Module 1 動詞 be 說明身份、年齡、狀態(tài)等如果有人問你的年齡、身份或者現(xiàn)在的身體狀況，你會怎么說呢？你可以說：§ I am twelve years old. 我 12 歲了。§ I am a student. 我是學(xué)生。§ I am very well. 我身體很好。這幾句談?wù)摰亩际乾F(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)，可以用 be 的一般現(xiàn)在時。注意系動詞 be 的形式隨主語的不同而有所變化。變化形式為：IamHe/She/ItisWe/You/Theyare如果要詢問對方或他人現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)，就要使用疑問句。那么 be 的一般現(xiàn)在時的疑問、否定形式是怎樣的呢？請同學(xué)們看以下幾個句子：Are you from America? 你是美國人嗎？Yes, I am. 是的，我是。Is he Chinese? 他是中國人嗎？No, he isn't. 不，他不是。Are they in Class 1? 他們是一班的嗎？No, they aren't. They are not in Class 1. They are in Class 2. 不，他們不是一班的。他們是二班的。從以上的句子可以看出，be 的一般現(xiàn)在時否定句式的構(gòu)成是在 be 后直接加 not（可以縮寫），其一般疑問句式是把 be 提至句首。其變化形式可以歸納如下：肯定否定疑問I· I am Chinese.· I am not Chinese.· Am I Chinese?He/She/It· He/She is an English boy/girl.· It is cheap.· He/She is not (isn't) an English boy/girl.· It is not (isn't) cheap.· Is he/she an English boy/girl?· Is it cheap?They/We/You· They are our friends.· We are from America.· You are a good boy.· They are not (aren't) our friends.· We are not (aren't) from America.· You are not (aren't) a good boy.· Are they our friends?· Are we from America?· Are you a good boy?縮寫形式：isn't = is not; aren't = are not注意：am not 一般不縮寫。一般說來，在一般現(xiàn)在時的表達中，be 可以用于以下幾種情況：1. be + 形容詞§ I am very happy. 我很幸福。§ He is very kind. 他人非常好。§ The fruit is very fresh. 這水果很新鮮。2. be + 名詞§ Mr Wang is our English teacher. 王先生是我們的英語老師。§ They are our friends. 他們是我們的朋友。§ He is a very clever boy. 他是個非常聰明的男孩。3. be + 介詞短語§ The book is on the desk. 書在桌子上。§ She is at home. 她現(xiàn)在在家。§ Are they from America? 他們是美國人嗎？4. be + 副詞§ Class is over. 下課了。Module 2 this, these, that, those 的用法我們把 this, these, that, those 這四個詞稱為“指示代詞”，用來指示或標識人或事物。其中，this 和 that 為單數(shù)指示代詞，these 和 those 為復(fù)數(shù)指示代詞。例如：§ This is my mother. 這是我的媽媽。§ That's my dad. 那是我的爸爸。§ These are my parents. 這是我的父母。§ Those are Paul's son and daughter. 那是保羅的兒子和女兒。通常，我們談?wù)撾x自己近的人或物時用 this / these，離自己遠的人或物時用that / those 。例如：§ I like these books, but I don't like those books. 我喜歡這些書，但是我不喜歡那些書。§ This girl is Mary. 這個女孩是瑪麗。§ That boy is in Class 5. 那個男孩在五班。下面我們來看一下這些指示代詞作主語構(gòu)成一般疑問句時，答句所使用的主語會有什么變化。§ Is this your bike? Yes, it is. 這是你的自行車嗎？是的，是我的自行車。§ Are these your grandparents? Yes, they are. 這是你的祖父母嗎？是的，他們是。由此可以看出，當(dāng)指示代詞所指的事物已確定時，后面的指示代詞指人時用 he、she 和 they 來代替，指物時用 it 和 they 來代替。再如：§ Is that a bird or a plane? It's a plane. 那是鳥還是飛機？是飛機。§ Is this your friend Tony? Yes, he is. 這是你的朋友托尼嗎？是的，他是。Module 3 there be 句型的用法如果要表達“地方有”該用什么句型呢？一般應(yīng)采用 there be 句型。試看下面的例子：§ There is an apple on the desk. 桌子上有個蘋果。§ There are many students on the playground. 