園”。根據(jù)此語(yǔ)境可知答案為G項(xiàng)“為每一個(gè)那樣的花園寫下你最深刻的回憶”。同時(shí)，空格后的memories與G項(xiàng)中的memory也相呼應(yīng)。本設(shè)空類型為過(guò)渡句類。