山東交通學院畢業(yè)設計（外文翻譯）外文譯文自動變速器 對于現(xiàn)代的汽車，自動變速器是一個復雜的組件，這種傳遞動力的方式，是液力變矩器充當離合器來連接發(fā)動機和變速器。兩個基本類型的自動變速器基于該車輛是否是前驅動或后驅動。對發(fā)動機前置后驅動的汽車，變速器通常安裝在發(fā)動機后底盤中心與油門配合。變速器輸出軸連接到后橋，把發(fā)動機的動力傳遞到后輪，動力傳輸系統(tǒng)是直線的，從發(fā)動機，通過液力變矩器、變速器、傳動軸、最后直接到到達車輪。對于發(fā)動機前置前輪驅動的汽車，變速器通常和差速器裝在一起。對于前驅動的汽車，變速器安裝在發(fā)動機一側，前車軸直接連接到差速器上，把動力傳遞給前輪。在這個布置中，動力來自于發(fā)動機，通過液力變矩器、變速器輸出的動力通過了一個180度大轉彎，經過變速器沿發(fā)動機側邊通過傳動軸輸出到前輪。還有其它的一些布置，發(fā)動機前置前驅動，發(fā)動機橫向布置，裝設一個分動器可以實現(xiàn)四輪驅動。但這種形式目前是最常用的：發(fā)動機中置后驅動，可以使重量均勻的分布在前、后輪之間，改善了操作性能；發(fā)動機后置后驅動，發(fā)動機、變速器、驅動輪都在后方，這種后置式的發(fā)動機的安排，是最滿意的?，F(xiàn)代的自動變速器包括了許多組件和系統(tǒng)的協(xié)同工作，有行星齒輪組、液壓系統(tǒng)、密封件和墊圈、變矩器、調節(jié)器、節(jié)氣門拉線、計算機控制這些都是多年來由機械式演變過來的。這里用簡單、通用的解釋，描述一下這些系統(tǒng)。（1）行星齒輪組自動變速器箱體內有很多齒輪，有各種不同的組合，在一個變速箱內，齒輪的滑動沿軸線從一個位置到另一個位置，對各種大小齒輪的要求，有正確的傳動比。在一個自動變速箱，至始至終，不是齒輪的機械移動來達到這一點的，通過行星齒輪組來完成。基本的行星齒輪組成由一個太陽輪、一個齒圈、并且有兩個或兩個以上的行星齒輪，全部齒輪都是常嚙合。行星齒輪的相互聯(lián)系通過一個共同的載體，使齒輪相互嚙合在一起。一個傳遞方式，這個系統(tǒng)可以從發(fā)動機的輸出連接到齒圈作為主動件，連接行星輪作為從動件，并鎖定太陽輪，使起不能轉動。在這情況下，當我們把齒圈、行星齒輪，沿太陽輪轉動，主動件與從動件就同向轉動，從動件的轉速慢，齒輪減速就類似汽車的一擋。如果解開太陽輪和鎖定其它兩個元素，這就會使這三個要素以同樣的速度轉動，齒輪的傳動就類似于汽車是第三或高擋位。另一個方式是，把行星架鎖定，使太陽輪作為主動輪，齒圈作為從動件，這時它們的轉動方向就相反，就類似以汽車的到擋。上面所說的，在實際的傳動過程是如何控制。齒圈為輸入軸，行星架為輸出軸，都是通過盤式離合器控制。太陽輪一個單向離合器，一個制動器，當制動器作用時，太陽輪只能從一個方向轉動。在這情況下，離合器的使用，鎖定行星架與太陽輪迫使它們以相同的轉速轉動。如果它們的離合器和制動器都被釋放，該系統(tǒng)在自由狀態(tài)。變速器的行星齒輪組太陽輪是自由的，比輸出動力。在一擋位，制動器制動太陽輪跟隨轉動，從第一擋到高擋制動器釋放和離合器使用到輸入軸，它們以同一個速度轉動。使用兩個或兩個以上的行星齒輪組以各種方式連接，可提供不同的前進速度和扭矩，普遍的使用以現(xiàn)代的自動變速器。（2）片式離合器片式離合器主要由若干交替排列的離合器盤和離合器片組成。每片離合器盤上有伸出的突線，勾住離合器鼓，以輸入軸連接。離合器片內的鍵槽與離合器殼互相嚙合，離合器殼與中間軸鍵槽連接，中間軸又與后行星排內齒圈用鍵槽連接。因此，離合器盤和離合器片分別與輸入軸和湖行星排內齒圈連接。操作離合器的活塞安裝以離合器鼓上，離合器鼓亦稱做為活塞缸。（3）單向離合器單向離合器是一種只可以使元件在一個方向轉動，如把齒圈自由在一貫方向，而不能反向轉動，這種作用就象是，自行車踏板轉動時，可以帶動車輪轉動，當車輪轉動或向另一個方向轉動是自由的一個單向離合器用于一擋時，在驅動方向是，當從停止開始加速，在第一個齒輪輸出動力，如果繼續(xù)加速，不在一擋位？汽車繼續(xù)加速，他就是一個方向自由的。此時，單向離合器不在輸出動力，當車速慢下來時，轉速慢，它就可以起作用。這一個現(xiàn)象由于，在提供力的時候它才起作用，在高速時，是自由的。（4）液力變矩器對于自動變速器，液力變矩器取代離合器裝于車上。它的作用是：當車停下來，發(fā)動機還可以繼續(xù)運轉。傳遞扭矩的原理，比如，把一個風扇吹向另一個，另一個不用插電也能跟它一起轉動，如果你壓住扇片，它就不會轉動，但你一放手，它就開始加速，直到速度接近動力風扇。它們兩者的差異就是：變矩器不是利用空氣，而是利用油液，以使他的傳遞更加準確。液力變矩器是一個較大的盆壯裝置，安裝在發(fā)動機與變速器之間。它包含三個部件，協(xié)同工作，為變速器提供動力，液力變矩器的三要素是：泵論、渦輪、導輪，泵論是通過螺栓直接安裝在發(fā)動機的曲軸上，轉速與發(fā)動機的相同，渦輪連接到變速器的輸入軸上，為汽車提供動力，導輪上裝有一個單向離合器，使他只可以在一個方向轉動，而在另一方被固定，每一個要素之間通過液流傳遞扭矩。發(fā)動機啟動后，輸入軸開始旋轉，帶動泵輪旋轉，因旋轉產生的離心力使泵輪葉片間的液流沿葉片從外緣向外甩出；接著又由于泵輪和渦輪轉速差引起泵輪葉片外緣與渦輪葉片外緣產生了壓力差，液流從液壓高的泵輪葉片外緣流進渦輪葉片外緣，同時，泵輪的旋轉也使得其葉片帶動液流隨工作輪旋轉，這一旋轉就使液流流進渦輪時方向改變，從而沖擊渦輪葉片推動渦輪繞泵輪同一方向旋轉。從渦輪流出的液流進入固定不動的導輪，經導輪葉片改變方向后回流至泵輪。如果渦輪的速度大大低于泵輪轉素時，導輪仍鎖住不動。導輪停止，液流通過導輪時重新進入泵輪，促使泵輪旋轉起到扭矩增大的作用。由于泵輪和導輪的轉速增加，液流開始改變方向流向泵輪葉片背面，也可以產生增矩的作用。由于車速的提高，這三要素句以相同的轉速旋轉，為了提高燃油經濟性，在液力變矩器上裝了一個鎖止離合器，車速達到4050英里的時候，鎖止離合器就把三要素連為一體，這種控制是計算機控制。（5）液壓系統(tǒng)液壓系統(tǒng)是一個復雜的迷宮壯通道，液流壓力控制變速器扭矩的輸出，。液流有若干用途，包括：換擋控制、潤滑、冷卻。不象發(fā)動機，它只用來潤滑，每一個流動，是依賴于不斷提供的液體壓力。為了使油液在一個正常的溫度工作，部分液流從散熱器中流過以便散熱。液體通過此通道被冷卻，然后返回到傳輸通道。液里變矩器和散熱器，是用來給液流散熱的。事實上大部分的摩擦表面都淹沒在油液中，比如：離合器盤、離合器片，也能正常的工作。（6）油泵油泵主要是負責提供油液傳輸過程中的壓力，油泵安裝在前面的泵輪上，并且以發(fā)動機的曲軸相連，當發(fā)動機轉動時，帶動油泵運轉，產生壓力，提供足夠的油。油進入油泵時通過一個空氣濾清器，安裝在油底殼的底部。壓力調節(jié)器、調壓閥、壓力修正閥調節(jié)后送到各個管路。（7）閥體閥體是自動變速器的控制中心。它包含一個迷宮壯的通道輸送液壓油，在每一個工況下控制離合器和其它伺服機構，順利的控制齒輪傳動情況。最重要的閥門一個直接控制的手動閥。手動閥是直接連接到齒輪變速箱里面的，根據它所在位置打開或關閉各種通道，控制換擋節(jié)奏。用齒輪變速傳動來舉例說明，監(jiān)控車輛的速度和油門的位置，以便它能確定最佳的換擋時間，。計算機的控制，通過電磁閥控制油壓壓力，控制離合器或制動器，以更精確的控制換擋點。（8）密封墊和墊圈一個自動變速器有許多的密封件和墊圈，以控制流動的液壓油，使它不外泄。主要有兩個外部密封墊：前油封和后油封。