專題 44 說明類完形填空關(guān)鍵詞：完形填空,說明類,理解,語境,邏輯推理難度系數(shù)：推薦指數(shù)：【基礎(chǔ)回顧】考點歸納： 說明文往往圍繞一個問題從不同的側(cè)面來加以說明，通常結(jié)構(gòu)嚴謹，句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，因此是高考完形填空中較難理解的一種文體。說明文一般有三類：一是實體事例說明文。包括說明書、廣告、解說詞、人物介紹、知識小品、知識注解等（實體事物是指國家、城市、人物、山水、樹木、花草、蟲魚、鳥獸、建筑、文化古跡、科技成果及各種工農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)品）；二是事理說明文。包括理論性解釋、文書簡介、教材等（事理是指觀點、立場、名詞概念、學(xué)術(shù)流派等）；三是文藝性說明文。即把說明對象擬人化，進而編成故事，對其進行介紹。具體特點為：（1）開頭點題。做說明文完形填空時，要明確說明的對象是什么，是具體實物還是理論性概念。因此，明確說明的對象是掌握說明細節(jié)的前提。在近年的說明型填空中，作者一般在文章的首句直接提出說明的對象。（2）結(jié)構(gòu)清晰。把握語篇特征對理解文意與答題極為有利。說明文的寫作一般按時問順序(指先后順序)，空間順序(從局部到整體，從上到下、從內(nèi)到外)，邏輯順序(前因后果，先果后因，先主后次)；認識順序(由此及彼，由淺入深，由具體到抽象，由現(xiàn)象到本質(zhì))。說明文型完形填空短文層次清晰，整體性強，所以，遞進性詞匯和名詞的設(shè)題往往出現(xiàn)得較多。說明文往往較直白，寫作脈絡(luò)清晰，又沒有很多感情因素的摻入，所以就不會有過多的情感詞匯，自然不會有鉆不出的“迷宮”。據(jù)此特點，我們便可以順著作者的思路，理清整篇文章的思路，從而順利答題。 基礎(chǔ)必讀：完形填空技巧之搭配習(xí)慣英語語言中的很多詞匯均以短語搭配的形式出現(xiàn)，完形填空中的詞匯也不例外。很多時候，在分析語境、理清空白處含義的基礎(chǔ)上，利用對詞匯前后搭配的分析可以快速、準確地推斷完形填空的未知信息。所謂前后搭配主要是指動詞(名詞、形容詞等)與介詞的搭配、動詞與其賓語的搭配、句式結(jié)構(gòu)和各種習(xí)慣搭配。在解答完形填空題時，充分考慮這些搭配關(guān)系，有助于我們做出正確選擇。一、動介搭配2014江蘇卷 (節(jié)選)During this period Dale was slowly developing an inferiority complex (自卑感), which his mother knew could_him from achieving his real potential.A. prevent B. protect C. save D. free解析A考查動詞詞義辨析。A. prevent阻止；B. protect保護；C. save拯救；D. free釋放。這里考查短語prevent sb. from doing sth.阻止某人做某事。他的母親知道這能夠阻止他獲得他的真正的潛能。故選A。二、動賓搭配2015四川卷 (節(jié)選)The squirrels had no _12_ coming up right to me for them. 12A.business B fun Cproblem Dprivilege三、介詞搭配2014浙江卷 (節(jié)選) _me, Simon had become a different person.A. Because of B. In spite of C. Apart from D.As for解析 A考查短語辨析以及對語境的理解。因為我的原因，Simon完全變了一個人。 此處A.因為；B.盡管；C.除了之外；D.至于。根據(jù)文意可知選A。2014北京卷 (節(jié)選) who then showed us a poster she had painted the talent show.A. at B. afterC. forD. around解析 C 考查介詞。根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容，這里是老師拿出一張“才藝秀”做的海報。for意為“為的；供的?！?。四、句式搭配2015四川卷 (節(jié)選) _28_she had a slice to eat，she never _29_ the one on her head.It was a fair _30_I got a pleasure，and she had yet another tasty treat.28A.Even if BEver since CAs far as DSo long as29A.welcomed Brequired Cbothered Dexpected30A.trade Bcompetition Ctask Daffair 解析28. D 只要“她”有胡蘿卜片吃著，“她”從來就不會為頭頂上的東西感到煩惱。even if即使；ever since自從；as far as就而言；so long as只要。29. C 參考上題解析。welcome歡迎；require要求；bother操心，煩惱；expect期待。30. A 這是一場公平交易“我”獲得了快樂，而“她”也得到另一份美味佳肴。trade貿(mào)易，交易；competition比賽，競爭；task任務(wù)；affair事情，事務(wù)。五、句型搭配 2014天津卷 (節(jié)選)It was then 25 I started to appreciate the tough choices she had to make on balancing family and work.A. when B. where C. which D. that六、習(xí)語搭配2013江西卷 (節(jié)選)“You should mind your own _！” Diane replied and walked into the gentle waves.Abusiness BswimsuitCfriends Dparents解析 A由前文信息可知，她應(yīng)該是說“你少管閑事”。mind ones own business意為“少管閑事”，符合語境?！炯寄芊椒ā客晷翁羁疹}要求考生具備的能力之一就是“正確的閱讀理解能力”，同時，還要具備扎實的語法、詞匯和文化知識的綜合積淀，是一種全面考查考生語言運用能力的題型。做完形填空應(yīng)該從以下幾個方面入手：一、利用首句信息，撲捉文章大意。完形填空題的首句是全文的關(guān)鍵句，或者稱為主導(dǎo)句，它是了解文章大意的一個窗口，對理解全文有著重要的啟示作用因此，要充分利用段首句提供的信息，去挖掘文章的思路，尋找文章的脈絡(luò)與線索，展開對文章發(fā)展的預(yù)測。