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河南機(jī)電高等??茖W(xué)校
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)任務(wù)書(shū)
系 部: 材料工程系
專 業(yè): 模具設(shè)計(jì)與制造
學(xué)生姓名: 趙向南 學(xué) 號(hào): 0312433
設(shè)計(jì)(論文)題目: 電動(dòng)機(jī)風(fēng)扇罩正、反拉深模
起 迄 日 期: 2006 年 3 月 9 日—5 月 15 日
指 導(dǎo) 教 師: 楊占堯(教授)
發(fā)任務(wù)書(shū)日期: 2006年 3 月 9日
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)(論 文)任 務(wù) 書(shū)
1.本畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)課題來(lái)源及應(yīng)達(dá)到的目的:
本題目來(lái)自工廠電動(dòng)機(jī)的零件,通過(guò)對(duì)本模具的設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)生應(yīng)能熟練掌握模具設(shè)計(jì)的基本步驟、方法、并且對(duì)模具工業(yè)的現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展有一定的了解,從而加強(qiáng)學(xué)生對(duì)本專業(yè)的了解、使學(xué)生對(duì)三年來(lái)所學(xué)的知識(shí)系統(tǒng)的掌握。
1、了解目前國(guó)內(nèi)外沖壓模具的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀
2、分析風(fēng)扇罩的沖壓工藝并確定其工藝方案
3、風(fēng)扇罩的沖壓模設(shè)計(jì)
4、風(fēng)扇罩的模安裝與調(diào)整
5、設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)論
2.本畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)課題任務(wù)的內(nèi)容和要求(包括原始數(shù)據(jù)、技術(shù)要求、工作要求等):
工件圖:如圖所示
生產(chǎn)批量:小批量
料厚:2mm
材料:08鋼
工作要求:
1、畫(huà)出模具裝配圖
2、繪制主要工作零件圖
3、編制主要工作零件加工工藝
4、寫(xiě)出設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)
所在專業(yè)審查意見(jiàn):
負(fù)責(zé)人:
年 月 日
系部意見(jiàn):
系領(lǐng)導(dǎo):
年 月 日
河南機(jī)電高等專科學(xué)校
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)評(píng)語(yǔ)
學(xué)生姓名:趙向南 班級(jí): 模具034 學(xué)號(hào):0312433
題 目: 電動(dòng)機(jī)風(fēng)扇罩正、反拉深模
綜合成績(jī):
指導(dǎo)者評(píng)語(yǔ):
能夠按時(shí)完成設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù),在某方面具有一定的創(chuàng)新,文體格式比較規(guī)范,但存在幾點(diǎn)小錯(cuò)誤,建議以后能夠細(xì)心做事,踏實(shí)做事??梢源疝q!
指導(dǎo)者(簽字):
年 月 日
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)評(píng)語(yǔ)
評(píng)閱者評(píng)語(yǔ):
該設(shè)計(jì)在選題和工作量方面都較為合適,具有代表性,在某方面具有一定的創(chuàng)新價(jià)值和代表性,格式符合設(shè)計(jì)要求,成績(jī)良好,同意答辯。
評(píng)閱者(簽字):
年 月 日
答辯委員會(huì)(小組)評(píng)語(yǔ):
該生知識(shí)面掌握較廣泛,對(duì)于設(shè)計(jì)的整體表達(dá)較清晰、明白,能正確地回答老師提出的各個(gè)問(wèn)題,經(jīng)各個(gè)老師的投票,給予該生成績(jī)優(yōu)良。
答辯委員會(huì)(小組)負(fù)責(zé)人(簽字):
年 月 日
機(jī)械加工工藝過(guò)程卡
(模具專業(yè)沖壓模具課題適用)
模具設(shè)計(jì)與制造
機(jī)械加工工藝過(guò)程卡片
產(chǎn)品
型號(hào)
零(部)件圖號(hào)
02
河南機(jī)電高等??茖W(xué)校
產(chǎn)品
名稱
防護(hù)罩冷沖壓模具
零(部)件名稱
凸凹模
共(3)頁(yè)第(3)頁(yè)
材料牌號(hào)
CrWMn
毛坯種類
材料
毛坯外型尺寸
φ450×130
每個(gè)毛坯可制 件數(shù)
1
每臺(tái)
件數(shù)
1
備注
工序號(hào)
工序名稱
工 序 內(nèi) 容
車間
工段
設(shè)備
工 藝 裝 備
工時(shí)
準(zhǔn)終
單件
1
備料
將毛坯鍛成圓棒
φ450×130
鍛造
空氣錘
專有鉗子
2
熱處理
退火消除鍛件內(nèi)應(yīng)力,改善切削加工
熱處理
電爐
3
車削
車削外形尺寸至大致輪廓
機(jī)加
車床
三爪卡盤(pán)
4
熱處理
調(diào)質(zhì)
熱處理
電爐
5
磨端面
工作端留單邊余量0.3
機(jī)加
磨床
頂尖
6
鉗工劃線
劃出各孔位置線
鉗工
劃針
高度游標(biāo)卡尺
7
加工螺釘、銷釘孔
按位置加工螺釘孔、銷釘孔