前油封安裝到變速器的變矩器，這使得油底殼到變矩器的油液能自由流動，而不外泄。后密封墊使游液不泄漏到輸出軸。密封墊通常用橡膠（類似汽車擋風玻璃雨刮器葉片），它是用來保持不泄漏到其它部分，如旋轉軸。在有的情況下，用一個彈簧和橡膠在一起，如用在花鍵軸。墊圈是一種用來密封兩個固定部分，使其連接在一起。一些常見的襯墊材料是：硬紙、軟木、橡膠、有機硅和軟金屬。除了主要的密封墊，也有一些其它的密封墊和墊片，因使用條件而定，有的從軸到軸的連接。一個常見的例子是橡膠O型密封圈用來密封換的擋軸。就是說，你所操作的邊速杠在轉動時，另一個例子是大部分常見的油底殼墊片，事實上，密封墊是隨時進行更換，防止油不泄漏。（9）計算機控制計算機控制是利用傳感器對發(fā)動機和變速器提取數據，因為節(jié)氣門位置、汽車行駛速度、發(fā)動機轉速、發(fā)動機負荷等是變數。利用這些數據可以精確控制換擋點，以便換擋平順。一些電腦數據，能了解行駛條件，并不斷的適應行駛條件的變化，使汽車穩(wěn)定的行駛。由于計算機的控制，通過一個特殊的元素代替了手動控制，在每一個工況都是安全的。計算機的控制，確保發(fā)動機轉速不至于過高而使發(fā)動機損壞。另一個好處是，這些精確的數據輸入系統(tǒng)，有一個自診斷系統(tǒng)，以便能使我們及時的發(fā)現(xiàn)問題，當有問題時，故障指示燈就閃爍。維修人員就可以根據檢測設備檢測出的故障碼，很快的找到問題所在部位。翻譯原文Automatic transmissionFor modern automobile automatic transmission is a complex component, this method of transmission power, is to connect the engine and hydraulic torque converter ACTS as a clutch transmission. Two basic types of automatic transmission based on whether the vehicle is driven drive before or after. After the engine front drive car, the transmission is usually installed in the center of the engine chassis after cooperate with throttle. The gearbox output shaft connected to the rear axle, the engine to the rear wheels of the power of the power transmission system is a straight line, from the engine, through the hydraulic torque converter, gearbox, drive shaft, the last to reach the wheels directly. For front wheel drive car engine, transmission and differential usually packed together. For car front drive, transmission is installed at the side of the engine, the front axle directly connected to the differential, convey power to the front wheels. In this arrangement, the power from the engine, through the hydraulic torque converter, transmission output power through a 180 degree turn, after transmission along the engine side through the output shaft to the front wheels. There are some other arrangement, the engine before the front drive, horizontal layout engine, furnish a transfer can realize the four-wheel drive. But this form is the most commonly used at present: engine drive after, can make the weight evenly distributed between the front and the rear wheels, improve the operating performance; Drive after the rear engine, engine, gearbox, drive wheels are in the rear, the rear of the arrangement of the engine, is the most satisfactory. The modern automatic transmission includes many components and systems work together, a planetary gear set, hydraulic system, seals and gaskets, torque converter, controller and throttle pull, computer control all of these are mechanical evolved through the years to come. This in a simple, general explanation, a description of the system. 1) planetary gear set.There were lots of gear automatic transmission box, there are a variety of different combinations, in a transmission, gears slideMove along the axis from one location to another location, for a variety of gear size according to your request, has the correct gear ratio. In an automatic transmission, to the beginning to end, not gear mechanical movement to achieve this, through the planetary gear set to complete. Basic planetary gear composed of a sun wheel and a ring gear and two or more than two planetary gear, gear are all constant mesh. Planetary gear contact each other through