Learn the use of V-ing and be動詞的-ing形式在起名詞作用時，稱為動名詞 動名詞可以在句子當(dāng)中用作主語，表語，賓語，介詞賓語并且還可以構(gòu)成合成詞。用作主語：Dancing is one of his hobbies.用作表語：His hobby is collecting stamps.用作賓語：Please stop smoking.用作介賓：Wouldnt he be afraid of being caught?構(gòu)成合成詞：He won the singing contest.As object of verbs(including phrasal verbs 成語動詞)He admitted taking the money.(taking the money is the object of admit)So you prefer being a teacher?(being a teacher is the object of prefer)許多成語動詞也可以用動名詞作賓語 They left off talking about the firm.Prices keep on increasing.另外，在（be)worth后也可跟動名詞作賓語 It is worth 有些動詞后可以用動名詞作賓語，也可以用不定式作賓語，有時意思有所不同 I remember telling you about it.(已經(jīng)告訴了）Remember to tell him about it.（還沒有告訴）I will never forget hearing Chaliapin singing in that opera.(還沒有忘記）He forget to bring his umbrella.(已經(jīng)忘記了）Try doing more exercise;youll soon lose weight.(試圖做某事）Ill try to improve.（盡力做某事）這樣的詞還有regret,help,want,need等 有時兩種結(jié)構(gòu)只有細(xì)微的差別，例如在like,love,prefer,hate,dread等動詞之后，動名詞多表示一般情況，不定式多表示即將發(fā)生的事。Do you like reading?I should like to hear others views.She loves working in the garden.She said shed love to come sometime.I hate asking favors.He would hate to disappoint you.有時兩者可以互換，意思上沒有區(qū)別 He hates thinking(to think)about it.I like reading(to raed)detective stories.在begin,strat,intend,continue和cease后跟動名詞或不定式都可以，有時意思上沒有什么差別 It has strated raining(to rain).The band began playing(to play).She continued working(to work)as if nothing had happened.但有時又有些細(xì)微的差別，在begin,start,和cease后，不定式多表示情況發(fā)生變化（a),而動名詞表示有意識地開始或停止（b)a,Suddenly it strated to rain.The matter has ceased to be a mystery to us.b,Then the little girl started singing.The factory has ceased making bicycles.所以這些詞都要根據(jù)句子的意思和上下文來進(jìn)行選擇，到底是用to do 還是v-ing.另外，在以-ing結(jié)尾的動詞后不宜再用動名詞，以避免-ing的重復(fù)。As object of preposition 有許多有介詞構(gòu)成的成語動詞后可以跟動名詞作賓語。Eg:She insisted on writing at once.Why do you persist in writing such things.He thought of writing to her.I have always believed in being broad-minded.還有不少”be+adj+preposition的結(jié)構(gòu)后也?？捎脛用~作賓語 Are you interested in going with with us?I was afraid of making them uneasy.He wasnt keen on buying a car.這樣的詞還有很多，例如，be angry about,be excited at,be surprised at,be responsible for,be tired of,be capable of,be used to,be fed up with等 在“及物動詞+賓語+介詞”這類結(jié)構(gòu)后，也常跟動名詞作賓語 They accused him of playing his radio too loudly.Forgive me for interrupting you.He dedicated his life to flighting corruption.在how about 后也常跟動名詞作賓語 How about coming with us to the club?許多介詞可以跟動名詞構(gòu)成狀語，但是動名詞不可以單獨作狀語 Bass waited a little while before making up his mind.I dont blame you for being cautious.Without waiting for any reply,he left the room.還有些介詞短語后跟動名詞作賓語，如Instead of,in the hope of,with a view to等。還有些介詞可以和動名詞構(gòu)成定語 He is good at the art of making friends.I admired his skill at driving.It is a device for opening bottles.現(xiàn)在分詞作表語，作表語時其句子結(jié)構(gòu)無法更改,但動名詞可以 The dirty street is disgusting.=Disgusting is the dirty street.The report is most alarming.=Alarming is the report.The leopard was Nature,and he was being natural.It will lecture on disinterested purity while its neck is being remorselessly twisted toward a skirt.現(xiàn)在分詞還可用在名詞后作定語，作用接近一個定語從句 This village is made up of 490 families belonging(=who belonged)to nationalities.We are brother sharing(=who share)weal and wore.Who is the woman talking(=who is talking)to Jim?There are a few boys swimming(=who are swimming)in the river.從上面的例子可以看出，在把分詞短語改為定語從句時，從句謂語可以是一個一般時態(tài)的動詞，也可以是一個進(jìn)行時態(tài)的動詞現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，修飾一個名詞 It was an astonishing performance.That must have been a terrifying experience.還有些不及物動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞，不能用作表語，卻能用作定語 the ailing economy a booming town growing doubts diminishing returns lasting peace a shining example這類定語和構(gòu)成合成詞的代名詞是有區(qū)別的?，F(xiàn)在分詞往往表示所修飾名詞的動作，與主語有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，而動名詞表示目的、用途等 用現(xiàn)在分詞作定語 sleeping beauty the waiting crowd a walking dictionary 由動名詞構(gòu)成的合成詞 sleeping-pill the waiting room a walking stick 現(xiàn)在分詞還可以構(gòu)成合成形容詞作定語 long-lasting effects close-fitting clothes a good-looking girl a time-consuming job long-standing policy never-ending work an easy-going man a hard-working teacherbe的用法-助動詞，連系動詞，靜態(tài)動詞 助動詞be通常用來協(xié)助主動詞構(gòu)成進(jìn)行體或被動態(tài) I am listening to a wonderful story.The students were praised by the principal.be作連系動詞之后須帶主語補語 The capital of the United States was once New York City.be 作靜態(tài)動詞表示存在于現(xiàn)時或過去的一種狀態(tài) Jim is a teacher,but 20years ago he was a soldier.be 還可以做作半助動詞 be about to be able to be bound to be due to be going to 等等 這其中的be為半助動詞“Be”作助動詞的各時態(tài)，以study為例 一般時 進(jìn)行時 完成時 完成進(jìn)行時 現(xiàn)在 study be studying have studied have been studying 過去 studied be studying had studied had been studying 將來 will study wil be studying will have studied will have been studying 過去將來would study would be studying would have studied would have been studying