機(jī)加
鉆床
臺(tái)虎鉗
8
車削
按零件圖車削內(nèi)孔外圓,φ348、φ394留單邊余量0.3,其余車至尺寸
機(jī)加
車床
三爪卡盤(pán)
9
熱處理
按熱處理工藝,淬火回火達(dá)到58~62HRC
熱處理
電爐
10
磨削
精磨內(nèi)、外圓、端面至尺寸,保證端面與軸線垂直
機(jī)加
磨床
三爪卡盤(pán)
11
鉗工精修
全面達(dá)到設(shè)計(jì)要求
鉗工
12
檢驗(yàn)
設(shè)計(jì)日期
審核日期
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化日期
會(huì)簽
日期
標(biāo)記
記數(shù)
更改文
件號(hào)
簽字
日期
標(biāo)記
處數(shù)
更該文件號(hào)
河南機(jī)電高等??茖W(xué)校
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)開(kāi)題報(bào)告
學(xué)生姓名:趙向南 學(xué) 號(hào): 0312433
專 業(yè): 模具設(shè)計(jì)與制造
設(shè)計(jì)(論文)題目: 電動(dòng)機(jī)風(fēng)扇罩正、反拉深
指導(dǎo)教師: 楊占堯
2006 年 05 月 14 日
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) 開(kāi) 題 報(bào) 告
1.結(jié)合畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)課題情況,根據(jù)所查閱的文獻(xiàn)資料,撰寫(xiě)1500字左右(本科生200字左右)的文獻(xiàn)綜述(包括目前該課題在國(guó)內(nèi)外的研究狀況、發(fā)展趨勢(shì)以及對(duì)本人研究課題的啟發(fā)):
文 獻(xiàn) 綜 述
國(guó)內(nèi)外現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展趨勢(shì)
1、我國(guó)模具工業(yè)發(fā)展主要成就
我國(guó)模具工業(yè)起步較晚,基礎(chǔ)薄弱,長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)模具制造一直作為保證企業(yè)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)的手段被視為生產(chǎn)后方,因此發(fā)展緩慢。1984年,我國(guó)成立了中國(guó)模具工業(yè)協(xié)會(huì),1987年模具首次被列入機(jī)電產(chǎn)品目錄,當(dāng)時(shí)全國(guó)共有模具生產(chǎn)廠點(diǎn)約6000家,總產(chǎn)值約30億元。隨著我國(guó)改革開(kāi)放的日益深化,市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)程的加快,獨(dú)立于產(chǎn)品制造企業(yè)的模具及其標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件、配套件企業(yè)大量出現(xiàn),模具產(chǎn)業(yè)得到快速發(fā)展,在市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中,模具企業(yè)生產(chǎn)技術(shù)不斷提高和規(guī)模不斷擴(kuò)大,模具行業(yè)得到很快發(fā)展。目前,我國(guó)模具產(chǎn)值已排名世界第三,2005年達(dá)到500億元。
1988年~1992年,由原國(guó)家經(jīng)貿(mào)委下達(dá)計(jì)劃,由機(jī)械部和中國(guó)模具工業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)實(shí)施,在全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)組織了上百個(gè)模具企業(yè)和有關(guān)科研單位、大專院校,共同進(jìn)行模具技術(shù)攻關(guān),取得了豐碩成果。這些成果主要有:沖壓模具的設(shè)計(jì)制造技術(shù)、塑料模具的設(shè)計(jì)制造技術(shù)、鑄壓模具的設(shè)計(jì)制造技術(shù)、鍛造模具的設(shè)計(jì)制造技術(shù)、模具表面處理技術(shù)、模具材料、模具計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)與制造(CAD/CAM)技術(shù)、模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件、模具加工關(guān)鍵設(shè)備、模具壽命研究等方面。由于這些成果的取得及推廣應(yīng)用,使我國(guó)模具技術(shù)前進(jìn)了一大步。
“七五”后期和“八五”期間,國(guó)家對(duì)模具工業(yè)加大了投入,分批分期改造了一批具有特色專長(zhǎng)的專業(yè)模具廠和模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件廠,引進(jìn)了一大批模具加工關(guān)鍵設(shè)備及精密塑料模、級(jí)進(jìn)模、精沖模等設(shè)計(jì)制造技術(shù),對(duì)提高我國(guó)模具生產(chǎn)技術(shù)水平起到了推動(dòng)作用。同時(shí),許多大專院校開(kāi)始設(shè)立模具專業(yè),由前聯(lián)邦德國(guó)、日本援建及我國(guó)自己投資興辦的模具技術(shù)培訓(xùn)中心也陸續(xù)建立,模具技術(shù)人員及技術(shù)工人的培養(yǎng)開(kāi)始步入軌道。?