操場上有很多學(xué)生。§ There is still some water in the cup. 杯子里還有一些水。從以上句子可以看出，there be 句型的結(jié)構(gòu)一般為“ there is/are + 某物人 + 地點”，表示某地方有某物，也可以表示某地方有某人。如果要表達某地沒有某物或某人，或者詢問什么地方是否有某物或某人時，就要用到 there be 句型的否定和疑問形式。在 there be 句型中，從句法結(jié)構(gòu)上講 there 為主語，所以其疑問形式是將 be 提至 there 之前，構(gòu)成 is there/are there 的句式，而否定形式仍是在 be 后面加 not ?？隙ǚ穸ㄒ蓡柣卮餞here is a computer on the desk.There isn't a computer on the desk.Is there a computer on the desk?Yes, there is. (No, there isn't.)There is some food on the table.There isn't any food on the table.Is there any food on the table?Yes, there is. (No, there isn't.)There are some students on the playground.There aren't any students on the playground.Are there any students on the playground?Yes, there are. (No, there aren't.)可以看出，there be 句型的變化形式與第一模塊中 be 的變化形式相似，只是要注意系動詞 be 的形式變化一般視其后面名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。注意：there is/are 用于表示現(xiàn)在某個地方有某物或某人時，所表示的物或人都是泛指，而非特指。§ There is some water in the bottle. 瓶子里有水。§ There are many students in the classroom. 教室里有很多學(xué)生。Module 4 have got 的用法上一模塊我們學(xué)習(xí)的是“某地方有某物或某人”，如果要表示“某人有某物”，該如何表達呢？一般可以用 have got 的表達形式。例如：§ I have got a brother and a sister. 我有一個哥哥弟弟和一個姐姐妹妹。§ I have got a lovely cat. 我有一只可愛的貓。§ I have got a lot of friends. 我有很多朋友。如果表達“他，她”有，則要用 has got，而“我們，你（們），他們”等與“我”一樣，用 have got 。例如：§ He has got two sisters. 他有兩個姐姐妹妹。§ She has got a very nice bike. 她有一輛很棒的自行車。§ They have got many friends. 他們有很多朋友。§ We have got a computer. 我們有一臺電腦。如果要表達“沒有”，則要用 have not (haven't) got, has not (hasn't) got，要問“有沒有”則要把 have/has 提至句首，變成疑問句。例如：§ Have you got a cat? 你（們）有貓嗎？§ Has he got a brother? 他有哥哥弟弟嗎？§ Have they got any fruit? 他們有水果嗎？下面我們一起來總結(jié)一下 have/has got 的變化形式?？隙ǚ穸ㄒ蓡柣卮餓 have got a dog.I have not (haven't) got a dog.Have you got a dog?Yes, I have. (No, I haven't.)He/She has got a lot of friends.He/She has not (hasn't) got many friends.Has he/she got many friends?Yes, he/she has. (No, he/she hasn't.)We have got a computer room.We have not (haven't) got a computer room.Have we got a computer room?Yes, we have. (No, we haven't.)They have got a new English teacher.They have not (haven't) got a new English teacher.Have they got a new English teacher?Yes, they have. (No, they haven't.)You have got a brother.You have not (haven't) got a brother.Have you got a brother?Yes, I have. (No, I haven't.)have not 可以縮寫為 haven't，has not 可以縮寫為 hasn't 。在使用 have/has got 時要注意：have got 表示“有”，指的是“某人有”，注意與上一模塊中 there be 的區(qū)別。there be 句型表示某個地方有某物或某人，表示的是“存在”，而 have got 表示的是“所有”。試比較：§ I have got a new book. 我有一本新書。§ There is a new book on the desk. 桌子上放著一本新書。