二、利用邏輯推理，確定語段關(guān)系。邏輯推理是通過邏輯連詞來實現(xiàn)的，邏輯連詞是構(gòu)成語篇的紐帶，考生在解題時要充分利用這些邏輯連詞，深刻體會句段之間的理解關(guān)系。常用的邏輯連詞主要有：（1）詞（包括連詞、副詞和少數(shù)介詞），如and, but, or, because, though, however, yet, therefore, otherwise, despite等；（2）短語，如in other words, or rather, in addition, as a result, so that, on the contrary, instead of等；（3）分句和獨立結(jié)構(gòu)，如that is to say, what is more, all things considered等。三、利用詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)，尋找解題線索。語篇復(fù)現(xiàn)的信息包括原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、同義詞和反義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、上義詞和下義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、概括詞復(fù)現(xiàn)和代詞復(fù)現(xiàn)等。語篇中有詞匯和結(jié)構(gòu)同現(xiàn)的現(xiàn)象，如與語篇話題相關(guān)、意義相關(guān)的詞匯同時出現(xiàn)，結(jié)構(gòu)同現(xiàn)，同義同現(xiàn)，修飾同現(xiàn)，因果同現(xiàn)等。因此，利用上下文尋找解題信息，確定正確答案。四、利用上下文意，甄別詞語差異。 高考完形填空選項的設(shè)置一般均屬于同一詞類，有的甚至在意義上也非常接近。為了順利解答此類問題，考生在平時記憶單詞時，要在例句中把握其用法并能在考試中結(jié)合語境，比較四個選項的細微差別，推敲什么是最佳答案。五、利用語法分析，破解句子結(jié)構(gòu)。對語法、詞法等基礎(chǔ)知識的考查也是完形填空題的命題角度之一。對于這種題，要針對地對語法結(jié)構(gòu)、句式特點、對短文中所設(shè)空格中需填的詞在句子里作什么成份、哪類詞適合、應(yīng)采取什么形式等等進行必要的分析思考，從而迅速解決問題。比如，選用動詞就要考慮各種時態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣、主謂搭配以及其如何與其他詞類使用等一系列問題。六、利用文化常識，輕松選定答案。當對語言的把握不很準確時，可充分利用自己已掌握的文化背景和生活常識，巧妙地加以運用，先找出并理解文章主題和主線，并根據(jù)主題猜測細節(jié)，注意從重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語中尋找、體會文章表達的氛圍。這樣將會大大簡化復(fù)雜的分析與判斷過程，節(jié)省寶貴的時間，順利地沿作者的思路輕松解題?！净A(chǔ)達標】【云南省昆明市第一中學(xué)2017屆新課標高三月考卷（四）】It is proved that a young scientist named Will Smith has invented a kind of advanced and intelligent robot. The small robot may help children who are 41 from a long-term illness in hospital or at home.Whoever has had a long-term illness knows that recovering at home can be 42 , as everyone cant keep them 43 ,especially when their family go out to work. These children may feel 44 from their friends and classmates, which can be particularly 45 of children. They may feel 46 . Now these children may have a high-tech friend to help 47 the sense of loneliness. The friend is a robot , which takes their 48 at school. Through the robot, the children can 49 teachers and classmates. They 50 participate in class from 51 they are recovering. Mr. Smith, the inventor 52 how it works. He says the child uses a tablet or phone to start the robot. Then the 53 uses the same device to control the robots movements at school, the robot becomes the ears and 54 of the child, so that he or she can take part in classroom activities 55 youre at home of from a hospital bed. The robot is 56 with microphones that makes 57 easy. It will become 58 to the public, for not only does it look simply cool but people can afford it. 59 , it will help some children feel 60 lonely while they are absent from class.41. A. suffering B. recovering C. escaping D. varying 42. A. lonelyB. frustrating C. painfulD. desperate43. A. secretB. harmonyC. watchD. company44. A. tiredB. freeC. separatedD. banned45. A. true B. simpleC. meaningful