1989年3月,國(guó)務(wù)院頒布了《關(guān)于當(dāng)前產(chǎn)業(yè)政策要點(diǎn)的決定》,在機(jī)械工業(yè)中,模具被列為技術(shù)改造序列的第一位,極大地促進(jìn)了模具技術(shù)的發(fā)展。
20世紀(jì)90年代以來(lái),在國(guó)內(nèi)汽車行業(yè)的模具設(shè)計(jì)制造中開(kāi)始采用CAD/CAM技術(shù)。國(guó)家科委“863”計(jì)劃將東風(fēng)汽車公司作為CIMS應(yīng)用示范廠,由華中理工大學(xué)作為技術(shù)依托單位,開(kāi)發(fā)了汽車車身與覆蓋件模具CAD/CAM軟件系統(tǒng),在模具和設(shè)計(jì)制造中實(shí)際應(yīng)用,取得顯著效益。
2、我國(guó)模具技術(shù)與國(guó)外的差距
2.1產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)、企業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)等方面
模具按國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分為十大類,其中沖壓模、塑料模占模具用量的主要部分。按產(chǎn)值統(tǒng)計(jì),我國(guó)目前沖壓占50%-60%,塑料模占25-30。國(guó)外先進(jìn)國(guó)家對(duì)發(fā)展塑料模很重視,塑料模比例一般占30%-40%。國(guó)內(nèi)模具中,大型、精密、復(fù)雜、長(zhǎng)壽命模具比較低,約占20%左右,國(guó)外為50%以上。我國(guó)模具生產(chǎn)企業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)不合理,主要生產(chǎn)模具能力集中在各主機(jī)廠的模具分廠(或車間)內(nèi),模具商品化率低,模具自產(chǎn)自用比例高達(dá)70%以上。國(guó)外,70%以上是商品化的。
2.2產(chǎn)品水平
衡量模具產(chǎn)品水平,主要有模具加工的制造精度和表面粗糙度,加工模具的復(fù)雜程度模具的使用壽命和制造周期等。
2.3工藝裝備水平
我國(guó)機(jī)床工具行業(yè)已可提供比較成套的高精度模具加工設(shè)備,如:加工中心、數(shù)控銑床、數(shù)控仿形銑床、電加工機(jī)床、座標(biāo)磨床、光曲磨床、三座標(biāo)測(cè)量機(jī)等。但在加工和定位精度,加工表面粗糙度,機(jī)床剛性,穩(wěn)定性,可靠性,刀具和附件的配套性方面,和國(guó)外相比,仍有較大差距。
3 模具的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)
3.1 模具軟件功能集成化
模具軟件功能的集成化要求軟件的功能模塊比較齊全,同時(shí)各功能 模塊采用同一數(shù)據(jù)模型,以實(shí)現(xiàn)信息的綜合管理與共享,從而支持模具設(shè)計(jì)、制造、裝配、檢驗(yàn)、測(cè)試及生產(chǎn)管理的全過(guò)程,達(dá)到實(shí)現(xiàn)最佳效益的目的。如英國(guó)Delcam公司的系列化軟件就包括了曲面/實(shí)體幾何造型、復(fù)雜形體工程制圖、工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)高級(jí)渲染、塑料模設(shè)計(jì)專家系統(tǒng)、復(fù)雜形體CAM、藝術(shù)造型及雕刻自動(dòng)編程系統(tǒng)、逆向工程系統(tǒng)及復(fù)雜形體在線測(cè)量系統(tǒng)等。集成化程度較高的軟件還包括:Pro/ENGINEER、UG和CATIA等。國(guó)內(nèi)有上海交通大學(xué)金屬塑性成型有限元分析系統(tǒng)和沖裁模CAD/CAM系統(tǒng);北京北航海爾軟件有限公司的CAXA系列軟件;吉林金網(wǎng)格模具工程研究中心的沖壓模CAD/CAE/CAM系統(tǒng)等。
3.2模具設(shè)計(jì)、分析及制造的三維化
傳統(tǒng)的二維模具結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)已越來(lái)越不適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代化生產(chǎn)和集成化技術(shù)要求。模具設(shè)計(jì)、分析、制造的三維化、無(wú)紙化要求新一代模具軟件以立體的、直觀的感覺(jué)來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)模具,所采用的三維數(shù)字化模型能方便地用于產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)的CAE分析、模具可制造性評(píng)價(jià)和數(shù)控加工、成形過(guò)程模擬及信息的管理與共享。如Pro/ENGINEER、UG和CATIA等軟件具備參數(shù)化、基于特征、全相關(guān)等特點(diǎn),從而使模具并行工程成為可能。另外,Cimatran公司的Moldexpert,Delcam公司的Ps-mold及日立造船的Space-E/mold均是3D專業(yè)注塑模設(shè)計(jì)軟件,可進(jìn)行交互式3D型腔、型芯設(shè)計(jì)、模架配置及典型結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)。澳大利亞Moldflow公司的三維真實(shí)感流動(dòng)模擬軟件MoldflowAdvisers已經(jīng)受到用戶廣泛的好評(píng)和應(yīng)用。國(guó)內(nèi)有華中理工大學(xué)研制的同類軟件HSC3D4.5F及鄭州工業(yè)大學(xué)的Z-mold軟件。面向制造、基于知識(shí)的智能化功能是衡量模具軟件先進(jìn)性和實(shí)用性的重要標(biāo)志之一。如Cimatron公司的注塑模專家軟件能根據(jù)脫模方向自動(dòng)產(chǎn)生分型線和分型面,生成與制品相對(duì)應(yīng)的型芯和型腔,實(shí)現(xiàn)模架零件的全相關(guān),自動(dòng)產(chǎn)生材料明細(xì)表和供NC加工的鉆孔表格,并能進(jìn)行智能化加工參數(shù)設(shè)定、加工結(jié)果校驗(yàn)等。
3.3模具軟件應(yīng)用的網(wǎng)絡(luò)化趨勢(shì)
隨著模具在企業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、合作、生產(chǎn)和管理等方面的全球化、國(guó)際化,以及計(jì)算機(jī)軟硬件技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展,網(wǎng)絡(luò)使得在模具行業(yè)應(yīng)用虛擬設(shè)計(jì)、敏捷制造技術(shù)既有必要,也有可能。美國(guó)在其《21世紀(jì)制造企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略》中指出,到2006年要實(shí)現(xiàn)汽車工業(yè)敏捷生產(chǎn)/虛擬工程方案,使汽車開(kāi)發(fā)周期從40個(gè)月縮短到4個(gè)月。