§ We have got a computer room. 我們有間計算機房。§ There is a computer room next to our classroom. 我們教室的隔壁是計算機房。§ She has got a lot of friends. 她有很多朋友。§ There are a lot of friends in the meeting room. 會議室里有很多朋友。have got 和 there be 有時表達的意思有些相近，但句型和側(cè)重點還是不同。例如：§ We haven't got any meat in the fridge. 我們冰箱里沒肉了。§ There isn't any meat in the fridge. 冰箱里沒有肉了。兩句都表示冰箱里沒有肉，但是第一句強調(diào)“我們沒有肉了”，冰箱是次要的；而第二句則強調(diào)“冰箱里沒有肉了”，至于其他地方有沒有，就無從知曉了。因此，使用時要注意表達的側(cè)重點。some, any 的用法在 there be 和 have got 句型的肯定、否定和疑問形式中，我們注意到有時用 some 有時用 any 。那么 some 和 any 是如何區(qū)別使用的呢？首先來看以下幾個例子：§ There is some milk in the cup. 杯子里有一些牛奶。§ There are some students in the classroom. 教室里有一些學(xué)生。§ I have got some nice stamps. 我有一些很好的郵票。§ We haven't got any English classmates. 我們沒有任何英國同學(xué)。§ Have you got any brothers? 你有兄弟嗎？§ Has he got any fruit? 他有水果嗎？§ Is there any good news today? 今天有什么好消息嗎？從以上的句子可以看出，some 用于肯定句中，any 用于疑問和否定句中。some 和 any 既可以用于可數(shù)名詞之前，也可以用于不可數(shù)名詞之前。再看下面的例子：§ I like rice. 我喜歡吃米飯。在這里 rice 表示的是一類的概念，不是特指哪一些米飯，所以不用 some 。而在下面的句子中，rice 表示具體的碗里的米飯，自然是有一定的量，所以要用 some 。§ There is some rice in the bowl. 碗里有一些米飯。注意：some 用在可數(shù)名詞之前時，可數(shù)名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。下面我們一起來回顧一下可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式變化：條件變化形式例詞一般情況下加 -sshops, desks, bags以 s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾加 -esbuses, boxes, watches, brushes以輔音字母 +y 結(jié)尾去掉 y，加 -iesbabies, cities, stories以 o 結(jié)尾加 -es 或者 -stomatoes, heroes, radios, photos, zoos, pianos以 f/fe 結(jié)尾（多數(shù)）將 f/fe 變成v，再加 -eslifelives, knifeknives同時，還應(yīng)注意一些不規(guī)則變化，如：manmen，womanwomen，footfeet，toothteeth，childchildren 等。有些單詞單復(fù)數(shù)同形，如：fish, deer, sheep, Chinese, Japanese 等。Module 5 行為動詞的一般現(xiàn)在時（1）請看下面幾個與同學(xué)們的日常生活相關(guān)的句子：§ We go to school every day. 我們每天去上學(xué)。§ We clean our classroom after class. 下課后我們打掃教室。§ Sometimes we play football on the playground. 有時我們在操場上踢足球。這幾個句子所談?wù)摰亩际瞧綍r經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事情。表達這種經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動作，就要使用一般現(xiàn)在時。例如：§ I do my homework in the evening. 我在晚上做作業(yè)。§ We have lunch at school. 我們在學(xué)校吃午飯。如果表示的是現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)，也可以用一般現(xiàn)在時。例如：§ I know him very well. 我和他很熟。§ I like English very much. 我非常喜歡英語。第一人稱和第二人稱的一般現(xiàn)在時其謂語動詞沒有形式的變化，否定形式一般是在謂語動詞前加 don't 。例如：§ We go to school from Monday to Friday. We do not (don't) go to school at the weekend. 我們周一到周五上學(xué)，周末不上學(xué)。§ I don't go to school on Sunday. I go to the park on Sunday. 我周日不去學(xué)校，去公園。