D. right46. A. picked out B. taken inC. left out D. broken down47. A. promoteB. reduceC. improveD. form48. A. turnB. chanceC. placeD. order49. A. hearB. seeC. feelD. smell50. A. stillB. evenC. everD. just51. A. whereverB. howC. wheneverD. why52. A. analysesB. stresses C. defendsD. explains53. A. child B. robotC. teacherD. parent54. A. handsB. mouthC. eyesD. feet55. A. untilB. unlessC. whetherD. since56. A. equippedB. decoratedC. occupiedD. covered57. A. movementsB. communicatingC. attendanceD. understanding58. A. reliableB. avoidableC. flexibleD. available59. A. Surprisingly B. HopefullyC. StrangelyD. Increasingly60. A. lessB. extremelyC. moreD. slightly【文章大意】本文是一篇說明文，介紹一種新型、智能的機器人可以幫助康復(fù)期的兒童參與學(xué)校課堂。43. D 根據(jù)下一句“When their family go out to work”可知，不是每個人都能陪伴康復(fù)期的孩子，keep sb. company“陪伴某人”。故選D。44. C 根據(jù)上一句可知，孩子無人陪伴就會覺得自己與朋友和同學(xué)分離。故選C。45. A 根據(jù)上一句可知，這種情況尤其符合孩子。be true of “用于；符合于”。故選A。46. C 根據(jù)上兩句可知，孩子會覺得自己被忽略了。leave out “省去；遺漏；不考慮”。故選C。47. B 根據(jù)第一自然段第二句，“The small robot may help children”可知機器人可幫助孩子減少孤獨感。48. C 機器人可代替孩子去上學(xué)，take ones place“代替某人”。49. A 根據(jù)54空前的 “the ears” 以及56空后的 “microphones” 可知，通過機器人，孩子們可以聽到老師和同學(xué)的對話。故選A50. B 根據(jù)上一句，孩子可以聽到老師和同學(xué)的對話，甚至還可以參與到課堂活動。表示程度更進一步。故選B.Com51. A 根據(jù)第一自然段最后一句中 “in hospital or at home” 可知，無論在哪兒，孩子都可以通過機器人參與課堂。52. D 下文是介紹如何操作機器人，因此發(fā)明者解釋操作方法。故選D53. A 根據(jù)54空后的 “the child” 可知是孩子操控機器人。54. B 根據(jù)上文 “the ears” 以及后一句 “so that he or she can take part in classroom activities” 可知，機器人成為孩子的耳朵和嘴去幫助孩子參與課堂。故選B。55.C 根據(jù)第一自然最后一句 “in hospital or at home” 可知，無論是在家還是醫(yī)院。whether or “無論還是”。故選C?！灸芰μ嵘?【云南省昆明市第一中學(xué)2017屆新課標高三月考卷（五）】Kids perform differently in school. Their performances vary, even if they have 41 personalities or come from the same background. 42 , this kind of phenomenon is caused by many factors. Recently, a new study of Nova Scotia fifth-graders 43 that kids who eat better perform 44 in school. Students who ate an adequate amount of fruit, vegetables, protein, fiber and other components of a 45 diet were significantly less likely to 46 a literacy test, Dr. Paul found.While a healthy diet is 47 thought to be important for good school 48 , there has actually been little study on this 49 , Paul and his colleagues noted. To investigate, they looked at 4,589 fifth-graders 50 in the Childrens Lifestyle and School Performance Study,875( 19.1 percent) of whom had failed an elementary literacy assessment 51 the majority had passed it. The researchers found, students good eating habits are based on their diet 52 , including adequacy and variety. If the kid 53 enough and abundant nutrients in the daily life, he or she will be more likely to do well in the test, 54 after the researchers adjusted the data for the effects of 55 income and education, school, and sex. Eating plenty of fruit and vegetables, and getting fewer calories from fat, was also 56 with a lower risk of failing the test.Till now, Paul and his 57 say, most researches on diet and school performance have only 58 on the