3.4模具檢測(cè)設(shè)備的日益精密、高效
精密、復(fù)雜、大型模具的發(fā)展,對(duì)檢測(cè)設(shè)備的要求越來(lái)越高?,F(xiàn)在精密模具的精度已達(dá)2~3μm,目前國(guó)內(nèi)廠家使用較多的有意大利、美國(guó)、日本等國(guó)的高精度三坐標(biāo)測(cè)量機(jī),并具有數(shù)字化掃描功能。
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) 開(kāi) 題 報(bào) 告
2.本課題的研究思路(包括要研究或解決的問(wèn)題和擬采用的研究方法、手段(途徑)及進(jìn)度安排等):
研究目的和意義
隨著模具制造水平的不斷提高,工業(yè)產(chǎn)品更新速度加快,對(duì)模具的要求越來(lái)越高,盡管改革開(kāi)放以來(lái),模具工業(yè)有了較大發(fā)展,但無(wú)論是數(shù)量還是質(zhì)量仍滿足不了國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)的需要,目前滿足率只能達(dá)到70%左右。造成產(chǎn)需矛盾突出的原因,一是專業(yè)化、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化程度低,除少量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件外購(gòu)?fù)猓蟛糠止ぷ髁烤枘>邚S去完成。加工企業(yè)管理的體制上的約束,造成模具制造周期長(zhǎng),不能適應(yīng)市場(chǎng)要求。二是設(shè)計(jì)和工藝技術(shù)落后,如模具CAD/CAM技術(shù)采用不普遍,造成模具生產(chǎn)效率不高、周期長(zhǎng)??傊峭狭藱C(jī)電、輕工等行業(yè)發(fā)展的后腿。
因此我們必須意識(shí)到,對(duì)模具設(shè)計(jì)的研究的目的和意義在于能夠跟好的認(rèn)識(shí)模具工業(yè)在國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)中的地位的重要性。因?yàn)槔媚>叱尚土慵姆椒?,?shí)質(zhì)上是一種少切削、無(wú)切削、多工序重合的生產(chǎn)方法,采用模具成型的工藝代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)的切削加工工藝,可以提高生產(chǎn)效率,保證零件質(zhì)量,節(jié)約材料,降低生產(chǎn)成本,從而取得很高的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。利用模具生產(chǎn)零件的方法已經(jīng)成為工業(yè)上進(jìn)行成批或大批生產(chǎn)的主要技術(shù)手段,它對(duì)保證制品質(zhì)量,縮短試用周期,進(jìn)而爭(zhēng)先占領(lǐng)市場(chǎng),以及產(chǎn)品更新?lián)Q代和新產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)都具有決定性的意義。因此德國(guó)把模具稱為“金屬加工中的帝王”,把模具工業(yè)視為“關(guān)鍵工業(yè)”,美國(guó)把模具稱為“美國(guó)工業(yè)的基石”,把模具工業(yè)視為“不可估量其力量的工業(yè)”,日本把模具說(shuō)成是“促進(jìn)社會(huì)富裕繁榮的動(dòng)力”,把模具視為“整個(gè)工業(yè)發(fā)展的秘密”。
因此,要使國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)各個(gè)部門(mén)獲得高速發(fā)展,加速實(shí)現(xiàn)社會(huì)主義四個(gè)現(xiàn)代化,就必須盡快將模具工業(yè)搞上去,使模具生產(chǎn)形成一個(gè)獨(dú)立的工業(yè)部門(mén),從而充分發(fā)揮模具工業(yè)在國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)中的關(guān)鍵作用
研究?jī)?nèi)容、途徑及技術(shù)路線
1、了解拉深模具的特點(diǎn);
2、對(duì)拉深模具進(jìn)行工藝分析,設(shè)計(jì)模具,模具制圖等;
3、技術(shù)路線:通過(guò)查閱,收集的資料的研究方法。
工作的主要階段、速度和技術(shù)指標(biāo)
1、在初期階段完成搜索、整理資料。重要找參考資料和網(wǎng)址;
2、在中期階段完成建模、計(jì)算和撰寫(xiě)畢業(yè)論文,提交初稿及修改等;
3、在后期階段完成論文資料的完善并提交論文成果,準(zhǔn)備畢業(yè)答辯;
4、在最后教師批閱、評(píng)閱論文成果。
最終目標(biāo)及完成時(shí)間
畢業(yè)論文是結(jié)合大學(xué)三年所學(xué)的專業(yè)課理論知識(shí),有針對(duì)性地完成對(duì)拉深模課題的設(shè)計(jì)工作。在完成這設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中,一定要盡量在自己的專業(yè)理論上加深和認(rèn)識(shí),爭(zhēng)取提高自己的理論設(shè)計(jì)能力、分析能力及實(shí)踐創(chuàng)作能力。畢業(yè)論文的完成是一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的過(guò)程,我將盡自己所能,用最大的態(tài)度完成大學(xué)里最后一分答卷。
現(xiàn)有條件及必須采取的措施
在這三年里的專業(yè)學(xué)習(xí)及實(shí)習(xí),使我對(duì)這課題有了一定的認(rèn)識(shí)。由于還處于學(xué)生階段,理論和實(shí)踐不能夠很好的統(tǒng)一起來(lái),同時(shí)專業(yè)水平也不是很高,我必須不斷的復(fù)習(xí)和查閱相關(guān)資料,聽(tīng)取指導(dǎo)老師的批評(píng)和建議,按部就班的完成各個(gè)階段的任務(wù),盡自己最大的能力完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)。
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指導(dǎo)教師意見(jiàn):
1.對(duì)“文獻(xiàn)綜述”的評(píng)語(yǔ):
