并列句連詞分為并列連詞（連接并列句）和從屬連詞（連接復(fù)合句）。參考5+3 P100 考點(diǎn)一1. He didnt attend the party because he was ill.（復(fù)合句）=He was ill, so he didnt attend the party. (并列句)2. Although it rained heavily, they went on walking.(復(fù)合句)=It rained heavily, but they went on walking.(并列句)3. They entered the room and (they) laughed and talked. (并列句)= They entered the room, laughing and talking.句子的分類補(bǔ)充：有時(shí)并列句中的分句通過一定的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號如逗號、分號等來表現(xiàn)這種并列關(guān)系。例如： Stand up; it is your turn to speak now.站起來；現(xiàn)在輪到你發(fā)言了。because, as, since 不與so 連用;(al)though 不與but 連用 “；”相當(dāng)于并列連詞and, but, so等常見的并列句補(bǔ)充：并列連詞and，or 1）并列結(jié)構(gòu)中，or通常用于否定句，and用于肯定句。 2）但有時(shí)and 也可用于否定句。請注意其不同特點(diǎn)： There is no air or water in the moon. There is no air and no water on the moon.（在否定中并列結(jié)構(gòu)用or 連接，但含有兩個(gè)否定詞的句子實(shí)際被看作是肯定結(jié)構(gòu)，因此要用and。） 判斷改錯(cuò)： （錯(cuò)）We will die without air and water. （錯(cuò)）We cant live without air or water. （對）We will die without air or water. （對）We cant live without air and water. and 還可以和祈使句或名詞詞組連用表示條件。（or也有此用法）例如：Make up your mind, and youll get the chance. = If you make up your mind, youll get the chance.One more effort, and youll succeed. = If you make one more effort, youll succeed. Give him an inch and he will take a yard. 得寸進(jìn)尺。 Get out of the house or I will beat you. 并列連詞not only（merely）.but also/butas well可連接兩個(gè)并列成分，其中包括并列的句子，但側(cè)重點(diǎn)在后一個(gè)并列句上，not only 放句首時(shí)它引導(dǎo)的句子要部分倒裝。Not only is he himself interested in computer but also his son is beginning to show an interest in it.= He himself is not only interested in computer but his son is beginning to show an interest in it as well/ too.并列連詞neithenor "既不也不"連接主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞采用就近原則; 放句首要部分倒裝。Neither you nor he is to blame. 你和他都不該受指責(zé)。Neither was John clever, nor Mary pretty.并列連詞notnor/neither可連接兩個(gè)并列的句子，后一個(gè)句子要倒裝。Mr. Black doesnt smoke, nor does his son. Jane wont join us for dinner tonight, neither will Tom (=Tom wont either). 并列連詞notbut意思為"不是而是" 連接主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞就近一致原則。They were not the bones of an animal, but（the bones）of a human being. Not that I care what they think, but(that) its you Im worrying about.他們怎么想我可不管，我擔(dān)心的是你。邊際并列連詞as well as, rather than, more than：介乎并列連詞與從屬連詞或介詞之間的結(jié)構(gòu)，有時(shí)象并列連詞，有時(shí)意義未變卻又象從屬連詞或介詞。We have an army for fighting as well as an army for labor./ As well as printing the books, he publishes them.Joe prefers to skate rather than ski. 表示轉(zhuǎn)折的并列連詞：Jack is clever, while/whereas his brother is stupid.It is very good, but(still/yet) it can be better./ =and yet it can be better. 表示選擇的并列連詞：eitheror"或者或者"。連接主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞采用就近原則。Either you or I am right. =Either you are right, or I am. (對比：whetheror “不管還是”從屬連詞) I dont mind whether you or he attends the meeting. or, otherwiseHurry up, or youll be late for class./ =or else youll be late for class./ =otherwise youll be late for class.表示因果關(guān)系的并列連詞for, so (for是并列連詞，表示附加或推斷的理由、原因。不位于句首。)判斷改錯(cuò)： （錯(cuò)） For he is ill, he is absent today. （對） He is absent today, for he is ill.狀語從句(Adverbial Clauses)一.狀語從句的語法意義和分類1.意義: 在句中起狀語作用,修飾主句的謂語動(dòng)詞,形容詞,副詞或整個(gè)句子. 狀語從句通常由從屬連詞引導(dǎo),與主句相連. 放在句首時(shí),常在后面加上逗號; 若放在后面,其前一般不加逗號.2.九種狀從: 時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)和原因；目的，結(jié)果加條件；方式，讓步與比較。二.狀語從句的用法:1.時(shí)間狀語從句 一when/while/as參照5+3P100-104 考點(diǎn)二 1）while引導(dǎo)的從句謂語是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，側(cè)重對比。2）當(dāng)從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生于主句動(dòng)作之前，只能用when 引導(dǎo)這個(gè)從句，不可用as 或 while。 When you have finished your work, you may have a rest. 3）從句表示"隨著"連詞只能用as，不用when 或while。As the day went on, the weather got worse. 4) when=since, considering that 既然,考慮到,引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句。*It was foolish of you to take a taxi when you could easily walk there in five minutes.二關(guān)于”一就”的連詞整理 參照5+3 P101 考點(diǎn)二(二)*Hardly/Scarcely/Barely had they seen the movie star when/before the fans cried.*I had hardly / scarcely/barely got home when/before it began to rain. 剛回家，就下起雨來了。* I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.注意：如果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首，主句必須用部分倒裝，并注意主從句時(shí)態(tài)。 