a common carrier, make the gears mesh together. A transfer mode, the system can be output from the engine is connected to the ring gear as active parts, connecting the planet wheel as a follower, and lock round the sun, make up cant turn. In this case, when we put the ring gear, planetary gear, the sun wheel rotation, synthetic turns active pieces with follower, follower speed is slow, gear reduction is similar to a block of car. If untied the sun wheel and other two elements of locking, this will make the three elements in the same rotation speed, gear transmission is similar to the car is the third or high gear. Another way is that the planet carrier locking, make solar rotation wheel, gear ring, as a follower, then they, by contrast, the rotation direction of is similar to the car to stop. What is said above, in the actual transmission process is how to control. Ring gear as the input shaft, planet carrier for the output shaft, is through the disc clutch control. The sun round a one-way clutch, a brake, when brake function, the sun wheel can only from one direction. In this case, the use of the clutch, lock planet carrier with the sun wheel force them to the same speed. If they all of clutch and brake is released, the system in the free state. The transmission planetary gear set round the sun is free, than output power. In a block, brake wheel to follow the sun, from the first block to high quality brake release and use of the clutch to the input shaft, which rotate at the same speed. Use two or more planet gears in a variety of ways to connect, can provide different speed and torque, widely used in modern automatic transmissions. （2) type clutchPlate clutch is mainly composed of a number of alternate permutation of clutch disc and clutch plate. On each piece of clutch disc is out of line, hook the clutch drum, to the input shaft connection. Intermesh keyway within the clutch plate and clutch shell, clutch shell and intermediate shaft keyway connect, intermediate shaft and with the planetary gear ring with keyway connect within. Therefore, clutch disc and clutch plate respectively to the input shaft and lake planetary gear ring joint. Operation of the clutch piston mounted to the clutch drum, drum of the clutch is also called for the piston cylinder. （3) one-way clutchOne-way clutch is a kind of can only make element in one direction, such as the ring gear in a consistent direction freely, but cannot reverse rotation, this effect is like, bicycle pedal rotation, can drive the wheel rotation, when the wheels turn or to another direction is free.A one-way clutch is used in a block, in driving direction, when stop from start to accelerate, in first gearThe output power, if continued to accelerate, not a place? The car continued to accelerate, he is a direction of freedom. At this point, a one-way clutch is not the output power, when the speed slow down, speed slow, it can play a role. Due to this phenomenon, in the provision of force when it works, at high speed, is free. （4) hydraulic torque converterFor automatic transmission, hydraulic torque converter to replace clutch is installed on the car. Its role is: when the car stop, the engine can also continue to work. The principle of torque, for example, blow