2.對(duì)本課題的研究思路、深度、廣度及工作量的意見(jiàn)和對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)結(jié)果的預(yù)測(cè):
指導(dǎo)教師:
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沖壓成形與板材沖壓
1. 概述
通過(guò)模具使板材產(chǎn)生塑性變形而獲得成品零件的一次成形工藝方法叫做沖壓。由于沖壓通常在冷態(tài)下進(jìn)行,因此也稱為冷沖壓。只有當(dāng)板材厚度超過(guò)8~100mm時(shí),才采用熱沖壓。沖壓加工的原材料一般為板材或帶材,故也稱板材沖壓。某些非金屬板材(如膠木板、云母片、石棉、皮革等)亦可采用沖壓成形工藝進(jìn)行加工。
沖壓廣泛應(yīng)用于金屬制品各行業(yè)中,尤其在汽車、儀表、軍工、家用電器等工業(yè)中占有極其重要的地位。沖壓成形需研究工藝設(shè)備和模具三類基本問(wèn)題。
? 板材沖壓具有下列特點(diǎn):
(1).高的材料利用率。
(2).可加工薄壁、形狀復(fù)雜的零件。
(3).沖壓件在形狀和尺寸方面的互換性好。
(4).能獲得質(zhì)量輕而強(qiáng)度高、剛性好的零件。
(5).生產(chǎn)率高,操作簡(jiǎn)單,容易實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)械化和自動(dòng)化。
沖壓模具制作成本高,因此適合大批量生產(chǎn)。對(duì)于小批量、多品種生產(chǎn),常采用簡(jiǎn)易沖模,同時(shí)引進(jìn)沖壓加工中心等新型設(shè)備,以滿足市場(chǎng)求新求變的需求。板材沖壓常用的金屬材料有低碳鋼、銅、鋁、鎂合金及高塑性的合金剛等。如前所述,材料形狀有板材和帶材。
沖壓生產(chǎn)設(shè)備有剪床和沖床。剪床是用來(lái)將板材剪切成具有一定寬度的條料,以供后續(xù)沖壓工序使用,沖床可用于剪切及成形。
2. 沖壓成形的特點(diǎn)
生產(chǎn)時(shí)間中所采用的沖壓成形工藝方法有很多,具有多種形式餓名稱,但塑性變形本質(zhì)是相同的。沖壓成形具有如下幾個(gè)非常突出的特點(diǎn)。
(1).垂直于板面方向的單位面積上的壓力,其數(shù)值不大便足以在板面方向上使??板材產(chǎn)生塑性變形。由于垂直于板面方向上的單位面積上壓力的素質(zhì)遠(yuǎn)小于板面方向上的內(nèi)應(yīng)力,所以大多數(shù)的沖壓變形都可以近似地當(dāng)作平面應(yīng)力狀態(tài)來(lái)處理,使其變形力學(xué)的分析和工藝參數(shù)的計(jì)算大呢感工作都得到很大的簡(jiǎn)化。
(2).由于沖壓成形用的板材毛胚的相對(duì)厚度很小,在壓應(yīng)力作用下的抗失穩(wěn)能力也很差,所以在沒(méi)有抗失穩(wěn)裝置(如壓邊圈等)的條件下,很難在自由狀態(tài)下順利地完成沖壓成形過(guò)程。因此,以拉應(yīng)力作用為主的伸長(zhǎng)類沖壓成形過(guò)程多于以壓應(yīng)力作用為主的壓縮類成形過(guò)程。
(3).沖壓成形時(shí),板材毛胚內(nèi)應(yīng)力的數(shù)值等于或小于材料的屈服應(yīng)力。在這一點(diǎn)上,沖壓成形與體積成形的差別很大。因此,在沖壓成形時(shí)變形區(qū)應(yīng)力狀態(tài)中的靜水壓力成分對(duì)成形極限與變形抗力的影響,已失去其在體積成形時(shí)的重要程度,有些情況下,甚至可以完全不予考慮,即使有必要考慮時(shí),其處理方法也不相同。
(4).在沖壓成形時(shí),模具對(duì)板材毛胚作用力所形成的約束作用較輕,不像體積成形(如模鍛)是靠與制件形狀完全相同的型腔對(duì)毛胚進(jìn)行全面接觸而實(shí)現(xiàn)的強(qiáng)制成形。在沖壓成形中,大多數(shù)情況下,板材毛胚都有某種程度的自由度,常常是只有一個(gè)表面與模具接觸,甚至有時(shí)存在板材兩側(cè)表面都有于模具接觸的變形部分。在這種情況下,這部分毛胚的變形是靠模具對(duì)其相鄰部分施加的外力實(shí)現(xiàn)其控制作用的。例如,球面和錐面零件成形時(shí)的懸空部分和管胚端部的卷邊成形都屬這種情況。
? ?由于沖壓成形具有上述一些在變形與力學(xué)方面的特點(diǎn),致使沖壓技術(shù)也形成了一些與體積成形不同的特點(diǎn)。由于不需要在板材毛的表面施加很大的單位壓力即可使其成形,所以在沖壓技術(shù)中關(guān)于模具強(qiáng)度與剛度的研究并不十分重要,相反卻發(fā)展了學(xué)多簡(jiǎn)易模具技術(shù)。
由于相同原因,也促使靠氣體或液體壓力成形的工藝方法得以發(fā)展。因沖壓成形時(shí)的平面應(yīng)力狀態(tài)或更為單純的應(yīng)變狀態(tài)(與體積成形相比),當(dāng)前對(duì)沖壓成形匯中毛胚的變形與 力能參數(shù)方面的研究較為深入,有條件運(yùn)用合理的科學(xué)方法進(jìn)行沖壓加工。借助于電子計(jì)算機(jī)與先進(jìn)的測(cè)試手段,在對(duì)板材性能與沖壓變形參數(shù)進(jìn)行實(shí)時(shí)測(cè)量與分析基礎(chǔ)上,實(shí)現(xiàn)沖壓過(guò)程智能化控制的研究工作也在開(kāi)展。人們?cè)趯?duì)沖壓成形過(guò)程有離開(kāi)較為深入的了解后,已經(jīng)認(rèn)識(shí)到?jīng)_壓成型與原材料有十分密切的關(guān)系。所以,對(duì)板材沖壓性能即成形性與形狀穩(wěn)定性的研究,目前已成為沖壓技術(shù)的一個(gè)重要內(nèi)容。對(duì)板材沖壓性能的研究工作不僅是沖壓技術(shù)發(fā)展的需要,而且也促進(jìn)了鋼鐵工業(yè)生產(chǎn)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,為其提高板材的質(zhì)量提供了一個(gè)可靠的基礎(chǔ)與依據(jù)。
3.沖壓變形的分類
? ?沖壓變形工藝可完成多種工序,其基本工序可分為分離工序和變形工序兩大類。分離工序是使胚料的一部分與另一部分相互分離的工藝方法,主要有落料、沖孔、切邊、剖切、修整等。其中又以沖孔、落料應(yīng)用最廣。變形工序是使胚料的一部分相對(duì)于另一部分產(chǎn)生位移而不破裂的工藝方法,主要有拉深、彎曲、局部成形、脹形、翻邊、縮徑、校形、旋壓等。
從本質(zhì)上看,沖壓成形就是毛胚的變形區(qū)在外力的作用下產(chǎn)生相應(yīng)的塑性變形,所以變形區(qū)內(nèi)的應(yīng)力狀態(tài)和變形特點(diǎn)景象的沖壓成形分類,可以把成形性質(zhì)相同的成形方法概括成同一個(gè)類型并進(jìn)行體系化的研究。