importance of eating breakfast, as well as the bad 59 of hunger and malnutrition(營養(yǎng)不良). “This study extends current knowledge in this area. It shows us the importance of overall diet quality to academic results,” the researchers 60 .41. A. differentB. similarC. strangeD. friendly42. A. Fortunately B. HopefullyC. ActuallyD. Personally43. A. remindsB. confirmsC. deniesD. ignores44. A. worseB. confirmsC. deniesD. better45. A. traditionalB. processedC. balancedD. tasty46. A. passB. completeC. takeD. fail47. A. properlyB. generallyC. perfectlyD. slightly48. A. relationshipB. managementC. performanceD. reputation49. A. topic B. problemC. statementD. essay50. A. competing B. participatingC. succeeding D. crowding51. A. whenB. althoughC. whileD. until52. A. qualityB. quantityC. preference D. kind53. A. brings about B. takes in C. squeezes outD. depends on54. A. ratherB. oftenC. stillD. even55. A. expectedB. personalC. familyD. legal56. A. providedB. presentedC. associatedD. conflicted57. A. teamB. parentsC. classD. kids58. A. takenB. putC. lookedD. focused59. A. treatmentsB. effectsC. measuresD. functions60. A. judgeB. requestC. concludeD. infer【文章大意】本文是一篇說明文。作者介紹了最新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)：飲食均衡、營養(yǎng)全面的孩子往往在學(xué)校表現(xiàn)得更好。43.B 該題考查動詞，此句意為“一項新的研究證實”，confirm意為“證實”。故選B。44.D 根據(jù)后文可知，飲食均衡、營養(yǎng)全面的孩子在學(xué)校的表現(xiàn)更好，與前面出現(xiàn)的比較級“better”相呼應(yīng)。故選D。45.C 選項 traditional“傳統(tǒng)的”，processed“精加工的”，balanced“均衡的”，tasty“好吃的”。根據(jù)后文可知，飲食均衡、營養(yǎng)全面的孩子往往在學(xué)校表現(xiàn)更好。故選C。46.D 根據(jù)句意“這些營養(yǎng)全面的孩子不太可能會考試不及格”，fail意為“不及格、失敗”。故選D。47.B 副詞generally意為“普遍地，通常地”。此句意為“盡管大家普遍認為健康的飲食對好的學(xué)校表現(xiàn)來說非常重要”。故選B。.Com48.C 根據(jù)上文可知，健康飲食對于良好的學(xué)校表現(xiàn)來說非常的關(guān)鍵，而非“學(xué)校關(guān)系”、“學(xué)校管理”或“學(xué)校名譽”。故選C。49.A 承接上一句，此句意為“但是事實上對于這個話題幾乎沒有什么具體的研究”。 topic意為“話題，議題”。故選A。50.B 根據(jù)上下文可知，“Paul和他的同事們參考了4589名參與該項研究中的五年級學(xué)生的成績”，participating意為“參與”。故選B。51.C 連詞while 置于句中，表示對比和轉(zhuǎn)折。根據(jù)上下文可知，此處表達的是“這些學(xué)生中的875人考試失敗了，然而大多數(shù)同學(xué)通過了這次考試”。故選C。52.A 此句意為“研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，學(xué)生們好的飲食習(xí)慣是基于他們的飲食質(zhì)量的”，而且根據(jù)此空后面的內(nèi)容可知，飲食質(zhì)量“包含營養(yǎng)充足和多樣化”兩個因素在內(nèi)。故選A。53.B 根據(jù)上下文可知，此處表達的是“如果孩子吸收了足夠豐富的營養(yǎng)”。bring about意為“帶來”，take in“吸收”，squeeze out“擠出”，depend on“依靠”。故選B。54.D 此空考查語意的承接。意為“甚至在研究者調(diào)整了數(shù)據(jù)后”，even意為“甚至”。故選D。55.C 根據(jù)上下文，此處意為“研究者因為孩子們家庭收入等因素調(diào)整了數(shù)據(jù)”。故選C。56.C 根據(jù)上下文可知，“吃足夠的水果蔬菜以及少量攝入脂肪都和考試取得好成績息息相關(guān)”，be associated with意為“與相關(guān)聯(lián)”。故選C。57.A 根據(jù)文章第二段內(nèi)容“Paul and his colleagues noted”可知，Paul是跟他的同事們共同進行這項研究，所以此處選擇team，表示他的研究團隊，呼應(yīng)上文。故選A?！