一般現(xiàn)在時形式列表如下：肯定形式否定形式I live far away from school.I do not (don't) live far away from school.We go to the park on Sunday.We do not (don't) go to the park on Sunday.You sing very well.You do not (don't) sing very well.They come to China every year.They do not (don't) come to China every year.表達日常行為時會用到時間，要注意英語和漢語表達時間的不同方式，試比較：§ at half past six (6:30) 在六點半§ at ten past five (5:10) 在五點十分§ at twenty to seven (6:40) 在六點四十分注意：如果是半小時以內(nèi)的時間，一般用“幾點過幾分”的表達方式，即 . past.，如 5:25 可以表達為 twenty-five past five 。如果超過了半小時，則多用“還差幾分不到幾點”的表達方式，即 . to.，如 5:45 就可以表達為 a quarter to six.Module 6 行為動詞的一般現(xiàn)在時（2）請看下面的句子：§ He does not speak Chinese. 他不說漢語。§ She doesn't speak English. 她不說英語。§ It doesn't eat meat. 它不吃肉。從以上各例可以看出，單數(shù)第三人稱行為動詞一般現(xiàn)在時的否定形式是在行為動詞前加 doesn't (does not)。這時，要注意單數(shù)第三人稱否定形式中謂語動詞要還原為原形。試比較其肯定與否定形式中行為動詞形式的變化：肯定：§ He gets up very early. 他起床很早。否定：§ He doesn't get up very early. 他起床不是很早。如果要問某人是否經(jīng)常做某事，我們要采用下列表達方式：Does he play the piano every day? 他每天都練鋼琴嗎？No, he doesn't. 不，他不是。Does she go to school by bike? 她騎自行車上學(xué)嗎？Yes, she does. 是的，她是。Does it eat meat? 它吃肉嗎？No, it doesn't. 不，它不吃。從以上的例子可以看出，單數(shù)第三人稱行為動詞一般現(xiàn)在時的疑問形式是在句首加助動詞 does，后面的謂語動詞用動詞原形。試比較：肯定：§ He gets up very early. 他起床很早。疑問：§ Does he get up very early? 他起床很早嗎？行為動詞一般現(xiàn)在時的各種句式變化總結(jié)如下：肯定否定疑問回答He speaks good English.He does not (doesn't) speak good English.Does he speak good English?Yes, he does. (No, he doesn't.)She lives in the city.She does not (doesn't) live in the city.Does she live in the city?Yes, she does. (No, she doesn't.)The panda comes from China.The panda does not (doesn't) come from China.Does the panda come from China?Yes, it does. (No, it doesn't.)Module 7 行為動詞的一般現(xiàn)在時（3）通過上一模塊的學(xué)習(xí)，我們了解了如何詢問某人是否經(jīng)常做某事。那么，如果詢問如何做某事、在什么地方做某事等應(yīng)如何表達呢？首先請看以下例句：§ How do I write my homework on the computer? 我如何在電腦上寫作業(yè)？§ Where do I write the name? 我在什么地方寫名字？§ When do you use a computer? 你什么時候使用電腦？從上面的句子我們可以看出，在詢問時間、地點或方式等時，把表示時間、地點或方式的疑問詞置于句首，后面句子的結(jié)構(gòu)順序與一般疑問句式的一致。再如：§ How many emails do you send to your friends every week? 你每個星期給朋友發(fā)多少封電子郵件？§ When do they have lunch? 他們什么時候吃午飯？§ Where does he do his homework? 他在哪里做作業(yè)？§ How many postcards do you send every year? 你每年寄多少張明信片？對于特殊疑問句，需要注意兩點：一是句子的語序與一般疑問句是一致的；二是要根據(jù)所提問的內(nèi)容選擇疑問詞，疑問詞總是放在句首。Module 8 行為動詞的一般現(xiàn)在時（4）首先請同學(xué)們觀察以下一般現(xiàn)在時的例句：§ We sometimes give birthday cards. 有時我們也送生日卡片。§ My mother never makes a birthday cake. 我媽媽從來不做生日蛋糕。§ Do you usually sing Happy Birthday? 你（們）一般都唱生日歌嗎？從以上句子可以看出，表示經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的行為時常使用頻度副詞。常用的頻度副詞有：always（總是），often（經(jīng)常），usually（通常），sometimes（有時），seldom（很少），never（從不）。