絕大多數(shù)沖壓成形時(shí)毛胚變形區(qū)均處于平面應(yīng)力狀態(tài)。通常認(rèn)為在板材表面上不受外力的作用,即使有外力作用,其數(shù)值也是較小的,所以可以認(rèn)為垂直于板面方向上的應(yīng)力為零,使板材毛胚產(chǎn)生塑性變形的是作用于板面方向上相互的兩個(gè)主應(yīng)力。由于板厚較小,通常都近似地認(rèn)為這兩個(gè)主應(yīng)力在厚度方向上是均勻分布的?;谶@樣的分析,可以把各種形式?jīng)_壓成型中的毛陪變形區(qū)的受力狀態(tài)與變形特點(diǎn),在平面應(yīng)力的應(yīng)力坐標(biāo)系中與相應(yīng)的兩向應(yīng)變坐標(biāo)系中以應(yīng)力與應(yīng)變坐標(biāo)決定的位置來(lái)表示。
4.沖壓用原材料
? ?沖壓加工用原材料有很多種,它們的性能也有很大的差別,所以必須根據(jù)原材料的性能與特點(diǎn),采用不同的沖壓成形方法、工藝參數(shù)和模具結(jié)構(gòu),才能達(dá)到?jīng)_壓加工的目的。由于人們對(duì)沖壓成形過(guò)程板材毛胚的變形行為有了較為深入的認(rèn)識(shí),已經(jīng)相當(dāng)清楚的建立了由原材料的化學(xué)成分、組織等因素所決定的材料性能與沖壓成形之間的關(guān)系,這就使原材料生產(chǎn)部門(mén)不但按照沖壓件的工作條件與使用要求進(jìn)行原材料的設(shè)計(jì)工作,而且也根據(jù)沖壓件加工過(guò)程對(duì)板材性能的要求進(jìn)行新型材料的開(kāi)發(fā)工作,這是沖壓技術(shù)在原材料研究方面的一個(gè)重要方向。對(duì)沖壓用原材料沖壓性能方面的研究工作有
(1)原材料沖壓性能的含義。
(2)判斷原材料沖壓性能的科學(xué)方法,確定可以確切反映材料沖壓性能的參數(shù),建立沖壓性能的參數(shù)與實(shí)際沖壓成形間的關(guān)系,以及沖壓性能參數(shù)的測(cè)試方法等。
(3)建立原材料的化學(xué)成分、組織和制造過(guò)程與沖壓性能之間的關(guān)系。沖壓用原材料主要是各種金屬與非金屬板材。金屬板材包括各種黑色技術(shù)和有色金屬板材。雖然在沖壓生產(chǎn)中所用金屬板材的種類很多,但最多的原材料蛀牙是鋼板、不銹鋼板、鋁合金板及各種復(fù)合金屬板。
5.板材沖壓性能及其鑒定方法
? ? 板材是指對(duì)沖壓加工的適應(yīng)能力。對(duì)板材沖壓性能的研究具有飛行重要的意義。為了能夠運(yùn)用最科學(xué)與最經(jīng)濟(jì)合理的沖壓工藝過(guò)程與工藝參數(shù)制造出沖壓零件,必須對(duì)作為加工對(duì)象的板材的性能具有十分清楚的了解,這樣才有可能充分地利用板材在加工方面的潛在能力。另一方面,為了能夠依據(jù)沖壓件的形狀與尺寸特點(diǎn)及其所需的成形工藝等基本因素,正確、合理地選用板材,也必須對(duì)板材的沖壓性能有一個(gè)科學(xué)的認(rèn)識(shí)與正確的判斷。評(píng)定板材沖壓性能的方法有直接試驗(yàn)法與間接試驗(yàn)法。
? ?實(shí)物沖壓試驗(yàn)是最直接的板材沖壓性能的評(píng)定方法。利用實(shí)際生產(chǎn)設(shè)備與模具,在與生產(chǎn)完全相同的條件下進(jìn)行實(shí)際沖壓零件的性能評(píng)定,當(dāng)然能夠的最可靠的結(jié)果。但是,這種評(píng)定方法不具有普遍意義,不能作為行業(yè)之間的通用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行信息的交流。
? ?模擬試驗(yàn)是把生產(chǎn)中實(shí)際存在的沖壓成形方法進(jìn)行歸納與簡(jiǎn)單化處理,消除許多過(guò)于復(fù)雜的因素,利用軸對(duì)稱的簡(jiǎn)化了的成形方法,在保證試驗(yàn)中板材的變形性質(zhì)與應(yīng)力狀態(tài)都與實(shí)際沖壓成形相同的條件下進(jìn)行的沖壓性能的評(píng)定工作。為了保證模擬試驗(yàn)結(jié)果的可靠性與通用性,規(guī)定了私分具體的關(guān)于試驗(yàn)用工具的幾何形狀與尺寸、毛胚的尺寸、試驗(yàn)條件(沖壓速度、潤(rùn)滑方法、壓邊力等)。
? ?間接試驗(yàn)法也叫做基礎(chǔ)試驗(yàn)法。間接試驗(yàn)法的特點(diǎn)是:在對(duì)板材在塑性變形過(guò)程中所表現(xiàn)出的基本性質(zhì)與規(guī)律進(jìn)行分析與研究的基礎(chǔ)上,進(jìn)一步把它和具體的沖壓成形中板材的塑性變形參數(shù)聯(lián)系起來(lái),建立間接試驗(yàn)結(jié)果(間接試驗(yàn)值)與具體的沖壓成形性能(工藝參數(shù))之間的相關(guān)性。由于間接試驗(yàn)時(shí)所用試件的形狀與尺寸以及加載的方式等都不同于具體的沖壓成形過(guò)程,所以它的變形性質(zhì)和應(yīng)力狀態(tài)也不同于沖壓變形。因此間接試驗(yàn)所得的結(jié)果(試驗(yàn)值)并不是沖壓成形的工藝參數(shù),而是可以用來(lái)表示板材沖壓性能的基礎(chǔ)性參數(shù)。
Characteristics and Sheet Metal Forming
1. The article overview
Stamping is a kind of plastic forming process in which a part is produced by means of the plastic forming the material under the action of a die. Stamping is usually carried out under cold state, so it is also called stamping. Heat stamping is used only when the blank thickness is greater than 8~100mm. The blank material for stamping is usually in the form of sheet or strip, and therefore it is also called sheet metal forming. Some non-metal sheets (such as plywood, mica sheet, asbestos, leather)can also be formed by stamping.
?? Stamping is widely used in various fields of the metalworking industry, and it plays a crucial role in the industries for manufacturing automobiles, instruments, military parts and household electrical appliances, etc.
? ?The process, equipment and die are the three foundational problems that needed to be studied in stamping.
? ?The characteristics of the sheet metal forming are as follows:
(1)? ? High material utilization
(2)? ? Capacity to produce thin-walled parts of complex shape.
(3)? ? Good interchangeability between stamping parts due to precision in shape??
and dimension.
(4)? ? Parts with lightweight, high-strength and fine rigidity can be obtained.
(5)? ? High productivity, easy to operate and to realize mechanization and? ? automatization.
? ? The manufacture of the stamping die is costly, and therefore it only fits to mass production. For the manufacture of products in small batch and rich variety, the simple stamping die and the new equipment such as a stamping machining center, are usually adopted to meet the market demands. The materials for sheet metal stamping include mild steel, copper, aluminum, magnesium alloy and high-plasticity alloy-steel, etc.??
Stamping equipment includes plate shear punching press. The former shears plate into strips with a definite width, which would be pressed later. The later can be used both in shearing and forming.
2.Characteristics of stamping forming
There are various processes of stamping forming with different working patterns and names. But these processes are similar to each other in plastic deformation. There are following conspicuous characteristics in stamping:
(1).The force per unit area perpendicular to the blank surface is not large but is enough to cause the material plastic deformation. It is much less than the inner stresses on the plate plane directions. In most cases stamping forming can be treated approximately as that of the plane stress state to simplify vastly the theoretical analysis and the calculation of the process parameters.
(2).Due to the small relative thickness, the anti-instability capability of the blank is weak under compressive stress. As a result, the stamping process is difficult to proceed successfully without using the anti-instability device (such as blank holder). Therefore the varieties of the stamping processes dominated by tensile stress are more than dominated by compressive stress.
(3).During stamping forming, the inner stress of the blank is equal to or sometimes less than the yield stress of the material. In this point, the stamping is different from the bulk forming. During stamping forming, the influence of the hydrostatic pressure of the stress state in the deformation zone to the forming limit and the deformation resistance is not so important as to the bulk forming. In some circumstances, such influence may be neglected. Even in the case when this influence should be considered, the treating method is also different from that of bulk forming.
(4).In stamping forming, the restrain action of the die to the blank is not severs as in the case of the bulk forming (such as die forging). In bulk forming, the constraint forming is proceeded by the die with exactly the same shape of the part. Whereas in stamping, in most cases, the blank has a certain degree of freedom, only one surface of the blank contacts with the die. In some extra cases, such as the forming of the blank on the deforming zone contact with the die. The deformation in these regions are caused and controlled by the die applying an external force to its adjacent area.