a fan to another, another without plug can rotate with it, if you pin fan, it wouldnt turn, but you let go, it begins to accelerate, until nearly power fan. Both the difference is: torque converter does not use the air, but the use of oil, in order to make his passing is more accurate. Hydraulic torque converter is a larger basin zhuang device, installed between the engine and transmission. It consists of three parts, work together, to power transmission, hydraulic torque converter is the three elements: theory of pump, turbine, idler pulley, theory of pump is installed directly by bolts on the engine crankshaft, speed and engine of the same, the turbine is connected to the transmission input shaft, provide power for cars, a one-way clutch, mounted on the wheel turns, he can only in one direction, and on the other side are fixed, through flow between each element transfer torque. After the engine starting, input shaft begins to spin, pump impeller rotates, because of the centrifugal force produced by the rotation of wheel vane pump flow along the blade from the outer edges outward; Then caused by pump wheel and turbine speed difference pump impeller blade tip and the turbine blade tip produced differential pressure, fluid flow from the high hydraulic pump impeller blade tip flow in turbine blade tip, at the same time, the rotation of the pump wheel makes the blade flow along with the wheel rotates, the rotation will cause the liquid flow in turbine direction change, thus impact turbine blade turbine pump wheel in the same direction. Flowed from the turbines flow into the fixed guide roller, the roller blade change direction after the return to the pump impeller. If the turbine is much lower than the speed of the pump rotation element, idler pulley is still locked. Wheel stop, fluid flow through the idler pulley back into the pump wheel, prompting pump wheel rotation torque increases. Because of the pump impeller and the guide wheel rotation speed increases, the flow starts to change direction of flow to the pump impeller blade on the back, also can produce increase torque. Because of the increase in the speed of the three elements of a sentence at the same rotate speed, in order to improve the fuel economy, the hydraulic torque converter with a locking clutch, the speed of 40-50 miles, locking clutch is the three elements is an organic whole repeatedly, this control is a computer control. （5) hydraulic systemHydraulic system is a complicated maze strong channel, the output of the transmission torque, flow pressure control. Flow has a number of ways, including: shift control, lubrication and cooling. Unlike the engine, it is only used to lubrication, every flow, is constantly provide depends on the liquid pressure. In order to make the temperature of the oil in a normal job, part of the fluid flows through the radiator to heat dissipation. Liquid through this channel is cooling, and then returns to the transmission channel. Fluid torque converter and the radiator, which is used to hot fluid diffusing. In fact most of the friction surface are submerged in the oil, for example, clutch disc, clutch plate, also can work normally. （6) the oil pumpOil pump is mainly responsible for providing the oil pressure