頻度副詞一般放在行為動詞的前面，助動詞的后面。例如：§ I often get up at five past six. 我經(jīng)常六點五分起床。§ He usually plays basketball on Saturday morning. 他通常周六上午打籃球。§ They never play computer games. 他們從來不玩電腦游戲。§ We always play football in the afternoon. 我們總是下午踢足球。Module 9 現(xiàn)在進行時（1）如果要表達現(xiàn)在正在做的事情該用什么句式呢？動詞有沒有什么變化？首先讓我們來看幾個例子：§ Tony is eating a delicious ice cream. 托尼正在吃一個美味的冰激凌。§ Daming is having lunch. 大明正在吃午飯。§ Some people are going to the theatre. 有些人正在去劇院。從以上例子可以看出，現(xiàn)在進行時主要表現(xiàn)在謂語動詞的形式上，一般采用 be + 動詞 -ing 的形式。其中 be 的變化與第一模塊學(xué)過的 be 的人稱變化規(guī)律一樣，動詞 -ing 形式的變化規(guī)律如下表所示：規(guī)則示例一般情況下，動詞后直接加 -ingworking, buying, visiting, talking, saying以字母 e 結(jié)尾的動詞，去掉 e，然后加 -ingtaking, having, leaving, driving, writing, making以輔音字母 + 元音字母 + 輔音字母的重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的動詞，如果末尾只有一個輔音字母，雙寫這個輔音字母，然后加 -ingstopping, shopping, sitting, getting特殊變化lielying既然在謂語部分用了 be，結(jié)合前面的例句我們不難看出，現(xiàn)在進行時的否定和疑問形式構(gòu)成與我們學(xué)過的 be 的相關(guān)句式構(gòu)成是一樣的，如下表所示：肯定否定疑問I am writing a letter.I am not writing a letter.Am I writing a letter?He/She is listening to the music.He/She is not (isn't) listening to the music.Is he/she listening to the music?We are enjoying our trip.We are not (aren't) enjoying our trip.Are we enjoying our trip?They are talking to each other.They are not (aren't) talking to each other.Are they talking to each other?Module 10 現(xiàn)在進行時（2）如果要詢問對方是否在做某事，或是問對方在做什么，我們要采用現(xiàn)在進行時的疑問句形式。根據(jù)現(xiàn)在進行時的構(gòu)成特點，其一般疑問句采用如下表達方式：§ Is she doing her homework? 她在做作業(yè)嗎？§ Are you listening to the music? 你（們）在聽音樂嗎？§ Are they playing computer games? 他們在玩電腦游戲嗎？其回答方式也與含有動詞 be 的疑問句式的回答一樣，如下表所示：疑問回答Is she cleaning the house?Yes, she is. (No, she isn't.)Are you getting ready for Spring Festival?Yes, I am/we are. (No, I'm not/we aren't.)Are they sweeping the floor?Yes, they are. (No, they aren't.)Are the boys making lanterns?Yes, they are. (No, they aren't.)如果要問對方在做什么，我們可以這樣說：§ What are you doing? 你（們）在做什么？問其他人在做什么：§ What are they doing? 他們在做什么？§ What is he doing? 他在做什么？在本冊中，我們學(xué)習(xí)了兩種時態(tài)：一般現(xiàn)在時和現(xiàn)在進行時。兩者都是表達現(xiàn)在的行為或狀態(tài)，但表達的意思不同，試比較：1. 一般現(xiàn)在時表示現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)。§ He likes jiaozi. 他喜歡餃子。§ They have a lot of friends. 他們有很多朋友。2. 一般現(xiàn)在時表示習(xí)慣性或經(jīng)常性的行為，而現(xiàn)在進行時表示正在進行的行為：§ He cleans his room every day. 他每天都打掃房間。§ He is cleaning his room now. 他在打掃房間。§ We play football every day after school. 每天放學(xué)后我們都踢足球。§ We are playing football. 我們在踢足球。§ They often come to China for a visit. 他們經(jīng)常來中國觀光。§ They are visiting China. 他們正在中國觀光。