Due to the characteristics of stamping deformation and mechanics mentioned above, the stamping technique is different form the bulk metal forming: The importance or the strength and rigidity of the die in stamping forming is less than that in bulk forming because the blank can be formed without applying large pressure per unit area on its surface. Instead, the techniques of the simple die and the pneumatic and hydraulic forming are developed.
Due to the plane stress or simple strain state in comparison with bulk forming, more research on deformation or force and power parameters has been done. Stamping forming can be performed by more reasonable scientific methods. Based on the real time measurement and analysis on the sheet metal properties and stamping parameters, by means of computer and some modern testing apparatus, research on the intellectualized control of stamping process is also in proceeding. It is shown that there is a close relationship between stamping forming and raw material. The research on the properties of the stamping forming, that is, forming ability and shape stability, has become a key point in stamping technology development, but also enhances the manufacturing technique of iron and steel industry, and provides a reliable foundation for increasing sheet metal quality.
3.Categories of stamping forming
? ? Many deformation processes can be done by stamping, the basic processes of the stamping can be divided into two kinds: cutting and forming.Cutting is a shearing process that one part of the blank is cut from the other. It mainly includes blanking, punching, trimming, parting and shaving, where punching and blanking are the most widely used. Forming is a process that one part of the blank has some displacement from the other. It mainly includes deep drawing, bending, local forming, bulging, flanging, necking, sizing and spinning.
In substance, stamping forming is such that the plastic deformation occurs in the deformation zone of the stamping blank caused by the external force. The stress state and deformation characteristic of the deformation zone are the basic factors to decide the properties of the stamping forming. Based on the stress state and deformation characteristics of the deformation zone, the forming methods can be divided into several categories with the same forming properties and be studied systematically.
??The deformation zone in almost all types of stamping forming is in the plane stress state. Usually there is no force or only small force applied on the blank surface. When is assumed that the stress perpendicular to the blank surface equals to zero, two principal stresses perpendicular to each other and act on the blank surface produce the plastic deformation of the material. Due to the small thickness of the blank, it is assumed approximately the two principal stresses distribute uniformly along the thickness direction. Based on this analysis, the stress state and the deformation characteristics of the deformation zone in all kinds of stamping forming can be denoted by the points in the coordinates of the plane principal stresses and the coordinates of the corresponding plane principal strains.
4.Raw materials for stamping forming
There are a lot of raw materials used in stamping forming, and the properties of these materials may have large difference. The stamping forming can be succeeded only by determining the stamping method, the forming parameters and the die structures according to the properties and characteristics of the raw materials. The deformation of the blank during stamping forming has been investigated quite thoroughly. The relationships between the material properties decided by the chemistry component and structure of the material and the stamping forming has been established clearly. Not only the proper material can be selected based on the working condition and usage demand, but also the new material can be developed according to the demands of the blank properties during processing the stamping part. This is an important domain in stamping forming research. The research on the material properties for stamping forming is as follows:
(1).Definition of the stamping property of the material.
(2).Method to judge the stamping property of the material, find parameters to express the definitely material property of the stamping forming, establish the relationship between the property parameters and the practical stamping forming, and investigate the testing methods of the property parameters.
(3).Establish the relationship among the chemical component, structure, manufacturing process and stamping property.
?? The raw materials for stamping forming mainly include various metals and nonmetal plate. Sheet metal includes both ferrous and nonferrous metals. Although a lot of sheet metals are used in stamping forming, the most widely used materials are steel, stainless steel, aluminum alloy and various composite metal plates.
5.Stamping forming property of sheet metal and its assessing method
The stamping forming property of the sheet metal is the adaptation capability of the sheet metal to stamping forming. It has crucial meaning to the investigation of the stamping forming property of the sheet metal. In order to produce stamping forming parts with most scientific, economic and rational stamping forming process and forming parameters, it is necessary to understand clearly the properties of the sheet metal, so as to utilize the potential of the sheet metal fully in the production. On the other hand, to select plate material accurately and rationally in accordance with the characteristics of the shape and dimension of the stamping forming part and its forming technique is also necessary so that a scientific understanding and accurate judgment to the stamping forming properties of the sheet metal may be achieved.
There are direct and indirect testing methods to assess the stamping property of the sheet metal?.Practicality stamping test is the most direct method to assess stamping forming property of the sheet metal. This test is done exactly in the same condition as actual production by using the practical equipment and dies. Surely, this test result is most reliable. But this kind of assessing method is not comprehensively applicable, and cannot be shared as a commonly used standard between factories.
? ? The simulation test is a kind of assessing method that after simplifying and summing up actual stamping forming methods, as well as eliminating many trivial factors, the stamping properties of the sheet metal are assessed, based on simplified axial-symmetric forming method under the same deformation and stress states between the testing plate and the actual forming states. In order to guarantee the reliability and generality of simulation results, a lot of factors are regulated in detail, such as the shape and dimension of tools for test, blank dimension and testing conditions(stamping velocity, lubrication method and blank holding force, etc).???Indirect testing method is also called basic testing method its characteristic is to connect analysis and research on fundamental property and principle of the sheet metal during plastic deformation, and with the plastic deformation parameters of the sheet metal in actual stamping forming, and then to establish the relationship between the indirect testing results(indirect testing value) and the actual stamping forming property (forming parameters). Because the shape and dimension of the specimen and the loading pattern of the indirect testing are different from the actual stamping forming, the deformation characteristics and stress states of the indirect test are different from those of the actual one. So, the results obtained form the indirect test are not the stamping forming parameters, but are the fundamental parameters that can be used to represent the stamping forming property of the sheet metal.