窘K極闖關(guān)】Body language is the quiet, secret and most powerful language of all! It speaks _1_ than words. According to specialists, our bodies send out more _2_ than we realize. In fact, nonverbal (非言語) communication takes up about 15% of what we really _3_. And body language is particularly _4_ when we attempt to communicate across cultures. Indeed, what is called body language is so _5_ a part of us that its actually often unnoticed. And misunderstandings occur as a result of it. _6_，different societies treat the _7_ between people differently. Northern Europeans usually do not like having _8_ contact (接觸) even with friends, and certainly not with _9_. People from Latin American countries, _10_， touch each other quite a lot. Therefore, its possible that in _11_， it may look like a Latino is _12_ a Norwegian all over the room. The Latino, trying to express friendship, will keep moving _13_. The Norwegian, very probably seeing this as pushiness, will keep _14_ which the Latino will in return regard as _15_.Clearly, a great deal is going on when people _16_. And only a part of it is in the words themselves. And when parties are from _17_ cultures, theres a strong possibility of _18_ . But whatever the situation, the best _19_ is to obey the Golden Rule: treat others as you would like to be _20_.1A.straighter Blouder CharderDfurther2A.sounds Binvitations Cfeelings Dmessages3A.hope Breceive Cdiscover Dmean4A.immediate Bmisleading Cimportant Ddifficult5A.well Bfar Cmuch Dlong6A.For example BThus CHowever DIn short7A.trade Bdistance Cconnections Dgreetings8A.eye Bverbal Cbodily Dtelephone9A.strangers Brelatives Cneighbours Denemies10A.in other words Bon the other hand Cin a similar way Dby all means11A.trouble Bconversation Csilence Dexperiment12A.disturbing Bhelping Cguiding Dfollowing13A.closer Bfaster Cin Daway14A.stepping forward Bgoing on Cbacking away Dcoming out15A.weakness Bcarelessness Cfriendliness Dcoldness16A.talk Btravel Claugh Dthink17A.different BEuropean CLatino Drich18A.curiosity Bexcitement Cmisunderstanding Dnervousness19A.chance Btime Cresult Dadvice20A.noticed Btreated Crespected Dpleased1. B考查副詞的比較級及語境理解。身勢語比語言表達的意思更響亮，更清楚。此處louder意為：聲音更大，即更有說服力。如：諺語Facts speak louder than words.(事實勝于雄辯。)2. D考查名詞詞義辨析及語境理解。據(jù)專家稱：我們的身體發(fā)出比我們意識到的更多的信息。sound聲音；invitation邀請；feeling感覺；message信息。3. D考查動詞詞義辨析及語境理解。實際上，非語言交際約占據(jù)了我們真正想表達的意思的15%的分量。hope希望；receive接收；discover發(fā)現(xiàn)；mean意思是。4. C考查形容詞詞義辨析。當我們進行跨文化交流時，身勢語顯得尤為重要。immediate立刻的； misleading 誤導(dǎo)的；important重要的；difficult困難的。5. C考查形容詞的用法。事實上，身勢語是常常被我們忽略的很多的一部分。6. A考查語境理解。下文中以拉丁美洲人和挪威人為例，說明不同的社會群體對待距離的態(tài)度是不同的。7. B考查名詞詞義辨析及語境理解。不同的社會群體對待人們之間接觸的距離是不同的。trade交易； distance 距離； connection聯(lián)系；greeting問候。8. C考查語境理解。即使是朋友，北歐人通常也不喜歡身體的接觸，當然更不用說陌生人。eye 眼睛，眼神；verbal 言辭的； bodily身體的；telephone電話。9. A考查名詞詞義辨析。北歐人通常不喜歡身體的接觸，即使是朋友，當然更不用說陌生人。stranger陌生人；relative親戚；neighbour鄰居；enemy敵人。10. B考查介詞短語的含義及語境理解。on the other hand然而，在另一方面。然而，拉丁美洲國家的人們相互接觸的就很多。11. B考查名詞詞義辨析。在對話過程中，拉丁人跟著挪威人滿屋子轉(zhuǎn)是可能的。trouble 麻煩；conversation對話； silence 沉默；experiment實驗。12. D考查動詞詞義辨析及語境理解。在對話過程中，拉丁人跟著(following)挪威人滿屋子轉(zhuǎn)是可能的。此處follow意為：跟著走。13. A考查語境理解。拉丁人靠得更近表示友好。14. C考查動詞短語的含義及語境理解。挪威人將不斷地后退。step forward前進； go on 繼續(xù)；back away后退；come out出來。15. D考查名詞詞義辨析。拉丁人反過來認為他們很冷淡。weakness虛弱； carelessness粗心；friendliness 友誼；coldness冷淡。16. A考查動詞詞義辨析。很顯然，當人們談話時，許多東西都在進行。17. A考查形容詞詞義辨析。當我們的伙伴來自于不同的文化背景時，產(chǎn)生誤解的可能性就會很大。