三. till, until和not until 參照P101 （三）1）until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。例如：Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened. 2）until when 疑問句中，until要放在句首。例如：-Until when are you staying?你呆到什么時(shí)候？- Until next Monday.呆到下周一。3）注意：否定句可用另外兩種句式表示。a)Not until在句首，主句用部分倒裝。Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is. b)It is not until that It was not until I began to work that I realized how much time I had wasted. 四. before和since 參照P101(四)It is/was that（強(qiáng)調(diào)句）It is/was +時(shí)間when從句 當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候It is/has been +時(shí)間since從句 自從有多久It will be long before 要過很久才 It will not be long before 不久就五. 關(guān)于“每當(dāng); 每次; 下次” 參照清單二 P102 (五)補(bǔ)：He sat there quietly all the time she sang.區(qū)別the first time 和for the first timethe first time是名詞短語，用來引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句*The first time I climbed onto the wall, I felt nervous.for the first time是介詞短語，在句中做狀語*When I climbed onto the wall for the first time, I felt nervous.2.地點(diǎn)狀語從句參照P102 （一）注意區(qū)分where引導(dǎo)的定語從句與狀語從句：Where引導(dǎo)的定從前面有地點(diǎn)的先行詞。Where本身在定語從句和狀語從句中都充當(dāng)狀語。3原因狀語從句參照P102 (二)由because引導(dǎo)的從句如果放在句末，且前面有逗號，則可以用for來代替。但如果不是說明直接原因，而是多種情況加以推斷，就只能用for。 He is absent today, because / for he is ill. 他今天缺席，因?yàn)樗×恕?He must be ill, for he is absent today. 他一定病了，所以今天缺席。除了狀語從句以外，一些介詞短語同樣可以表示原因:because of, thanks to, due to, owing to , on account of, as a result of, by reason of, in consequence of, in that, seeing that, considering that, by reason that, in view of等另外，分詞短語引出原因句。Being sick, he failed to attend the party.= In view of the fact that he was sick,=By reason that he was sick,=Due to his sickness,=The reason why he failed to attend the party was that he was ill.=The reason for his failing to attend the party was that he was ill.4. 目的狀語從句 參照P102四（一）for fear that=in order to avoid sth.引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中根據(jù)句意用wouldshouldcouldmight do.in case=if sth happens（條件狀語從句）如果in case引導(dǎo)虛擬語氣的條件狀語，從句中用should do，should一般不省略。lest引導(dǎo)的從句中用(should) do, should 可以省略。*He wrote the name down for fear that（lest） he should forget it. 5. 結(jié)果狀語從句 參照P103五此外，that也可以直接表示結(jié)果 *We did well in the exams that we were praised by him.6. 條件狀語從句和方式狀語從句 參照P103 六方式狀語從句通常由as, （just） asso, as if, as though引導(dǎo)。1）as, （just） asso引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句通常位于主句后，但在（just） asso結(jié)構(gòu)中位于句首，這時(shí)as從句帶有比喻的含義，意思是"正如"，"就像"，多用于正式文體。As water is to fish, so air is to man. = Water is to fish what air is to man. 我們離不開空氣，猶如魚兒離不開水。Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.正如打掃房屋一樣，我們也要掃除我們頭腦中落后的東西。2）as if, as though多用虛擬語氣，表示與事實(shí)相反，有時(shí)也用陳述語氣，表示所說情況是事實(shí)或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的可能性較大。漢譯常作"仿佛似的"，"好像似的"。 說明：as if / as though也可以引導(dǎo)一個(gè)分詞短語、不定式短語或無動(dòng)詞短語。He stared at me as if seeing me for first time. 他目不轉(zhuǎn)睛地看著我，就像第一次看見我似的。He cleared his throat as if to say something. 他清了清嗓子，像要說什么似的。The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger. 波濤沖擊著巖石，好像很憤怒。7. 讓步狀語從句 參照P103 七1）while也可做”盡管,雖然”講, 一般置于句首, 等于although(不用倒裝)*While he was still a young man, he was elected chairman of the committee.2）as在狀語從句中可以引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句，原因狀語從句，比較狀語從句，方式狀語從句及讓步狀語從句，但是在引導(dǎo)前四種狀語從句的時(shí)候都不用倒裝，只有引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句的時(shí)候才需要倒裝。3）“疑問詞+ever”既可以引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，又可以引導(dǎo)名詞性從句“no matter +疑問詞”只引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，不能引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。8. 比較狀語從句 參照<5+3>P104狀語從句的緊縮現(xiàn)象1.時(shí)間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中常見的緊縮現(xiàn)象*Dont speak until spoken to.*While in Beijing, I paid a visit to the Birds Nest.*He often makes mistakes when speaking English.*The girl never gave in unless wrong.*Come tomorrow if possible.*Unless repaired, the machine is of no use.狀語從句緊縮現(xiàn)象一般應(yīng)滿足下兩個(gè)條件：(1.)從句的主語和主句的主語一致或者是it (2.)從句中有be 2. 方式狀語從句中常見的緊縮現(xiàn)象*Some flowers shut up at night as if to sleep.*She stood at the gate as if waiting for someone.*The woman teacher left the classroom silently as though angry.*The inspector looked around, as if in search of something.3.其它狀語從句中的緊縮現(xiàn)象*Though cold, he still wore a shirt.*Being blind, he couldnt see anything.*Fill in the blanks with articles where necessary.