in the process of transmission, the oil pump installed in front of the pump impeller, and to the engine crankshaft is linked together, when the engine turns, drive the oil pump operation, and generate pressure, provide enough oil. Oil into the oil pump through an air filter, installed in the bottom of the oil sump. Pressure regulator, pressure regulating valves, pressure fixed valve adjusted to each line. （7) the bodyThe body is the control center of automatic transmission. It contains a maze of channel transmission hydraulic oil, under the working condition of each control clutch and other servo mechanism, control gear drive smoothly. The most important of a manual valve directly control valve. Manual valve is directly connected to the inside of the gear transmission, according to its location on or off a variety of channels, control of shifting rhythm. To illustrate with gear transmission, monitoring of the vehicle speed and throttle position, so that it can determine the optimal shift time,. Computer control, the solenoid valve control hydraulic pressure control clutch or brake, in a more precise control of shift points. （8) gasket and washerAn automatic transmission has many seals and gaskets, to control the flow of hydraulic oil, make it not leak. There are two main external seal: seal before and after the oil seal. Before oil seal installed in the transmission of torque converter, which makes the oil sump to torque converter oil can flow freely, without leakage. After seal the liquid does not leak to the output shaft. Gasket is usually with a rubber (similar to a car windshield wiper blade), it is used to keep no leak to the other parts, such as the axis of rotation. In some cases, with a spring with rubber, such as in the spline shaft. Washer is a kind of used to seal two fixed part, make it together. Some common gasket materials are: cardboard, cork, rubber, silicone and soft metal. In addition to the main gasket, there are also some other packing and gaskets, due to the using conditions and decide, some from the shaft to the shaft connection. A common example is the rubber type O sealing ring used to seal in the shaft. That is to say, you are operating the edge of the bar in turns, another example is the most common oil pan gasket, in fact, the seal is replaced at any time, to prevent oil leakage. （9) computer controlComputer control is the use of sensors on the engine and transmission data, because the throttle position and vehicle speed, engine speed, engine load is variable. Using these data can be accurate control shift points, in order to shift smoothly. Some computer data, can know the driving conditions, and constantly adapt to changes in driving conditions, stable driving the car. As a result of the computer control, through a special element replaces the manual control, in every condition is safe. Computer control, to ensure that the engine speed is not too high and damage of the engine. Another advantage is that the accurate data input system, has a self-diagnosis system, so as to enable us and When found the problem, when there is a problem, failure indicator is flashing. Maintenance personnel can according to the testing equipment to detect the fault codes, quickly find the problem.7